自从Navier Stokes方程的推导以来,已经有可能在数值上解决现实世界的粘性流问题(计算流体动力学(CFD))。然而,尽管中央处理单元(CPU)的性能取得了迅速的进步,但模拟瞬态流量的计算成本非常小,时间/网格量表物理学仍然是不现实的。近年来,机器学习(ML)技术在整个行业中都受到了极大的关注,这一大浪潮已经传播了流体动力学界的各种兴趣。最近的ML CFD研究表明,随着数据驱动方法的训练时间和预测时间之间的间隔增加,完全抑制了误差的增加是不现实的。应用ML的实用CFD加速方法的开发是剩余的问题。因此,这项研究的目标是根据物理信息传递学习制定现实的ML策略,并使用不稳定的CFD数据集验证了该策略的准确性和加速性能。该策略可以在监视跨耦合计算框架中管理方程的残差时确定转移学习的时间。因此,我们的假设是可行的,即连续流体流动时间序列的预测是可行的,因为中间CFD模拟定期不仅减少了增加残差,还可以更新网络参数。值得注意的是,具有基于网格的网络模型的交叉耦合策略不会损害计算加速度的仿真精度。在层流逆流CFD数据集条件下,该模拟加速了1.8次,包括参数更新时间。此可行性研究使用了开源CFD软件OpenFOAM和开源ML软件TensorFlow。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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机器学习正迅速成为科学计算的核心技术,并有许多机会推进计算流体动力学领域。从这个角度来看,我们强调了一些潜在影响最高的领域,包括加速直接数值模拟,以改善湍流闭合建模,并开发增强的减少订单模型。我们还讨论了机器学习的新兴领域,这对于计算流体动力学以及应考虑的一些潜在局限性是有希望的。
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We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.
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深度学习的繁荣激发了渴望整合这两个领域的计算流体动力学的研究人员和实践者。PINN(物理信息神经网络)方法就是这样的尝试。尽管文献中的大多数报告都显示出应用PINN方法的积极结果,但我们对其进行了实验扼杀了这种乐观。这项工作介绍了我们使用PINN解决两个基本流量问题的不成功的故事:2D Taylor-Green Vortex at $ re = 100 $ = 100 $和2D缸流,$ re re = 200 $。 Pinn方法解决了2D Taylor-Green涡流问题,并以可接受的结果为基础,我们将这种流程作为精度和性能基准。 Pinn方法的准确性需要大约32个小时的训练,以使$ 16 \ times 16 $有限差异模拟的准确性不到20秒。另一方面,2D气缸流甚至没有导致物理溶液。 Pinn方法的表现像稳态的求解器,没有捕获涡流脱落现象。通过分享我们的经验,我们要强调的是,Pinn方法仍然是一种正在进行的工作。需要更多的工作来使Pinn对于现实世界中的问题可行。
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在本文中,我们根据卷积神经网络训练湍流模型。这些学到的湍流模型改善了在模拟时为不可压缩的Navier-Stokes方程的溶解不足的低分辨率解。我们的研究涉及开发可区分的数值求解器,该求解器通过多个求解器步骤支持优化梯度的传播。这些属性的重要性是通过那些模型的出色稳定性和准确性来证明的,这些模型在训练过程中展开了更多求解器步骤。此外,我们基于湍流物理学引入损失项,以进一步提高模型的准确性。这种方法应用于三个二维的湍流场景,一种均匀的腐烂湍流案例,一个暂时进化的混合层和空间不断发展的混合层。与无模型模拟相比,我们的模型在长期A-posterii统计数据方面取得了重大改进,而无需将这些统计数据直接包含在学习目标中。在推论时,我们提出的方法还获得了相似准确的纯粹数值方法的实质性改进。
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Surrogate models are necessary to optimize meaningful quantities in physical dynamics as their recursive numerical resolutions are often prohibitively expensive. It is mainly the case for fluid dynamics and the resolution of Navier-Stokes equations. However, despite the fast-growing field of data-driven models for physical systems, reference datasets representing real-world phenomena are lacking. In this work, we develop AirfRANS, a dataset for studying the two-dimensional incompressible steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations over airfoils at a subsonic regime and for different angles of attacks. We also introduce metrics on the stress forces at the surface of geometries and visualization of boundary layers to assess the capabilities of models to accurately predict the meaningful information of the problem. Finally, we propose deep learning baselines on four machine learning tasks to study AirfRANS under different constraints for generalization considerations: big and scarce data regime, Reynolds number, and angle of attack extrapolation.
