Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.
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Deep learning (DL) analysis of Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed tomography (CT) images has garnered a lot of attention in recent times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are well suited for the image analysis tasks when trained on humongous amounts of data. Applications developed for medical image analysis require high sensitivity and precision compared to any other fields. Most of the tools proposed for detection of COVID-19 claims to have high sensitivity and recalls but have failed to generalize and perform when tested on unseen datasets. This encouraged us to develop a CNN model, analyze and understand the performance of it by visualizing the predictions of the model using class activation maps generated using (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) Grad-CAM technique. This study provides a detailed discussion of the success and failure of the proposed model at an image level. Performance of the model is compared with state-of-the-art DL models and shown to be comparable. The data and code used are available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.
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一种名为Covid-19的新发现的冠状病毒疾病主要影响人类呼吸系统。 Covid-19是一种由起源于中国武汉的病毒引起的传染病。早期诊断是医疗保健提供者的主要挑战。在较早的阶段,医疗机构令人眼花azz乱,因为没有适当的健康辅助工具或医学可以检测到COVID-19。引入了一种新的诊断工具RT-PCR(逆转录聚合酶链反应)。它从患者的鼻子或喉咙中收集拭子标本,在那里共有19个病毒。该方法有一些与准确性和测试时间有关的局限性。医学专家建议一种称为CT(计算机断层扫描)的替代方法,该方法可以快速诊断受感染的肺部区域并在早期阶段识别Covid-19。使用胸部CT图像,计算机研究人员开发了几种识别Covid-19疾病的深度学习模型。这项研究介绍了卷积神经网络(CNN)和基于VGG16的模型,用于自动化的COVID-19在胸部CT图像上识别。使用14320 CT图像的公共数据集的实验结果显示,CNN和VGG16的分类精度分别为96.34%和96.99%。
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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这项研究的目的是开发一个强大的基于深度学习的框架,以区分Covid-19,社区获得的肺炎(CAP)和基于使用各种方案和放射剂量在不同成像中心获得的胸部CT扫描的正常病例和正常情况。我们表明,虽然我们的建议模型是在使用特定扫描协议仅从一个成像中心获取的相对较小的数据集上训练的,但该模型在使用不同技术参数的多个扫描仪获得的异质测试集上表现良好。我们还表明,可以通过无监督的方法来更新模型,以应对火车和测试集之间的数据移动,并在从其他中心接收新的外部数据集时增强模型的鲁棒性。我们采用了合奏体系结构来汇总该模型的多个版本的预测。为了初始培训和开发目的,使用了171 Covid-19、60 CAP和76个正常情况的内部数据集,其中包含使用恒定的标准辐射剂量扫描方案从一个成像中心获得的体积CT扫描。为了评估模型,我们回顾了四个不同的测试集,以研究数据特征对模型性能的转移的影响。在测试用例中,有与火车组相似的CT扫描,以及嘈杂的低剂量和超低剂量CT扫描。此外,从患有心血管疾病或手术病史的患者中获得了一些测试CT扫描。这项研究中使用的整个测试数据集包含51 covid-19、28 CAP和51例正常情况。实验结果表明,我们提出的框架在所有测试集上的表现良好,达到96.15%的总准确度(95%CI:[91.25-98.74]),COVID-119,COVID-96.08%(95%CI:[86.54-99.5],95%),[86.54-99.5],),,),敏感性。帽敏感性为92.86%(95%CI:[76.50-99.19])。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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本文提出了一种用于图像分类的卷积神经网络(CNN)模型,旨在提高Covid-19诊断的预测性能,同时避免更深,因此更复杂的替代方案。所提出的模型包括四个类似的卷积层,然后是扁平化和两个致密层。这项工作提出了一种基于仅通过2D CNN模型的像素的图像的简单分类2D CT扫描片图像的较差的解决方案。尽管架构中的简单性,所提出的模型在宏F1分数方面,所提出的模型显示出超过最先进的图像上的定量结果超过了相同数据集。在这种情况下,从图像中提取特征,图像的分割部分,或其他更复杂的技术,最终瞄准图像分类,不会产生更好的结果。由此,本文介绍了一个简单而强大的深度学习的自动化Covid-19分类解决方案。
