在过去的十年中,数据驱动的算法在许多研究领域(如计算机视觉,自然语言处理等)中的基于传统优化的算法表现优于。然而,广泛的数据用法为深度学习算法带来了新的挑战甚至威胁,即保留隐私。分布式培训策略最近成为一种有希望的方法,以确保在培训深层模型时保证数据隐私。本文扩展了传统的无服务器平台,无服务器边缘学习架构,并从网络透视提供有效的分布式训练框架。此框架动态协调异构物理单位之间的可用资源,以有效地满足深度学习目标。该设计共同考虑学习任务请求和基础设施异质性,包括最后一英里的传输,移动设备,边缘和云计算中心的计算能力,以及设备电池状态。此外,为了显着减少分布式训练开销,通过与一般简单的数据分类器集成来提出小规模的数据培训。这种低负载增强能够与各种分布的深层模型无缝工作,以改善培训阶段的通信和计算效率。最后,开放的挑战和未来的研究方向鼓励研究界开发有效的分布式深度学习技术。
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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为了满足下一代无线通信网络的极其异构要求,研究界越来越依赖于使用机器学习解决方案进行实时决策和无线电资源管理。传统的机器学习采用完全集中的架构,其中整个培训数据在一个节点上收集,即云服务器,显着提高了通信开销,并提高了严重的隐私问题。迄今为止,最近提出了作为联合学习(FL)称为联合学习的分布式机器学习范式。在FL中,每个参与边缘设备通过使用自己的培训数据列举其本地模型。然后,通过无线信道,本地训练模型的权重或参数被发送到中央ps,聚合它们并更新全局模型。一方面,FL对优化无线通信网络的资源起着重要作用,另一方面,无线通信对于FL至关重要。因此,FL和无线通信之间存在“双向”关系。虽然FL是一个新兴的概念,但许多出版物已经在FL的领域发表了发布及其对下一代无线网络的应用。尽管如此,我们注意到没有任何作品突出了FL和无线通信之间的双向关系。因此,本调查纸的目的是通过提供关于FL和无线通信之间的相互依存性的及时和全面的讨论来弥合文学中的这种差距。
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Federated learning has recently been applied to recommendation systems to protect user privacy. In federated learning settings, recommendation systems can train recommendation models only collecting the intermediate parameters instead of the real user data, which greatly enhances the user privacy. Beside, federated recommendation systems enable to collaborate with other data platforms to improve recommended model performance while meeting the regulation and privacy constraints. However, federated recommendation systems faces many new challenges such as privacy, security, heterogeneity and communication costs. While significant research has been conducted in these areas, gaps in the surveying literature still exist. In this survey, we-(1) summarize some common privacy mechanisms used in federated recommendation systems and discuss the advantages and limitations of each mechanism; (2) review some robust aggregation strategies and several novel attacks against security; (3) summarize some approaches to address heterogeneity and communication costs problems; (4)introduce some open source platforms that can be used to build federated recommendation systems; (5) present some prospective research directions in the future. This survey can guide researchers and practitioners understand the research progress in these areas.
