Federated learning has recently been applied to recommendation systems to protect user privacy. In federated learning settings, recommendation systems can train recommendation models only collecting the intermediate parameters instead of the real user data, which greatly enhances the user privacy. Beside, federated recommendation systems enable to collaborate with other data platforms to improve recommended model performance while meeting the regulation and privacy constraints. However, federated recommendation systems faces many new challenges such as privacy, security, heterogeneity and communication costs. While significant research has been conducted in these areas, gaps in the surveying literature still exist. In this survey, we-(1) summarize some common privacy mechanisms used in federated recommendation systems and discuss the advantages and limitations of each mechanism; (2) review some robust aggregation strategies and several novel attacks against security; (3) summarize some approaches to address heterogeneity and communication costs problems; (4)introduce some open source platforms that can be used to build federated recommendation systems; (5) present some prospective research directions in the future. This survey can guide researchers and practitioners understand the research progress in these areas.

联邦学习一直是一个热门的研究主题，使不同组织的机器学习模型的协作培训在隐私限制下。随着研究人员试图支持更多具有不同隐私方法的机器学习模型，需要开发系统和基础设施，以便于开发各种联合学习算法。类似于Pytorch和Tensorflow等深度学习系统，可以增强深度学习的发展，联邦学习系统（FLSS）是等效的，并且面临各个方面的面临挑战，如有效性，效率和隐私。在本调查中，我们对联合学习系统进行了全面的审查。为实现流畅的流动和引导未来的研究，我们介绍了联合学习系统的定义并分析了系统组件。此外，我们根据六种不同方面提供联合学习系统的全面分类，包括数据分布，机器学习模型，隐私机制，通信架构，联合集市和联合的动机。分类可以帮助设计联合学习系统，如我们的案例研究所示。通过系统地总结现有联合学习系统，我们展示了设计因素，案例研究和未来的研究机会。

联合学习（FL）和分裂学习（SL）是两种新兴的协作学习方法，可能会极大地促进物联网（IoT）中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习（ML）模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习，每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性，可能会相互补充，在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此，联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域，引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中，我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展，并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查，该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题，并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向，希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been proposed and is known for breaking down ``data silos" and protecting the privacy of users. However, FL has not yet gained popularity in the industry, mainly due to its security, privacy, and high cost of communication. For the purpose of advancing the research in this field, building a robust FL system, and realizing the wide application of FL, this paper sorts out the possible attacks and corresponding defenses of the current FL system systematically. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the basic workflow of FL and related knowledge of attacks and defenses. It reviews a great deal of research about privacy theft and malicious attacks that have been studied in recent years. Most importantly, in view of the current three classification criteria, namely the three stages of machine learning, the three different roles in federated learning, and the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) guidelines on privacy protection, we divide attack approaches into two categories according to the training stage and the prediction stage in machine learning. Furthermore, we also identify the CIA property violated for each attack method and potential attack role. Various defense mechanisms are then analyzed separately from the level of privacy and security. Finally, we summarize the possible challenges in the application of FL from the aspect of attacks and defenses and discuss the future development direction of FL systems. In this way, the designed FL system has the ability to resist different attacks and is more secure and stable.

更广泛的覆盖范围和更好的解决方案延迟减少5G需要其与多访问边缘计算（MEC）技术的组合。分散的深度学习（DDL），如联邦学习和群体学习作为对数百万智能边缘设备的隐私保留数据处理的有希望的解决方案，利用了本地客户端网络内的多层神经网络的分布式计算，而无需披露原始本地培训数据。值得注意的是，在金融和医疗保健等行业中，谨慎维护交易和个人医疗记录的敏感数据，DDL可以促进这些研究所的合作，以改善培训模型的性能，同时保护参与客户的数据隐私。在本调查论文中，我们展示了DDL的技术基础，通过分散的学习使社会许多人走。此外，我们通过概述DDL的挑战以及从新颖的沟通效率和可靠性的观点来概述目前本领域最先进的全面概述。

Today's AI still faces two major challenges. One is that in most industries, data exists in the form of isolated islands. The other is the strengthening of data privacy and security. We propose a possible solution to these challenges: secure federated learning. Beyond the federated learning framework first proposed by Google in 2016, we introduce a comprehensive secure federated learning framework, which includes horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning and federated transfer learning. We provide definitions, architectures and applications for the federated learning framework, and provide a comprehensive survey of existing works on this subject. In addition, we propose building data networks among organizations based on federated mechanisms as an effective solution to allow knowledge to be shared without compromising user privacy.