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这项研究中我们的主要目标是提出一种基于转移学习的方法,用于从计算机断层扫描(CT)图像中检测。用于任务的转移学习模型是验证的X受感受模型。使用了模型结构和ImageNet上的预训练权重。通过128批量的大小和224x224、3个通道输入图像训练所得的修改模型,并从原始512x512,灰度图像转换。使用的数据集是A COV19-CT-DB。数据集中的标签包括1919年COVID-1919检测的COVID-19病例和非旋转19例。首先,使用数据集的验证分区以及精确召回和宏F1分数的准确性和损失来衡量所提出方法的性能。验证集中的最终宏F1得分超过了基线模型。
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逆转录 - 聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)目前是Covid-19诊断中的金标准。然而,它可以花几天来提供诊断,假负率相对较高。成像,特别是胸部计算断层扫描(CT),可以有助于诊断和评估这种疾病。然而,表明标准剂量CT扫描对患者提供了显着的辐射负担,尤其是需要多次扫描的患者。在这项研究中,我们考虑低剂量和超低剂量(LDCT和ULDCT)扫描方案,其减少靠近单个X射线的辐射曝光,同时保持可接受的分辨率以进行诊断目的。由于胸部放射学专业知识可能不会在大流行期间广泛使用,我们使用LDCT / ULDCT扫描的收集的数据集进行人工智能(AI)基础的框架,以研究AI模型可以提供人为级性能的假设。 AI模型使用了两个阶段胶囊网络架构,可以快速对Covid-19,社区获得的肺炎(帽)和正常情况进行分类,使用LDCT / ULDCT扫描。 AI模型实现Covid-19敏感性为89.5%+ - 0.11,帽敏感性为95%+ \ - 0.11,正常情况敏感性(特异性)85.7%+ - 0.16,精度为90%+ \ - 0.06。通过纳入临床数据(人口统计和症状),性能进一步改善了Covid-19敏感性为94.3%+ \ - PM 0.05,帽敏感性为96.7%+ \ - 0.07,正常情况敏感性(特异性)91%+ - 0.09,精度为94.1%+ \ - 0.03。所提出的AI模型基于降低辐射暴露的LDCT / ULDCT扫描来实现人级诊断。我们认为,所提出的AI模型有可能协助放射科医师准确,并迅速诊断Covid-19感染,并帮助控制大流行期间的传输链。
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The devastation caused by the coronavirus pandemic makes it imperative to design automated techniques for a fast and accurate detection. We propose a novel non-invasive tool, using deep learning and imaging, for delineating COVID-19 infection in lungs. The Ensembling Attention-based Multi-scaled Convolution network (EAMC), employing Leave-One-Patient-Out (LOPO) training, exhibits high sensitivity and precision in outlining infected regions along with assessment of severity. The Attention module combines contextual with local information, at multiple scales, for accurate segmentation. Ensemble learning integrates heterogeneity of decision through different base classifiers. The superiority of EAMC, even with severe class imbalance, is established through comparison with existing state-of-the-art learning models over four publicly-available COVID-19 datasets. The results are suggestive of the relevance of deep learning in providing assistive intelligence to medical practitioners, when they are overburdened with patients as in pandemics. Its clinical significance lies in its unprecedented scope in providing low-cost decision-making for patients lacking specialized healthcare at remote locations.