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联合学习(FL)和分裂学习(SL)是两种新兴的协作学习方法,可能会极大地促进物联网(IoT)中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习(ML)模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习,每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性,可能会相互补充,在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此,联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域,引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中,我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展,并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查,该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题,并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向,希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。
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使用人工智能(AI)赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增,为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习(ML)基础的服务。然而,这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战:(i)由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本,(ii)通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近,鉴于这些限制,一种新兴的新兴技术,包括联合学习(FL),以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型,可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源,在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中,我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外,提出了一个广泛的研究,详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用,并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效,其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术,这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后,我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。
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通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能(AI)启用了智能医疗保健。传统上,由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题,AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理,这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例,通过协调多个客户(例如,医院)来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据,对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此,我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先,我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程,动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计,从资源感知FL,安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后,我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述,包括健康数据管理,远程健康监测,医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目,并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后,我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。
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联邦学习一直是一个热门的研究主题,使不同组织的机器学习模型的协作培训在隐私限制下。随着研究人员试图支持更多具有不同隐私方法的机器学习模型,需要开发系统和基础设施,以便于开发各种联合学习算法。类似于Pytorch和Tensorflow等深度学习系统,可以增强深度学习的发展,联邦学习系统(FLSS)是等效的,并且面临各个方面的面临挑战,如有效性,效率和隐私。在本调查中,我们对联合学习系统进行了全面的审查。为实现流畅的流动和引导未来的研究,我们介绍了联合学习系统的定义并分析了系统组件。此外,我们根据六种不同方面提供联合学习系统的全面分类,包括数据分布,机器学习模型,隐私机制,通信架构,联合集市和联合的动机。分类可以帮助设计联合学习系统,如我们的案例研究所示。通过系统地总结现有联合学习系统,我们展示了设计因素,案例研究和未来的研究机会。
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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传统的深度学习方法(DL)需要在中央服务器上收集和处理的培训数据,这些中央服务器通常在保健等隐私敏感域中挑战。为此,提出了一种新的学习范式,称为联合学习(FL),在解决隐私和数据所有权问题的同时将DL的潜力带到了这些域。 FL使远程客户端能够在保持数据本地时学习共享ML模型。然而,传统的FL系统面临多种挑战,例如可扩展性,复杂的基础设施管理,并且由于空闲客户端而被浪费的计算和产生的成本。 FL系统的这些挑战与无服务器计算和功能 - AS-Service(FAAS)平台旨在解决的核心问题密切对齐。这些包括快速可扩展性,无基础设施管理,自动缩放为空闲客户端,以及每次使用付费计费模型。为此,我们为无服务器FL展示了一个新颖的系统和框架,称为不发烟。我们的系统支持多个商业和自主主机的FAAS提供商,可以在机构数据中心和边缘设备上部署在云端,内部部署。据我们所知,我们是第一个能够在一大面料的异构FAAS提供商中启用FL,同时提供安全性和差异隐私等重要功能。我们展示了全面的实验,即使用我们的系统可以成功地培训多达200个客户功能的不同任务,更容易实现。此外,我们通过将其与传统的FL系统进行比较来证明我们的方法的实际可行性,并表明它可以更便宜,更资源效率更便宜。
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In recent years, deep learning (DL) models have demonstrated remarkable achievements on non-trivial tasks such as speech recognition and natural language understanding. One of the significant contributors to its success is the proliferation of end devices that acted as a catalyst to provide data for data-hungry DL models. However, computing DL training and inference is the main challenge. Usually, central cloud servers are used for the computation, but it opens up other significant challenges, such as high latency, increased communication costs, and privacy concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, considerable efforts have been made to push the processing of DL models to edge servers. Moreover, the confluence point of DL and edge has given rise to edge intelligence (EI). This survey paper focuses primarily on the fifth level of EI, called all in-edge level, where DL training and inference (deployment) are performed solely by edge servers. All in-edge is suitable when the end devices have low computing resources, e.g., Internet-of-Things, and other requirements such as latency and communication cost are important in mission-critical applications, e.g., health care. Firstly, this paper presents all in-edge computing architectures, including centralized, decentralized, and distributed. Secondly, this paper presents enabling technologies, such as model parallelism and split learning, which facilitate DL training and deployment at edge servers. Thirdly, model adaptation techniques based on model compression and conditional computation are described because the standard cloud-based DL deployment cannot be directly applied to all in-edge due to its limited computational resources. Fourthly, this paper discusses eleven key performance metrics to evaluate the performance of DL at all in-edge efficiently. Finally, several open research challenges in the area of all in-edge are presented.
