文本内容通常是协作写作过程的输出：我们从初始草稿开始，提出建议并反复进行更改。不可知的是，当今的语言模型只能产生最终结果。结果，他们缺乏对协作写作至关重要的几种能力：他们无法更新现有文本，难以控制和无法进行口头计划或解释其行为。为了解决这些缺点，我们介绍了Peer，这是一种协作语言模型，经过训练以模仿整个写作过程本身：Peer可以编写草稿，添加建议，提出编辑并为其行为提供解释。至关重要的是，我们训练多个同伴能够填补写作过程的各个部分的实例，从而可以使用自训练技术来提高培训数据的质量，数量和多样性。这通过使其适用于没有编辑历史的域，并提高其遵循说明，编写有用的评论并解释其动作的能力，从而释放了Peer的全部潜力。我们表明，同行在各个领域和编辑任务上取得了强大的性能。

迄今为止对文本生成的评估主要集中在依次创建的内容上，而不是对文本的改进。但是，写作自然是一个迭代和增量过程，需要在不同的模块化技能上进行专业知识，例如修复过时的信息或使样式更加一致。即便如此，对模型执行这些技能和编辑能力的模型能力的全面评估仍然很少。这项工作介绍了EditeVal：基于指导的，基准和评估套件，该套件利用现有的现有和新数据集自动评估编辑功能，例如使文本更具凝聚力和释义。我们评估了几种预训练的模型，这表明指令和同伴表现最好，但是大多数基准都落在监督的SOTA以下，尤其是在中和和更新信息时。我们的分析还表明，用于编辑任务的常用指标并不总是很好地关联，并且对具有最高性能的提示的优化并不一定带来对不同模型的最强鲁棒性。通过发布此基准和公开可用的排行榜挑战，我们希望在开发能够迭代和更可控制的编辑模型中解锁未来的研究。

We study the problem of retrieval with instructions, where users of a retrieval system explicitly describe their intent along with their queries. We aim to develop a general-purpose task-aware retrieval system using multi-task instruction tuning, which can follow human-written instructions to find the best documents for a given query. We introduce the first large-scale collection of approximately 40 retrieval datasets with instructions, BERRI, and present TART, a multi-task retrieval system trained on BERRI with instructions. TART shows strong capabilities to adapt to a new retrieval task via instructions and advances the state of the art on two zero-shot retrieval benchmarks, BEIR and LOTTE, outperforming models up to three times larger. We further introduce a new evaluation setup, X^2-Retrieval to better reflect real-world scenarios, where diverse domains and tasks are pooled and a system needs to find documents aligning users' intents. In this setup, TART significantly outperforms competitive baselines, further demonstrating the effectiveness of guiding retrieval with instructions.

Recent work has shown that fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on a collection of tasks described via instructions, a.k.a. instruction-tuning, improves their zero and few-shot generalization to unseen tasks. However, there is a limited understanding of the performance trade-offs of different decisions made during the instruction-tuning process. These decisions include the scale and diversity of the instruction-tuning benchmark, different task sampling strategies, fine-tuning with and without demonstrations, training using specialized datasets for reasoning and dialogue, and finally, the fine-tuning objectives themselves. In this paper, we characterize the effect of instruction-tuning decisions on downstream task performance when scaling both model and benchmark sizes. To this end, we create OPT-IML Bench: a large benchmark for Instruction Meta-Learning (IML) of 2000 NLP tasks consolidated into task categories from 8 existing benchmarks, and prepare an evaluation framework to measure three types of model generalizations: to tasks from fully held-out categories, to held-out tasks from seen categories, and to held-out instances from seen tasks. Through the lens of this framework, we first present insights about instruction-tuning decisions as applied to OPT-30B and further exploit these insights to train OPT-IML 30B and 175B, which are instruction-tuned versions of OPT. OPT-IML demonstrates all three generalization abilities at both scales on four different evaluation benchmarks with diverse tasks and input formats -- PromptSource, FLAN, Super-NaturalInstructions, and UnifiedSKG. Not only does it significantly outperform OPT on all benchmarks but is also highly competitive with existing models fine-tuned on each specific benchmark. We release OPT-IML at both scales, together with the OPT-IML Bench evaluation framework.

大型语言模型在各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的几次结果。但是，当知识是此类结果的关键时，就像问题回答和事实检查之类的任务一样，似乎需要存储知识的大量参数计数。众所周知，检索增强模型可以在不需要多个参数的情况下在知识密集的任务上表现出色，但是目前尚不清楚它们是否在几个弹药设置中工作。在这项工作中，我们介绍了地图集，这是一个经过精心设计和预先训练的增强语言模型，能够通过很少的培训示例学习知识密集型任务。我们对包括MMLU，苏格兰短裙和归类等各种任务进行评估，并研究文档索引内容的影响，表明它可以很容易地进行更新。值得注意的是，在自然问题上仅使用64个示例在自然问题上达到超过42 \％的准确性，尽管参数少了50倍，但比540B参数模型的表现优于540b参数模型。