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基于深度学习(DL)的医学图像分类和细分是诊断当前COVID 19的变异病毒的紧急研究主题。在肺的Covid-19计算机断层扫描(CT)图像中,地面玻璃浊度是需要专业诊断的最常见发现。基于这种情况,一些研究人员提出了相关的DL模型,这些模型可以在缺乏专业知识时取代诊所的专业诊断专家。但是,尽管DL方法在医学图像处理中具有惊人的性能,但有限的数据集可能是发展人类级别诊断准确性的挑战。此外,深度学习算法面临着将三个甚至多个维度分类的医学图像分类和分割的挑战,并保持高精度率。因此,有了确保高水平的准确性,我们的模型可以将患者的CT图像分为三种类型:正常,肺炎和covid。随后,两个数据集用于分割,其中一个数据集甚至只有有限的数据(20例)。我们的系统将分类模型和分割模型结合在一起,建立在RESNET50和3D U-NET算法的基础上。通过使用不同的数据集进行喂食,将根据分类结果进行感染区域的共vid图像分割。我们的模型通过3种类型的肺部病变分类达到94.52%的准确性:卷,肺炎和正常。对于将来的医疗用途,将模型嵌入医疗设施可能是一种有效的方法,可以协助或替代医生诊断,因此,在COVID-19情况下,更广泛的变异病毒问题也可以成功解决。
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The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 and now becoming a pandemic. When COVID-19 patients undergo radiography examination, radiologists can observe the present of radiographic abnormalities from their chest X-ray (CXR) images. In this study, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model was proposed to aid radiologists in diagnosing COVID-19 patients. First, this work conducted a comparative study on the performance of modified VGG-16, ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121 to classify CXR images into normal, COVID-19 and viral pneumonia. Then, the impact of image augmentation on the classification results was evaluated. The publicly available COVID-19 Radiography Database was used throughout this study. After comparison, ResNet-50 achieved the highest accuracy with 95.88%. Next, after training ResNet-50 with rotation, translation, horizontal flip, intensity shift and zoom augmented dataset, the accuracy dropped to 80.95%. Furthermore, an ablation study on the effect of image augmentation on the classification results found that the combinations of rotation and intensity shift augmentation methods obtained an accuracy higher than baseline, which is 96.14%. Finally, ResNet-50 with rotation and intensity shift augmentations performed the best and was proposed as the final classification model in this work. These findings demonstrated that the proposed classification model can provide a promising result for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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自2019年底Covid-19出现以来,Covid-19已成为人工智能(AI)社区的积极研究主题。最有趣的AI主题之一是COVID-19对医学成像的分析。 CT扫描成像是有关该疾病的最有用的工具。这项工作是第二次COV19D竞赛的一部分,在其中设定了两个挑战:COVID-19检测和COVID-19的严重性检测。对于从CT扫描的COVID-19检测,我们提出了具有Densenet-161模型的2D卷积块的集合。在这里,每个具有Densenet-161体系结构的2D卷积块是分别训练的,在测试阶段,集合模型基于其概率的平均值。另一方面,我们提出了一个卷积层的集合,该集合具有用于COVID-19的严重程度检测的成立模型。除了卷积层外,还使用了三个成立变体,即Inception-V3,Inception-V4和Inception-Resnet。我们提出的方法在第二COV19D竞赛的验证数据中的表现优于基线方法,分别为COVID-19检测和COVID-19的严重性检测分别为11%和16%。
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本文介绍了有组织的第二次共同19号比赛的基线方法,该方法发生在欧洲计算机视觉会议(ECCV 2022)的Aimia研讨会框架内。它提出了COV19-CT-DB数据库,该数据库为COVID-19 DENCTICT注释,由约7,700 3-D CT扫描组成。通过四个COVID-19严重性条件,进一步注释了由COVID-19案例组成的数据库的一部分。我们已经在培训,验证和测试数据集中划分了数据库和后期。前两个数据集用于培训和验证机器学习模型,而后者将用于评估开发模型。基线方法由基于CNN-RNN网络的深度学习方法组成,并报告其在COVID19-CT-DB数据库上的性能。
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In this paper, deep-learning-based approaches namely fine-tuning of pretrained convolutional neural networks (VGG16 and VGG19), and end-to-end training of a developed CNN model, have been used in order to classify X-Ray images into four different classes that include COVID-19, normal, opacity and pneumonia cases. A dataset containing more than 20,000 X-ray scans was retrieved from Kaggle and used in this experiment. A two-stage classification approach was implemented to be compared to the one-shot classification approach. Our hypothesis was that a two-stage model will be able to achieve better performance than a one-shot model. Our results show otherwise as VGG16 achieved 95% accuracy using one-shot approach over 5-fold of training. Future work will focus on a more robust implementation of the two-stage classification model Covid-TSC. The main improvement will be allowing data to flow from the output of stage-1 to the input of stage-2, where stage-1 and stage-2 models are VGG16 models fine-tuned on the Covid-19 dataset.