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This work presents a set of neural network (NN) models specifically designed for accurate and efficient fluid dynamics forecasting. In this work, we show how neural networks training can be improved by reducing data complexity through a modal decomposition technique called higher order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), which identifies the main structures inside flow dynamics and reconstructs the original flow using only these main structures. This reconstruction has the same number of samples and spatial dimension as the original flow, but with a less complex dynamics and preserving its main features. We also show the low computational cost required by the proposed NN models, both in their training and inference phases. The core idea of this work is to test the limits of applicability of deep learning models to data forecasting in complex fluid dynamics problems. Generalization capabilities of the models are demonstrated by using the same neural network architectures to forecast the future dynamics of four different multi-phase flows. Data sets used to train and test these deep learning models come from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of these flows.
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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数值模拟中信息丢失可能来自各种来源,同时求解离散的部分微分方程。特别地,与等效的64位模拟相比,使用低精确的16位浮点算术进行模拟时,与精度相关的错误可能会积累在关注量中。在这里,低精度计算所需的资源要比高精度计算要低得多。最近提出的几种机器学习(ML)技术已成功纠正空间离散化引起的错误。在这项工作中,我们扩展了这些技术,以改善使用低数值精度进行的计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟。我们首先量化了在Kolmogorov强制湍流测试案例中累积的精度相关误差。随后,我们采用了卷积神经网络以及执行16位算术的完全可区分的数值求解器,以学习紧密耦合的ML-CFD混合求解器。与16位求解器相比,我们证明了ML-CFD混合求解器在减少速度场中的误差积累并在较高频率下改善动能光谱的功效。
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在本文中,我们为非稳定于3D流体结构交互系统提供了一种基于深度学习的阶数(DL-ROM)。所提出的DL-ROM具有非线性状态空间模型的格式,并采用具有长短期存储器(LSTM)的经常性神经网络。我们考虑一种以状态空间格式的可弹性安装的球体的规范流体结构系统,其具有不可压缩的流体流动。我们开发了一种非线性数据驱动的耦合,用于预测横向方向自由振动球的非定常力和涡旋诱导的振动(VIV)锁定。我们设计输入输出关系作为用于流体结构系统的低维逼近的力和位移数据集的时间序列。基于VIV锁定过程的先验知识,输入功能包含一系列频率和幅度,其能够实现高效的DL-ROM,而无需用于低维建模的大量训练数据集。一旦训练,网络就提供了输入 - 输出动态的非线性映射,其可以通过反馈过程预测较长地平线的耦合流体结构动态。通过将LSTM网络与Eigensystem实现算法(时代)集成,我们构造了用于减少阶稳定性分析的数据驱动状态空间模型。我们通过特征值选择过程调查VIV的潜在机制和稳定性特征。为了了解频率锁定机制,我们研究了针对降低振荡频率和质量比的范围的特征值轨迹。与全阶模拟一致,通过组合的LSTM-ERA程序精确捕获频率锁定分支。所提出的DL-ROM与涉及流体结构相互作用的物理学数字双胞胎的基于物理的数字双胞胎。
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通过Navier-Stokes方程的数值解决方案的计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真是从工程设计到气候建模的广泛应用中的重要工具。然而,CFD代码所需的计算成本和内存需求对于实际兴趣的流动可能变得非常高,例如在空气动力学形状优化中。该费用与流体流动控制方程的复杂性有关,其包括具有困难的解决方案的非线性部分衍生术语,导致长的计算时间和限制在迭代设计过程中可以测试的假设的数量。因此,我们提出了DeepCFD:基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的模型,其有效地近似于均匀稳态流动问题的解决方案。所提出的模型能够直接从使用最先进的CFD代码生成的地面真实数据的速度和压力场的完整解决方案的完整解决方案。使用DeepCFD,与标准CFD方法以低误差率的成本相比,我们发现高达3个数量级的加速。