现在，推荐系统已经变得繁荣，旨在通过学习嵌入来预测用户对项目的潜在兴趣。图形神经网络的最新进展〜（GNNS）还提供带有强大备份的推荐系统，从用户项图中学习嵌入。但是，由于数据收集困难，仅利用用户项交互遭受冷启动问题。因此，目前的努力建议将社交信息与用户项目相互作用融合以缓解它，这是社会推荐问题。现有工作使用GNNS同时聚合两个社交链接和用户项交互。但是，它们都需要集中存储的社交链接和用户的互动，从而导致隐私问题。此外，根据严格的隐私保护，在一般数据保护规则下，将来可能不可行的数据存储可能是不可行的，敦促分散的社会建议框架。为此，我们设计了一个小说框架\ textbf {fe} delated \ textbf {so} cial推荐与\ textbf {g} raph神经网络（fesog）。首先，FeSog采用关系的关注和聚集来处理异质性。其次，Fesog Infers使用本地数据来保留个性化的用户嵌入。最后但并非最不重要的是，所提出的模型采用伪标签技术，其中包含项目采样，以保护隐私和增强培训。三个现实世界数据集的广泛实验可以证明FeSog在完成社会建议和隐私保护方面的有效性。我们是为我们所知，为社会建议提供联邦学习框架的第一项工作。

推荐系统被证明是提取与用户相关的内容帮助用户进行日常活动的宝贵工具（例如，找到相关的访问地点，要消费的内容，要购买的商品）。但是，为了有效，这些系统需要收集和分析大量个人数据（例如，位置检查，电影评分，点击率等），这使用户面临许多隐私威胁。在这种情况下，基于联合学习（FL）的推荐系统似乎是一个有前途的解决方案，可以在计算准确的建议的同时将个人数据保存在用户设备上时，是一个有前途的解决方案。但是，FL，因此基于FL的推荐系统，依靠中央服务器，除了容易受到攻击外，还可以遇到可伸缩性问题。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了基于八卦学习原理的分散推荐系统Pepper。在胡椒中，用户八卦模型更新并不同步。 Pepper的核心位于两个关键组成部分：一个个性化的同行采样协议，该协议保存在每个节点附近，这是与前者具有相似兴趣的节点的一部分，以及一个简单而有效的模型汇总功能，该功能构建了一个模型更适合每个用户。通过在三个实施两个用例的实验实验中进行实验：位置入住建议和电影推荐，我们证明我们的解决方案比其他分散的解决方案快42％收敛于42％与分散的竞争对手相比，长时间性能的命中率和高达21％的速度提高了21％。

随着基于位置的越来越多的社交网络，隐私保存位置预测已成为帮助用户发现新的兴趣点（POI）的主要任务。传统系统考虑一种需要传输和收集用户私有数据的集中方法。在这项工作中，我们展示了FedPoirec，隐私保留了联合学习方法的隐私，增强了用户社交界的功能，以获得最高$ N $ POI建议。首先，FedPoirec框架建立在本地数据永远不会离开所有者设备的原则上，而本地更新盲目地由参数服务器汇总。其次，本地推荐人通过允许用户交换学习参数来获得个性化，从而实现朋友之间的知识传输。为此，我们提出了一种隐私保留协议，用于通过利用CKKS完全同态加密方案的特性来集成用户朋友在联合计算之后的偏好。为了评估FEDPOIREC，我们使用两个推荐模型将我们的方法应用于五个现实世界数据集。广泛的实验表明，FEDPOIREC以集中方法实现了相当的推荐质量，而社会集成协议会突出用户侧的低计算和通信开销。

