如今,大规模数据集的大型培训大型模型已成为深度学习的关键主题。具有较高表示能力和可传递性的预训练模型取得了巨大的成功,并在自然语言处理和2D视觉中占据了许多下游任务。但是,鉴于有限的训练数据相对不便,因此将这种预处理的调整范式促进这种预处理的调整范式是非平凡的。在本文中,我们提供了一个新的观点,即利用3D域中的预训练的2D知识来解决此问题,以新颖的点对像素来调整预训练的图像模型,以较小的参数成本提示点云分析。遵循促使工程的原理,我们将点云转换为具有几何形状的投影和几何学吸引着色的色彩图像,以适应预训练的图像模型,在点云分析的端到端优化期间,其权重冻结了任务。我们进行了广泛的实验,以证明与提议的点对像素提示合作,更好的预训练图像模型将导致在3D视觉中始终如一地表现更好的性能。享受图像预训练领域的繁荣发展,我们的方法在Scanobjectnn的最困难环境中获得了89.3%的精度,超过了传统的点云模型,具有较少的可训练参数。我们的框架在模型网分类和塑形部分分割方面还表现出非常具竞争力的性能。代码可从https://github.com/wangzy22/p2p获得
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Pre-training by numerous image data has become de-facto for robust 2D representations. In contrast, due to the expensive data acquisition and annotation, a paucity of large-scale 3D datasets severely hinders the learning for high-quality 3D features. In this paper, we propose an alternative to obtain superior 3D representations from 2D pre-trained models via Image-to-Point Masked Autoencoders, named as I2P-MAE. By self-supervised pre-training, we leverage the well learned 2D knowledge to guide 3D masked autoencoding, which reconstructs the masked point tokens with an encoder-decoder architecture. Specifically, we first utilize off-the-shelf 2D models to extract the multi-view visual features of the input point cloud, and then conduct two types of image-to-point learning schemes on top. For one, we introduce a 2D-guided masking strategy that maintains semantically important point tokens to be visible for the encoder. Compared to random masking, the network can better concentrate on significant 3D structures and recover the masked tokens from key spatial cues. For another, we enforce these visible tokens to reconstruct the corresponding multi-view 2D features after the decoder. This enables the network to effectively inherit high-level 2D semantics learned from rich image data for discriminative 3D modeling. Aided by our image-to-point pre-training, the frozen I2P-MAE, without any fine-tuning, achieves 93.4% accuracy for linear SVM on ModelNet40, competitive to the fully trained results of existing methods. By further fine-tuning on on ScanObjectNN's hardest split, I2P-MAE attains the state-of-the-art 90.11% accuracy, +3.68% to the second-best, demonstrating superior transferable capacity. Code will be available at https://github.com/ZrrSkywalker/I2P-MAE.
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最近,通过对比视觉 - 语言预训练(CLIP)的零射击和少量学习已经在2D视觉识别上显示了鼓舞人心的性能,从而了解在开放词汇设置中将图像与其相应的文本匹配。然而,它仍然在探索中,是否通过2D中的大规模图像文本对预先训练的剪辑可以推广到3D识别。在本文中,我们通过提出引人点来识别这种设置是可行的,这在剪辑编码点云和3D类别文本之间进行对准。具体地,我们通过将点云投射到多视图深度映射而不呈现,并聚合视图零拍摄预测以实现从2D到3D的知识转移。首先,我们设计了一个视图间适配器,以更好地提取全局特征,并自适应地融合从3D到2D预培训的剪辑中学到的几次拍摄知识。只需在几次拍摄设置中微调轻量级适配器,可以在很大程度上提高要素的性能。此外,我们遵守CONTCLIP和古典3D监督网络之间的互补财产。通过简单的合奏,PointClip提高了基线的性能,甚至超越了最先进的模型。因此,PointClip是在低资源成本和数据制度下通过剪辑的有效3D点云理解的有希望的替代方案。我们在广泛采用的ModelNet10,ModelNet40和挑战ScanObjectnn上进行彻底的实验,以证明Pointclip的有效性。代码在https://github.com/zrrskywalker/pointclip发布。
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我们呈现Point-Bert,一种用于学习变压器的新范式,以概括BERT对3D点云的概念。灵感来自BERT,我们将屏蔽点建模(MPM)任务设计为预列火车点云变压器。具体地,我们首先将点云划分为几个本地点修补程序,并且具有离散变化性AutoEncoder(DVAE)的点云标记器被设计为生成包含有意义的本地信息的离散点令牌。然后,我们随机掩盖了一些输入点云的补丁并将它们送入骨干变压器。预训练目标是在销售器获得的点代币的监督下恢复蒙面地点的原始点令牌。广泛的实验表明,拟议的BERT风格的预训练策略显着提高了标准点云变压器的性能。配备了我们的预培训策略,我们表明,纯变压器架构对ModelNet40的准确性为93.8%,在ScanObjectnn的最艰难的设置上的准确性为83.1%,超越精心设计的点云模型,手工制作的设计更少。我们还证明,Point-Bert从新的任务和域中获悉的表示,我们的模型在很大程度上推动了几个射击点云分类任务的最先进。代码和预先训练的型号可在https://github.com/lulutang0608/pint -bert上获得