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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传统上,基于标度律维模型已被用于参数对流换热岩类地行星像地球,火星,水星和金星的内部,以解决二维或三维高保真前插的计算瓶颈。然而,这些在物理它们可以建模(例如深度取决于材料特性),并预测只平均量的量的限制,例如平均温度地幔。我们最近发现,前馈神经网络(FNN),使用了大量的二维模拟可以克服这个限制和可靠地预测整个1D横向平均温度分布的演变,及时为复杂的模型训练。我们现在扩展该方法以预测的完整2D温度字段,它包含在对流结构如热羽状和冷downwellings的形式的信息。使用的地幔热演化的10,525二维模拟数据集火星般的星球,我们表明,深度学习技术能够产生可靠的参数代理人(即代理人即预测仅基于参数状态变量,如温度)底层偏微分方程。我们首先使用卷积自动编码由142倍以压缩温度场,然后使用FNN和长短期存储器网络(LSTM)来预测所述压缩字段。平均起来,FNN预测是99.30%,并且LSTM预测是准确相对于看不见模拟99.22%。在LSTM和FNN预测显示,尽管较低的绝对平均相对精度,LSTMs捕捉血流动力学优于FNNS适当的正交分解(POD)。当求和,从FNN预测和从LSTM预测量至96.51%,相对97.66%到原始模拟的系数,分别与POD系数。
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浅水方程是大多数洪水和河流液压分析模型的基础。这些基于物理的模型通常昂贵且速度慢,因此不适合实时预测或参数反转。有吸引力的替代方案是代理模型。这项工作基于深度学习介绍了高效,准确,灵活的代理模型,NN-P2P,它可以对非结构化或不规则网格进行点对点预测。评估新方法并与基于卷积神经网络(CNNS)的现有方法进行比较,其只能在结构化或常规网格上进行图像到图像预测。在NN-P2P中,输入包括空间坐标和边界特征,可以描述液压结构的几何形状,例如桥墩。所有代理模型都在预测培训域中不同类型的码头周围的流程中。然而,当执行空间推断时,只有NN-P2P工作很好。基于CNN的方法的限制源于其光栅图像性质,其无法捕获边界几何形状和流量,这对流体动力学至关重要。 NN-P2P在通过神经网络预测码头周围的流量方面也具有良好的性能。 NN-P2P模型还严格尊重保护法。通过计算拖动系数$ C_D $的拖动系数$ C_D $ C_D $与码头长度/宽度比的新线性关系来证明拟议的代理模型的应用。
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Machine learning-based modeling of physical systems has experienced increased interest in recent years. Despite some impressive progress, there is still a lack of benchmarks for Scientific ML that are easy to use but still challenging and representative of a wide range of problems. We introduce PDEBench, a benchmark suite of time-dependent simulation tasks based on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). PDEBench comprises both code and data to benchmark the performance of novel machine learning models against both classical numerical simulations and machine learning baselines. Our proposed set of benchmark problems contribute the following unique features: (1) A much wider range of PDEs compared to existing benchmarks, ranging from relatively common examples to more realistic and difficult problems; (2) much larger ready-to-use datasets compared to prior work, comprising multiple simulation runs across a larger number of initial and boundary conditions and PDE parameters; (3) more extensible source codes with user-friendly APIs for data generation and baseline results with popular machine learning models (FNO, U-Net, PINN, Gradient-Based Inverse Method). PDEBench allows researchers to extend the benchmark freely for their own purposes using a standardized API and to compare the performance of new models to existing baseline methods. We also propose new evaluation metrics with the aim to provide a more holistic understanding of learning methods in the context of Scientific ML. With those metrics we identify tasks which are challenging for recent ML methods and propose these tasks as future challenges for the community. The code is available at https://github.com/pdebench/PDEBench.