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In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
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随着物联网,AI和ML/DL算法的出现,数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具,用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来,这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是,由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性,隐私和服务标准(例如低延迟)方面的困难,因此仍然采用较差。此外,医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的,这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习(FL)的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此,FL已成为一个积极的研究领域,尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据,以保护隐私和安全问题。为此,本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题,设备挑战,安全性,隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外,我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上,我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站,以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品,并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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随着人工智能(AI)的积极发展,基于深神经网络(DNN)的智能应用会改变人们的生活方式和生产效率。但是,从网络边缘生成的大量计算和数据成为主要的瓶颈,传统的基于云的计算模式无法满足实时处理任务的要求。为了解决上述问题,通过将AI模型训练和推理功能嵌入网络边缘,Edge Intelligence(EI)成为AI领域的尖端方向。此外,云,边缘和终端设备之间的协作DNN推断提供了一种有希望的方法来增强EI。然而,目前,以EI为导向的协作DNN推断仍处于早期阶段,缺乏对现有研究工作的系统分类和讨论。因此,我们已经对有关以EI为导向的协作DNN推断的最新研究进行了全面调查。在本文中,我们首先回顾了EI的背景和动机。然后,我们为EI分类了四个典型的DNN推理范例,并分析其特征和关键技术。最后,我们总结了协作DNN推断的当前挑战,讨论未来的发展趋势并提供未来的研究方向。
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联合学习是一种数据解散隐私化技术,用于以安全的方式执行机器或深度学习。在本文中,我们介绍了有关联合学习的理论方面客户次数有所不同的用例。具体而言,使用从开放数据存储库中获得的胸部X射线图像提出了医学图像分析的用例。除了与隐私相关的优势外,还将研究预测的改进(就曲线下的准确性和面积而言)和减少执行时间(集中式方法)。将从培训数据中模拟不同的客户,以不平衡的方式选择,即,他们并非都有相同数量的数据。考虑三个或十个客户之间的结果与集中案件相比。间歇性客户将分析两种遵循方法,就像在实际情况下,某些客户可能会离开培训,一些新的新方法可能会进入培训。根据准确性,曲线下的区域和执行时间的结果,结果的结果的演变显示为原始数据被划分的客户次数。最后,提出了该领域的改进和未来工作。
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Today's AI still faces two major challenges. One is that in most industries, data exists in the form of isolated islands. The other is the strengthening of data privacy and security. We propose a possible solution to these challenges: secure federated learning. Beyond the federated learning framework first proposed by Google in 2016, we introduce a comprehensive secure federated learning framework, which includes horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning and federated transfer learning. We provide definitions, architectures and applications for the federated learning framework, and provide a comprehensive survey of existing works on this subject. In addition, we propose building data networks among organizations based on federated mechanisms as an effective solution to allow knowledge to be shared without compromising user privacy.
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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联邦学习(FL)变得流行,并在训练大型机器学习(ML)模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力,而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中,数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型,并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新,而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效,招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时,数据所有者是理性的,可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题,最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中,我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查,以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是,我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景,经济理论。然后,我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后,我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。
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联合学习(FL)是一个系统,中央聚合器协调多个客户解决机器学习问题的努力。此设置允许分散培训数据以保护隐私。本文的目的是提供针对医疗保健的FL系统的概述。 FL在此根据其框架,架构和应用程序进行评估。这里显示的是,FL通过中央聚合器服务器通过共享的全球深度学习(DL)模型解决了前面的问题。本文研究了最新的发展,并提供了来自FL研究的快速增长的启发,列出了未解决的问题。在FL的背景下,描述了几种隐私方法,包括安全的多方计算,同态加密,差异隐私和随机梯度下降。此外,还提供了对各种FL类的综述,例如水平和垂直FL以及联合转移学习。 FL在无线通信,服务建议,智能医学诊断系统和医疗保健方面有应用,本文将在本文中进行讨论。我们还对现有的FL挑战进行了彻底的审查,例如隐私保护,沟通成本,系统异质性和不可靠的模型上传,然后是未来的研究指示。
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