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The pretraining-finetuning paradigm has demonstrated great success in NLP and 2D image fields because of the high-quality representation ability and transferability of their pretrained models. However, pretraining such a strong model is difficult in the 3D point cloud field since the training data is limited and point cloud collection is expensive. This paper introduces \textbf{E}fficient \textbf{P}oint \textbf{C}loud \textbf{L}earning (EPCL), an effective and efficient point cloud learner for directly training high-quality point cloud models with a frozen CLIP model. Our EPCL connects the 2D and 3D modalities by semantically aligning the 2D features and point cloud features without paired 2D-3D data. Specifically, the input point cloud is divided into a sequence of tokens and directly fed into the frozen CLIP model to learn point cloud representation. Furthermore, we design a task token to narrow the gap between 2D images and 3D point clouds. Comprehensive experiments on 3D detection, semantic segmentation, classification and few-shot learning demonstrate that the 2D CLIP model can be an efficient point cloud backbone and our method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on both real-world and synthetic downstream tasks. Code will be available.
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基于变压器的自我监督表示方法学习方法从未标记的数据集中学习通用功能,以提供有用的网络初始化参数,用于下游任务。最近,基于掩盖3D点云数据的局部表面斑块的自我监督学习的探索还不足。在本文中,我们提出了3D点云表示学习中的蒙版自动编码器(缩写为MAE3D),这是一种新颖的自动编码范式,用于自我监督学习。我们首先将输入点云拆分为补丁,然后掩盖其中的一部分,然后使用我们的补丁嵌入模块提取未掩盖的补丁的功能。其次,我们采用贴片的MAE3D变形金刚学习点云补丁的本地功能以及补丁之间的高级上下文关系,并完成蒙版补丁的潜在表示。我们将点云重建模块与多任务损失一起完成,从而完成不完整的点云。我们在Shapenet55上进行了自我监督的预训练,并使用点云完成前文本任务,并在ModelNet40和ScanObjectnn(PB \ _t50 \ _RS,最难的变体)上微调预训练的模型。全面的实验表明,我们的MAE3D从Point Cloud补丁提取的本地功能对下游分类任务有益,表现优于最先进的方法($ 93.4 \%\%\%\%$和$ 86.2 \%$ $分类精度)。
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纯变压器模型在自然语言处理和计算机视觉方面取得了令人印象深刻的成功。但是,变压器的一个限制是它们需要大型培训数据。在3D点云的领域中,大数据集的可用性是一个挑战,它加剧了3D任务的训练变压器问题。在这项工作中,我们凭经验研究和研究利用大量图像的知识以了解点云的理解的效果。我们制定了一条称为\ textIt {pix4point}的管道,该管道允许在图像域中利用预验证的变压器来改善下游点云任务。这是通过用于3D域专门的令牌和解码器层的帮助,通过模态无形的纯变压器主链实现。使用图像预言的变压器,我们分别在Scanobjectnn,ShapenetPart和S3DIS基准上观察到3D点云分类,部分分割和语义分割的任务的Pix4Point的显着性能提高。我们的代码和模型可在:\ url {https://github.com/guochengqian/pix4point}中获得。
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The success of deep learning heavily relies on large-scale data with comprehensive labels, which is more expensive and time-consuming to fetch in 3D compared to 2D images or natural languages. This promotes the potential of utilizing models pretrained with data more than 3D as teachers for cross-modal knowledge transferring. In this paper, we revisit masked modeling in a unified fashion of knowledge distillation, and we show that foundational Transformers pretrained with 2D images or natural languages can help self-supervised 3D representation learning through training Autoencoders as Cross-Modal Teachers (ACT). The pretrained Transformers are transferred as cross-modal 3D teachers using discrete variational autoencoding self-supervision, during which the Transformers are frozen with prompt tuning for better knowledge inheritance. The latent features encoded by the 3D teachers are used as the target of masked point modeling, wherein the dark knowledge is distilled to the 3D Transformer students as foundational geometry understanding. Our ACT pretrained 3D learner achieves state-of-the-art generalization capacity across various downstream benchmarks, e.g., 88.21% overall accuracy on ScanObjectNN. Codes will be released at https://github.com/RunpeiDong/ACT.