Federated Learning (FL) has been widely accepted as the solution for privacy-preserving machine learning without collecting raw data. While new technologies proposed in the past few years do evolve the FL area, unfortunately, the evaluation results presented in these works fall short in integrity and are hardly comparable because of the inconsistent evaluation metrics and experimental settings. In this paper, we propose a holistic evaluation framework for FL called FedEval, and present a benchmarking study on seven state-of-the-art FL algorithms. Specifically, we first introduce the core evaluation taxonomy model, called FedEval-Core, which covers four essential evaluation aspects for FL: Privacy, Robustness, Effectiveness, and Efficiency, with various well-defined metrics and experimental settings. Based on the FedEval-Core, we further develop an FL evaluation platform with standardized evaluation settings and easy-to-use interfaces. We then provide an in-depth benchmarking study between the seven well-known FL algorithms, including FedSGD, FedAvg, FedProx, FedOpt, FedSTC, SecAgg, and HEAgg. We comprehensively analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms and further identify the suitable practical scenarios for different algorithms, which is rarely done by prior work. Lastly, we excavate a set of take-away insights and future research directions, which are very helpful for researchers in the FL area.

The advent of Federated Learning (FL) has ignited a new paradigm for parallel and confidential decentralized Machine Learning (ML) with the potential of utilizing the computational power of a vast number of IoT, mobile and edge devices without data leaving the respective device, ensuring privacy by design. Yet, in order to scale this new paradigm beyond small groups of already entrusted entities towards mass adoption, the Federated Learning Framework (FLF) has to become (i) truly decentralized and (ii) participants have to be incentivized. This is the first systematic literature review analyzing holistic FLFs in the domain of both, decentralized and incentivized federated learning. 422 publications were retrieved, by querying 12 major scientific databases. Finally, 40 articles remained after a systematic review and filtering process for in-depth examination. Although having massive potential to direct the future of a more distributed and secure AI, none of the analyzed FLF is production-ready. The approaches vary heavily in terms of use-cases, system design, solved issues and thoroughness. We are the first to provide a systematic approach to classify and quantify differences between FLF, exposing limitations of current works and derive future directions for research in this novel domain.

Graph Machine Learning最近在学术界和行业中都引起了人们的关注。大多数图形机器学习模型，例如图形神经网络（GNN），都经过大量的图形数据训练。但是，在许多实际情况下，例如医疗保健系统中的住院预测，图形数据通常存储在多个数据所有者中，并且由于隐私问题和法规限制，任何其他方都无法直接访问。联合图机器学习（FGML）是一种有前途的解决方案，可以通过以联合方式训练图机学习模型来应对这一挑战。在这项调查中，我们对FGML文献进行了全面的综述。具体而言，我们首先提供了一种新的分类法，将FGML中的现有问题分为两个设置，即，\ emph {fl带有结构化数据}和\ emph {结构化的fl}。然后，我们回顾每种环境中的主流技术，并详细介绍它们如何应对FGML下的挑战。此外，我们总结了来自不同域中FGML的现实应用程序，并介绍FGML中采用的开放图数据集和平台。最后，我们在现有研究中提出了一些局限性，并在该领域的研究方向有前途的方向。

随着物联网，AI和ML/DL算法的出现，数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具，用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来，这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是，由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性，隐私和服务标准（例如低延迟）方面的困难，因此仍然采用较差。此外，医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的，这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习（FL）的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此，FL已成为一个积极的研究领域，尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据，以保护隐私和安全问题。为此，本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题，设备挑战，安全性，隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外，我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上，我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站，以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品，并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。

联合学习（FL）是一项新兴技术，可在保持数据分布和私密的同时向多个客户培训机器学习模型。根据参与的客户和模型培训量表，可以将联合学习分为两种类型：跨设备FL，客户通常是移动设备，客户编号可以达到数百万的规模；客户是组织或公司，并且客户编号通常很小（例如，一百之内）。尽管现有研究主要集中于跨设备FL，但本文旨在提供跨索洛FL的概述。更具体地说，我们首先讨论了交叉Silo FL的应用，并概述了其主要挑战。然后，我们通过关注与跨设备FL的联系和差异，对Cross-Silo FL挑战的现有方法进行系统的概述。最后，我们讨论了未来的方向和开放问题，值得社区的研究工作。

Federated learning is a collaborative method that aims to preserve data privacy while creating AI models. Current approaches to federated learning tend to rely heavily on secure aggregation protocols to preserve data privacy. However, to some degree, such protocols assume that the entity orchestrating the federated learning process (i.e., the server) is not fully malicious or dishonest. We investigate vulnerabilities to secure aggregation that could arise if the server is fully malicious and attempts to obtain access to private, potentially sensitive data. Furthermore, we provide a method to further defend against such a malicious server, and demonstrate effectiveness against known attacks that reconstruct data in a federated learning setting.