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我们提出了一个数据驱动的框架,以提高软组织结构分析中显式有限元方法的计算效率。编码器解码器长短期内存深神经网络是根据由显式,分布式有限元求解器产生的数据训练的。我们利用该网络预测共享节点处的同步位移,从而最大程度地减少处理器之间的通信量。我们执行广泛的数值实验,以量化提出的避免同步算法的准确性和稳定性。
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我们提出了一种使用一组我们称为神经基函数(NBF)的神经网络来求解部分微分方程(PDE)的方法。这个NBF框架是POD DeepOnet操作方法的一种新颖的变化,我们将一组神经网络回归到降低的阶正合成分解(POD)基础上。然后将这些网络与分支网络结合使用,该分支网络摄入规定的PDE的参数以计算降低的订单近似值。该方法适用于高速流条件的稳态EULER方程(Mach 10-30),在该方程式中,我们考虑了围绕圆柱体的2D流,从而形成了冲击条件。然后,我们将NBF预测用作高保真计算流体动力学(CFD)求解器(CFD ++)的初始条件,以显示更快的收敛性。还将介绍用于培训和实施该算法的经验教训。
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Non-equilibrium chemistry is a key process in the study of the InterStellar Medium (ISM), in particular the formation of molecular clouds and thus stars. However, computationally it is among the most difficult tasks to include in astrophysical simulations, because of the typically high (>40) number of reactions, the short evolutionary timescales (about $10^4$ times less than the ISM dynamical time) and the characteristic non-linearity and stiffness of the associated Ordinary Differential Equations system (ODEs). In this proof of concept work, we show that Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are a viable alternative to traditional ODE time integrators for stiff thermo-chemical systems, i.e. up to molecular hydrogen formation (9 species and 46 reactions). Testing different chemical networks in a wide range of densities ($-2< \log n/{\rm cm}^{-3}< 3$) and temperatures ($1 < \log T/{\rm K}< 5$), we find that a basic architecture can give a comfortable convergence only for simplified chemical systems: to properly capture the sudden chemical and thermal variations a Deep Galerkin Method is needed. Once trained ($\sim 10^3$ GPUhr), the PINN well reproduces the strong non-linear nature of the solutions (errors $\lesssim 10\%$) and can give speed-ups up to a factor of $\sim 200$ with respect to traditional ODE solvers. Further, the latter have completion times that vary by about $\sim 30\%$ for different initial $n$ and $T$, while the PINN method gives negligible variations. Both the speed-up and the potential improvement in load balancing imply that PINN-powered simulations are a very palatable way to solve complex chemical calculation in astrophysical and cosmological problems.
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物理信息神经网络(PINN)能够找到给定边界值问题的解决方案。我们使用有限元方法(FEM)的几个想法来增强工程问题中现有的PINN的性能。当前工作的主要贡献是促进使用主要变量的空间梯度作为分离神经网络的输出。后来,具有较高衍生物的强形式应用于主要变量的空间梯度作为物理约束。此外,该问题的所谓能量形式被应用于主要变量,作为训练的附加约束。所提出的方法仅需要一阶导数来构建物理损失函数。我们讨论了为什么通过不同模型之间的各种比较,这一点是有益的。基于配方混合的PINN和FE方法具有一些相似之处。前者利用神经网络的复杂非线性插值将PDE及其能量形式最小化及其能量形式,而后者则在元素节点借助Shape函数在元素节点上使用相同。我们专注于异质固体,以显示深学习在不同边界条件下在复杂环境中预测解决方案的能力。针对FEM的解决方案对两个原型问题的解决方案进行了检查:弹性和泊松方程(稳态扩散问题)。我们得出的结论是,通过正确设计PINN中的网络体系结构,深度学习模型有可能在没有其他来源的任何可用初始数据中解决异质域中的未知数。最后,关于Pinn和FEM的组合进行了讨论,以在未来的开发中快速准确地设计复合材料。
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