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变压器是一种基于关注的编码器解码器架构,彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。灵感来自这一重大成就,最近在将变形式架构调整到计算机视觉(CV)领域的一些开创性作品,这已经证明了他们对各种简历任务的有效性。依靠竞争力的建模能力,与现代卷积神经网络相比在本文中,我们已经为三百不同的视觉变压器进行了全面的审查,用于三个基本的CV任务(分类,检测和分割),提出了根据其动机,结构和使用情况组织这些方法的分类。 。由于培训设置和面向任务的差异,我们还在不同的配置上进行了评估了这些方法,以便于易于和直观的比较而不是各种基准。此外,我们已经揭示了一系列必不可少的,但可能使变压器能够从众多架构中脱颖而出,例如松弛的高级语义嵌入,以弥合视觉和顺序变压器之间的差距。最后,提出了三个未来的未来研究方向进行进一步投资。
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大规模点云的注释仍然耗时,并且对于许多真实世界任务不可用。点云预训练是用于获得快速适配的可扩展模型的一个潜在解决方案。因此,在本文中,我们调查了一种新的自我监督学习方法,称为混合和解除戒(MD),用于点云预培训。顾名思义,我们探索如何将原始点云与混合点云分开,并利用这一具有挑战的任务作为模型培训的借口优化目标。考虑到原始数据集中的有限培训数据,这远低于普遍的想象,混合过程可以有效地产生更高质量的样本。我们构建一个基线网络以验证我们的直觉,只包含两个模块,编码器和解码器。给定混合点云,首先预先训练编码器以提取语义嵌入。然后,利用实例 - 自适应解码器根据嵌入来解除点云。尽管简单,编码器本质上是能够在训练后捕获点云关键点,并且可以快速适应下游任务,包括预先训练和微调范例的分类和分割。在两个数据集上的广泛实验表明编码器+我们的(MD)显着超越了从头划痕培训的编码器和快速收敛的编码器。在消融研究中,我们进一步研究了每个部件的效果,并讨论了拟议的自我监督学习策略的优势。我们希望这种自我监督的学习尝试点云可以铺平了减少对大规模标记数据的深度学习模型依赖的方式,并在将来节省了大量的注释成本。
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点云的学习表示是3D计算机视觉中的重要任务,尤其是没有手动注释的监督。以前的方法通常会从自动编码器中获得共同的援助,以通过重建输入本身来建立自我判断。但是,现有的基于自我重建的自动编码器仅关注全球形状,而忽略本地和全球几何形状之间的层次结构背景,这是3D表示学习的重要监督。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个新颖的自我监督点云表示学习框架,称为3D遮挡自动编码器(3D-OAE)。我们的关键想法是随机遮住输入点云的某些局部补丁,并通过使用剩余的可见图来恢复遮挡的补丁,从而建立监督。具体而言,我们设计了一个编码器,用于学习可见的本地贴片的特征,并设计了一个用于利用这些功能预测遮挡贴片的解码器。与以前的方法相反,我们的3D-OAE可以去除大量的斑块,并仅使用少量可见斑块进行预测,这使我们能够显着加速训练并产生非平凡的自我探索性能。训练有素的编码器可以进一步转移到各种下游任务。我们证明了我们在广泛使用基准下的不同判别和生成应用中的最先进方法的表现。
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蒙面自动编码是一种流行而有效的自我监督学习方法,可以指向云学习。但是,大多数现有方法仅重建掩盖点并忽略本地几何信息,这对于了解点云数据也很重要。在这项工作中,据我们所知,我们首次尝试将局部几何信息明确考虑到掩盖的自动编码中,并提出一种新颖的蒙版表面预测(Masksurf)方法。具体而言,考虑到以高比例掩盖的输入点云,我们学习一个基于变压器的编码器码头网络,通过同时预测表面位置(即点)和每条效率方向(即,正常),以估算基础掩盖的表面。 。点和正态的预测由倒角距离和新引入的位置指标的正常距离以设定的方式进行监督。在三种微调策略下,我们的Masksurf在六个下游任务上得到了验证。特别是,MaskSurf在OBJ-BG设置下的ScanoBjectNN的现实世界数据集上胜过其最接近的竞争对手Point-Mae,证明了掩盖的表面预测的优势比蒙版的预测优势比蒙版的预测。代码将在https://github.com/ybzh/masksurf上找到。
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最近,自我监督的预训练在W.R.T.的各种任务上具有先进的视觉变压器。不同的数据模式,例如图像和3D点云数据。在本文中,我们探讨了基于变压器的3D网格数据分析的学习范式。由于将变压器体系结构应用于新模式通常是非平凡的,因此我们首先将视觉变压器适应3D网格数据处理,即网格变压器。具体而言,我们将网格分为几个非重叠的本地贴片,每个贴片包含相同数量的面部,并使用每个贴片中心点的3D位置形成位置嵌入。受MAE的启发,我们探讨了如何使用基于变压器的结构对3D网格数据进行预训练如何使下游3D网格分析任务受益。我们首先随机掩盖网格的一些补丁,并将损坏的网格馈入网格变形金刚。然后,通过重建蒙版补丁的信息,该网络能够学习网格数据的区分表示。因此,我们命名我们的方法meshmae,可以在网格分析任务(即分类和分割)上产生最先进或可比性的性能。此外,我们还进行了全面的消融研究,以显示我们方法中关键设计的有效性。