尽管现有联合学习平台（FL）平台已取得了显着的进展，以提供开发基础架构，但这些平台可能无法很好地应对各种异质性带来的挑战，包括参与者本地数据，资源，行为和学习目标中的异质性。为了填补这一空白，在本文中，我们提出了一个名为FederatedScope的新型FL平台，该平台采用事件驱动的架构为用户提供极大的灵活性，以独立描述不同参与者的行为。这样的设计使用户可以轻松地描述参与者具有各种本地培训过程，学习目标和后端，并通过同步或异步培训策略将其协调为FL课程。 FederatedScope为易于使用和灵活的平台提供了丰富类型的插入操作和组件，以有效地进行进一步开发，并且我们实施了几个重要组件，以更好地帮助用户进行隐私保护，攻击模拟和自动调整。我们已经在https://github.com/alibaba/federatedscope上发布了FederatedScope，以在各种情况下促进联邦学习的学术研究和工业部署。

联邦学习的出现在维持隐私的同时，促进了机器学习模型之间的大规模数据交换。尽管历史悠久，但联邦学习正在迅速发展，以使更广泛的使用更加实用。该领域中最重要的进步之一是将转移学习纳入联邦学习，这克服了主要联合学习的基本限制，尤其是在安全方面。本章从安全的角度进行了有关联合和转移学习的交集的全面调查。这项研究的主要目标是发现可能损害使用联合和转移学习的系统的隐私和性能的潜在脆弱性和防御机制。

推荐系统已广泛应用于不同的应用领域，包括能量保存，电子商务，医疗保健，社交媒体等。此类应用需要分析和挖掘大量各种类型的用户数据，包括人口统计，偏好，社会互动等，以便开发准确和精确的推荐系统。此类数据集通常包括敏感信息，但大多数推荐系统专注于模型的准确性和忽略与安全性和用户隐私相关的问题。尽管使用不同的风险减少技术克服这些问题，但它们都没有完全成功，确保了对用户的私人信息的密码安全和保护。为了弥合这一差距，区块链技术作为推动推荐系统中的安全和隐私保存的有希望的策略，不仅是因为其安全性和隐私性突出特征，而且由于其恢复力，适应性，容错和信任特性。本文介绍了涵盖挑战，开放问题和解决方案的基于区块链的推荐系统的整体综述。因此，引入了精心设计的分类，以描述安全和隐私挑战，概述现有框架并在使用区块链之前讨论其应用程序和利益，以指示未来的研究机会。

With its capability to deal with graph data, which is widely found in practical applications, graph neural networks (GNNs) have attracted significant research attention in recent years. As societies become increasingly concerned with the need for data privacy protection, GNNs face the need to adapt to this new normal. Besides, as clients in Federated Learning (FL) may have relationships, more powerful tools are required to utilize such implicit information to boost performance. This has led to the rapid development of the emerging research field of federated graph neural networks (FedGNNs). This promising interdisciplinary field is highly challenging for interested researchers to grasp. The lack of an insightful survey on this topic further exacerbates the entry difficulty. In this paper, we bridge this gap by offering a comprehensive survey of this emerging field. We propose a 2-dimensional taxonomy of the FedGNNs literature: 1) the main taxonomy provides a clear perspective on the integration of GNNs and FL by analyzing how GNNs enhance FL training as well as how FL assists GNNs training, and 2) the auxiliary taxonomy provides a view on how FedGNNs deal with heterogeneity across FL clients. Through discussions of key ideas, challenges, and limitations of existing works, we envision future research directions that can help build more robust, explainable, efficient, fair, inductive, and comprehensive FedGNNs.