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2019年新型冠状病毒疾病(Covid-19)是一种致命的传染病,于2019年12月在中国武汉武汉(Wuhan)首次识别,并且一直处于流行状态。在这种情况下,在感染人群中检测到Covid-19变得越来越重要。如今,与感染人群数量相比,测试套件的数量逐渐减少。在最近的流行条件下,通过分析胸部CT(计算机断层扫描)图像诊断肺部疾病已成为COVID-19患者诊断和预言的重要工具。在这项研究中,已经提出了一种从CT图像检测COVID-19感染的转移学习策略(CNN)。在拟议的模型中,已经设计了具有转移学习模型V3的多层卷积神经网络(CNN)。与CNN类似,它使用卷积和汇总来提取功能,但是该传输学习模型包含数据集成像网的权重。因此,它可以非常有效地检测功能,从而使其在获得更好的准确性方面具有优势。
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医学图像预处理中最有争议的研究领域之一是3D CT扫描。随着Covid-19的快速扩散,CT扫描在正确,迅速诊断疾病的功能变得至关重要。它对预防感染有积极影响。通过CT-Scan图像诊断疾病有许多任务,包括Covid-19。在本文中,我们提出了一种使用堆叠深神经网络的方法,通过一系列3D CT扫描图像来检测COVID 19。在我们的方法中,我们使用两个骨架进行实验是Densenet 121和Resnet101。此方法在某些评估指标上实现了竞争性能
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当前的COVID-19大流行是对人类直接影响肺部的严重威胁。 Covid-19的自动识别是卫生保健官员的挑战。用于诊断Covid-19的标准黄金方法是逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),以从受影响的人那里收集拭子。收集拭子时遇到的一些限制与准确性和长期持续时间有关。胸部CT(计算机断层扫描)是另一种测试方法,可帮助医疗保健提供者迅速识别受感染的肺部区域。它被用作在早期阶段识别Covid-19的支持工具。借助深度学习,COVID-19的CT成像特征。研究人员已证明它对COVID-19 CT图像分类非常有效。在这项研究中,我们回顾了最近可以用来检测COVID-19疾病的深度学习技术。相关研究是由Web of Science,Google Scholar和PubMed等各种数据库收集的。最后,我们比较了不同深度学习模型的结果,并讨论了CT图像分析。
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最近关于Covid-19的研究表明,CT成像提供了评估疾病进展和协助诊断的有用信息,以及帮助理解疾病。有越来越多的研究,建议使用深度学习来使用胸部CT扫描提供快速准确地定量Covid-19。兴趣的主要任务是胸部CT扫描的肺和肺病变的自动分割,确认或疑似Covid-19患者。在这项研究中,我们使用多中心数据集比较12个深度学习算法,包括开源和内部开发的算法。结果表明,合并不同的方法可以提高肺部分割,二元病变分割和多种子病变分割的总体测试集性能,从而分别为0.982,0.724和0.469的平均骰子分别。将得到的二元病变分段为91.3ml的平均绝对体积误差。通常,区分不同病变类型的任务更加困难,分别具有152mL的平均绝对体积差,分别为整合和磨碎玻璃不透明度为0.369和0.523的平均骰子分数。所有方法都以平均体积误差进行二元病变分割,该分段优于人类评估者的视觉评估,表明这些方法足以用于临床实践中使用的大规模评估。
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在研究中,我们开发了一种计算机视觉解决方案,以支持诊断放射区分在Covid-19肺炎,流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物之间。 Covid-19肺炎的胸部射线照相出现被认为是非特异性的,提出了挑战,以确定卷积神经网络(CNN)的最佳架构,该挑战是Covid-19和非-covid-19种肺炎。 Rahman(2021)指出Covid-19射线照相图像观察影响诊断过程的不可用和质量问题,并影响深度学习检测模型的准确性。 Covid-19造影图像的显着稀缺性引入了对我们使用过采样技术的数据的不平衡。在该研究中,我们包括具有Covid-19肺炎,流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物的人肺(CXR)的广泛的X射线成像,以实现可伸展和准确的CNN模型。在研究的实验阶段,我们评估了各种卷积网络架构,选择了具有两个传统卷积层和两个具有最大功能的汇集层的连续卷积网络。在其分类性能中,最佳性能模型展示了93%的验证精度,F1分数为0.95。我们选择了Azure机器学习服务来执行网络实验和解决方案部署。自动缩放计算集群在网络培训中提供了大量的减少。我们希望在人工智能和人类生物学领域看到科学家合作,并扩展建议的解决方案,以提供快速和全面的诊断,有效地减轻病毒的传播
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