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The recent success of pre-trained 2D vision models is mostly attributable to learning from large-scale datasets. However, compared with 2D image datasets, the current pre-training data of 3D point cloud is limited. To overcome this limitation, we propose a knowledge distillation method for 3D point cloud pre-trained models to acquire knowledge directly from the 2D representation learning model, particularly the image encoder of CLIP, through concept alignment. Specifically, we introduce a cross-attention mechanism to extract concept features from 3D point cloud and compare them with the semantic information from 2D images. In this scheme, the point cloud pre-trained models learn directly from rich information contained in 2D teacher models. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed knowledge distillation scheme achieves higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art 3D pre-training methods for synthetic and real-world datasets on downstream tasks, including object classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and part segmentation.
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蒙面自动编码在图像和语言领域的自我监督学习方面取得了巨大的成功。但是,基于面具的预处理尚未显示出对点云理解的好处,这可能是由于PointNet(PointNet)无法正确处理训练的标准骨架,而不是通过训练期间掩盖引入的测试分配不匹配。在本文中,我们通过提出一个判别性掩码式变压器框架,maskPoint}来弥合这一差距。我们的关键想法是将点云表示为离散的占用值(1如果点云的一部分;如果不是的,则为0),并在蒙版对象点和采样噪声点之间执行简单的二进制分类作为代理任务。这样,我们的方法是对点云中的点采样差异的强大,并促进了学习丰富的表示。我们在几个下游任务中评估了验证的模型,包括3D形状分类,分割和现实词对象检测,并展示了最新的结果,同时获得了明显的预读速度(例如,扫描仪上的4.1倍)先前的最新变压器基线。代码可在https://github.com/haotian-liu/maskpoint上找到。
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作为3D对象的两个基本表示方式,2D多视图图像和3D点云反映了来自视觉外观和几何结构各个方面的形状信息。与基于深度学习的2D多视图图像建模不同,该模型在各种3D形状分析任务中展示了领先的性能,基于3D点云的几何建模仍然遭受学习能力不足。在本文中,我们创新地构建了一个统一的跨模式知识转移框架,该框架将2D图像的歧视性视觉描述器提炼成3D点云的几何描述符。从技术上讲,在经典的教师学习范式下,我们提出了多视觉愿景到几何的蒸馏,由深入的2D图像编码器作为老师和深层的3D点云编码器组成。为了实现异质特征对齐,我们进一步提出了可见性感知的特征投影,通过该投影可以通过该投影将每个点嵌入可以汇总到多视图几何描述符中。对3D形状分类,部分分割和无监督学习的广泛实验验证了我们方法的优势。我们将公开提供代码和数据。
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Arguably one of the top success stories of deep learning is transfer learning. The finding that pre-training a network on a rich source set (e.g., ImageNet) can help boost performance once fine-tuned on a usually much smaller target set, has been instrumental to many applications in language and vision. Yet, very little is known about its usefulness in 3D point cloud understanding. We see this as an opportunity considering the effort required for annotating data in 3D. In this work, we aim at facilitating research on 3D representation learning. Different from previous works, we focus on high-level scene understanding tasks. To this end, we select a suite of diverse datasets and tasks to measure the effect of unsupervised pre-training on a large source set of 3D scenes. Our findings are extremely encouraging: using a unified triplet of architecture, source dataset, and contrastive loss for pre-training, we achieve improvement over recent best results in segmentation and detection across 6 different benchmarks for indoor and outdoor, real and synthetic datasets -demonstrating that the learned representation can generalize across domains. Furthermore, the improvement was similar to supervised pre-training, suggesting that future efforts should favor scaling data collection over more detailed annotation. We hope these findings will encourage more research on unsupervised pretext task design for 3D deep learning. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/PointContrast
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我们建议在2D域中利用自我监督的技术来实现细粒度的3D形状分割任务。这是受到观察的启发:基于视图的表面表示比基于点云或体素占用率的3D对应物更有效地建模高分辨率表面细节和纹理。具体而言,给定3D形状,我们将其从多个视图中渲染,并在对比度学习框架内建立密集的对应学习任务。结果,与仅在2D或3D中使用自学的替代方案相比,学到的2D表示是视图不变和几何一致的,在对有限的标记形状进行培训时,可以更好地概括概括。对纹理(渲染peple)和未纹理(partnet)3D数据集的实验表明,我们的方法在细粒部分分割中优于最先进的替代方案。当仅一组稀疏的视图可供训练或形状纹理时,对基准的改进就会更大,这表明MVDecor受益于2D处理和3D几何推理。
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3D点云的卷积经过广泛研究,但在几何深度学习中却远非完美。卷积的传统智慧在3D点之间表现出特征对应关系,这是对差的独特特征学习的内在限制。在本文中,我们提出了自适应图卷积(AGCONV),以供点云分析的广泛应用。 AGCONV根据其动态学习的功能生成自适应核。与使用固定/各向同性核的解决方案相比,AGCONV提高了点云卷积的灵活性,有效,精确地捕获了不同语义部位的点之间的不同关系。与流行的注意力体重方案不同,AGCONV实现了卷积操作内部的适应性,而不是简单地将不同的权重分配给相邻点。广泛的评估清楚地表明,我们的方法优于各种基准数据集中的点云分类和分割的最新方法。同时,AGCONV可以灵活地采用更多的点云分析方法来提高其性能。为了验证其灵活性和有效性,我们探索了基于AGCONV的完成,DeNoing,Upsmpling,注册和圆圈提取的范式,它们与竞争对手相当甚至优越。我们的代码可在https://github.com/hrzhou2/adaptconv-master上找到。
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Point clouds are characterized by irregularity and unstructuredness, which pose challenges in efficient data exploitation and discriminative feature extraction. In this paper, we present an unsupervised deep neural architecture called Flattening-Net to represent irregular 3D point clouds of arbitrary geometry and topology as a completely regular 2D point geometry image (PGI) structure, in which coordinates of spatial points are captured in colors of image pixels. \mr{Intuitively, Flattening-Net implicitly approximates a locally smooth 3D-to-2D surface flattening process while effectively preserving neighborhood consistency.} \mr{As a generic representation modality, PGI inherently encodes the intrinsic property of the underlying manifold structure and facilitates surface-style point feature aggregation.} To demonstrate its potential, we construct a unified learning framework directly operating on PGIs to achieve \mr{diverse types of high-level and low-level} downstream applications driven by specific task networks, including classification, segmentation, reconstruction, and upsampling. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our methods perform favorably against the current state-of-the-art competitors. We will make the code and data publicly available at https://github.com/keeganhk/Flattening-Net.
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