Despite the recent progress in language generation models, their outputs may not always meet user expectations. In this work, we study whether informational feedback in natural language can be leveraged to improve generation quality and user preference alignment. To this end, we consider factual consistency in summarization, the quality that the summary should only contain information supported by the input documents, for user preference alignment. We collect a high-quality dataset, DeFacto, containing human demonstrations and informational feedback in natural language consisting of corrective instructions, edited summaries, and explanations with respect to the factual consistency of the summary. Using our dataset, we study two natural language generation tasks: 1) editing a summary using the human feedback, and 2) generating human feedback from the original summary. Using the two tasks, we further evaluate if models can automatically correct factual inconsistencies in generated summaries. We show that the human-edited summaries we collected are more factually consistent, and pre-trained language models can leverage our dataset to improve the factual consistency of original system-generated summaries in our proposed generation tasks. We make the DeFacto dataset publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeFacto.

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

NLP研究人员需要更多，更高质量的文本数据集。收集人类标记的数据集是昂贵的，而通过从诸如维基的网络的自动检索收集的数据集是嘈杂的，并且可以包括不希望的偏差。此外，来自网络的数据通常包括在用于预先rain模型的数据集中，导致无意地交叉污染训练和测试集。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种用于高效数据集策策的新方法：我们使用大型语言模型来为人类评估者提供种子几代，从而将数据集从写入任务转换为编辑任务。我们使用我们的方法来策划SynthBio - Wikibio的一个新的评估集 - 由描述虚构个人的结构化属性列表组成，映射到自然语言传记。我们表明，我们的虚构传记数据集比Wikibiiiiiiiiii远低，也更加均衡，而且对性别和国籍更加平衡。

少量学习时，基于及时的方法很强劲。然而，Perez等人。 （2021年）最近对他们的表现产生了疑问，因为它们难以在“真实”的几次拍摄设置中获得良好的结果，其中提示和超级参数无法在DEV集上调整。鉴于此，我们对PET进行了广泛的研究，该方法将文本指令与基于示例的FENETUNING结合起来。我们表明，如果正确配置，宠物在真正的几次拍摄设置中强烈执行，即，没有开发装置。这对这种强大的表现至关重要是宠物智能处理多个提示的能力。然后，我们通过在RAFT上运行PET来将我们的调查结果置于真实世界的测试中，直接从现实的NLP应用程序采取的任务的基准，没有标记的开发或测试集。宠物在筏上实现了新的艺术状态，并且在11个任务中靠近非专家人类进行了近距离进行。这些结果表明，基于及时的学习者像宠物Excel这样的真正的几次拍摄学习和支持我们的信念，即从指示中学习的信念将在人类少量学习能力的路径上发挥重要作用。

Instruction tuning enables pretrained language models to perform new tasks from inference-time natural language descriptions. These approaches rely on vast amounts of human supervision in the form of crowdsourced datasets or user interactions. In this work, we introduce Unnatural Instructions: a large dataset of creative and diverse instructions, collected with virtually no human labor. We collect 64,000 examples by prompting a language model with three seed examples of instructions and eliciting a fourth. This set is then expanded by prompting the model to rephrase each instruction, creating a total of approximately 240,000 examples of instructions, inputs, and outputs. Experiments show that despite containing a fair amount of noise, training on Unnatural Instructions rivals the effectiveness of training on open-source manually-curated datasets, surpassing the performance of models such as T0++ and Tk-Instruct across various benchmarks. These results demonstrate the potential of model-generated data as a cost-effective alternative to crowdsourcing for dataset expansion and diversification.

Finetuning language models on a collection of datasets phrased as instructions has been shown to improve model performance and generalization to unseen tasks. In this paper we explore instruction finetuning with a particular focus on (1) scaling the number of tasks, (2) scaling the model size, and (3) finetuning on chain-of-thought data. We find that instruction finetuning with the above aspects dramatically improves performance on a variety of model classes (PaLM, T5, U-PaLM), prompting setups (zero-shot, few-shot, CoT), and evaluation benchmarks (MMLU, BBH, TyDiQA, MGSM, open-ended generation). For instance, Flan-PaLM 540B instruction-finetuned on 1.8K tasks outperforms PALM 540B by a large margin (+9.4% on average). Flan-PaLM 540B achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, such as 75.2% on five-shot MMLU. We also publicly release Flan-T5 checkpoints, which achieve strong few-shot performance even compared to much larger models, such as PaLM 62B. Overall, instruction finetuning is a general method for improving the performance and usability of pretrained language models.

我们微调GPT-3使用基于文本的Web浏览环境来回答长形问题，允许模型搜索和导航Web。通过建立任务，以便通过人类执行，我们能够使用模仿学习培训在任务上的模型，然后通过人体反馈优化答案质量。为了使人为评估事实精度更容易，模型必须在浏览支持答案时收集引用。我们在ELI5上培训并评估我们的模型，Reddit用户提出的问题数据集。我们的最佳模型是通过使用行为克隆进行微调GPT-3获得的，然后对训练训练的奖励模型进行拒绝采样来获得以预测人类偏好。这种模式的答案是人类56％的答案，我们的人类示威者的时间和69％的时间到Reddit的最高投票答复。

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

An optimal delivery of arguments is key to persuasion in any debate, both for humans and for AI systems. This requires the use of clear and fluent claims relevant to the given debate. Prior work has studied the automatic assessment of argument quality extensively. Yet, no approach actually improves the quality so far. Our work is the first step towards filling this gap. We propose the task of claim optimization: to rewrite argumentative claims to optimize their delivery. As an initial approach, we first generate a candidate set of optimized claims using a sequence-to-sequence model, such as BART, while taking into account contextual information. Our key idea is then to rerank generated candidates with respect to different quality metrics to find the best optimization. In automatic and human evaluation, we outperform different reranking baselines on an English corpus, improving 60% of all claims (worsening 16% only). Follow-up analyses reveal that, beyond copy editing, our approach often specifies claims with details, whereas it adds less evidence than humans do. Moreover, its capabilities generalize well to other domains, such as instructional texts.

预审前的语言模型已被证明在许多与软件有关的一代任务中都是有效的。但是，它们不适合编辑任务，因为它们不是为了推理编辑的原因。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个新颖的预处理目标，该目标明确地对编辑进行了建模并使用它来构建Coditt5，这是一种用于软件相关编辑任务的大型语言模型，该任务是在大量源代码和自然语言评论中鉴定的。我们将其对各种下游编辑任务进行微调，包括评论更新，错误修复和自动代码审核。通过优于基于纯生成的模型，我们证明了方法的普遍性及其对编辑任务的适用性。我们还展示了纯生成模型和我们的基于编辑的模型如何通过简单的重读策略相互补充，我们可以通过该策略实现三个下游编辑任务的最新性能。

维基百科等文本知识库需要相当大的努力来保持最新和一致。虽然自动写作助手可能会缓解这一负担，但探讨了建议在外部知识基础上的建议的问题。在本文中，我们介绍了*忠实地反映了文本*（水果）中的更新信息的新颖一代任务是举办新证据的目标是更新现有文章。我们释放了Fruit-Wiki DataSet，一系列超过170k的远端监督数据，以及我们的数据生成管道和914个实例的金色评估集，其编辑被证据支持。我们为流行的发电系统以及编辑方法提供基准结果 - 根据编辑的基于T5的方法，我们介绍了确定现有技术的。我们的分析表明，开发可以忠实更新文章的开发模型需要新的神经发电模型的新功能，并打开更多新应用程序。

Large "instruction-tuned" language models (finetuned to respond to instructions) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to generalize zero-shot to new tasks. Nevertheless, they depend heavily on human-written instruction data that is limited in quantity, diversity, and creativity, therefore hindering the generality of the tuned model. We introduce Self-Instruct, a framework for improving the instruction-following capabilities of pretrained language models by bootstrapping off its own generations. Our pipeline generates instruction, input, and output samples from a language model, then prunes them before using them to finetune the original model. Applying our method to vanilla GPT3, we demonstrate a 33% absolute improvement over the original model on Super-NaturalInstructions, on par with the performance of InstructGPT_001, which is trained with private user data and human annotations. For further evaluation, we curate a set of expert-written instructions for novel tasks, and show through human evaluation that tuning GPT3 with Self-Instruct outperforms using existing public instruction datasets by a large margin, leaving only a 5% absolute gap behind InstructGPT_001. Self-Instruct provides an almost annotation-free method for aligning pre-trained language models with instructions, and we release our large synthetic dataset to facilitate future studies on instruction tuning.

本文探讨了提高语言模型的零次学习能力的简单方法。我们表明，指令调整 - 通过对说明书中所述的任务集合微调语言模型 - 大幅提升零射门上看不见任务中的表现。我们采取预训练的语言模型和指令调整它通过自然语言指令模板语言表达了60NLP任务137B参数。我们评估这种指令调整模型，我们称之为FLAN，在看不见的任务类型。FLAN显着改善其未修饰的对应的性能和超过25的20个任务，我们评估零射门175BGPT-3。FLAN甚至GPT-3通过在安利，RTE，BoolQ，AI2-ARC，OpenbookQA和StoryCloze大比分胜过几拍。消融研究显示任务和模型的规模，这个数字是指令调整取得成功的关键组成部分。

传达相关和忠实信息的能力对于有条件生成的许多任务至关重要，但对于神经SEQ-seq seq模型仍然难以捉摸，这些模型的输出通常显示出幻觉，并且无法正确涵盖重要细节。在这项工作中，我们主张规划作为有用的中间表示，以使有条件的一代减少不透明和扎根。我们的作品提出了将文本计划作为一系列提问（QA）对的新概念化。我们用QA蓝图作为内容选择（即〜说什么）和计划（即〜按什么顺序）来增强现有数据集（例如，用于摘要）。我们通过利用最先进的问题生成技术并将输入输出对自动获取蓝图，并将其转换为输入 - 蓝图输出输出元组。我们开发了基于变压器的模型，每个模型都在它们如何将蓝图合并到生成的输出中（例如，作为全局计划或迭代）。跨指标和数据集的评估表明，蓝图模型比不采取计划并允许对生成输出进行更严格控制的替代方案更为事实。