Point clouds are characterized by irregularity and unstructuredness, which pose challenges in efficient data exploitation and discriminative feature extraction. In this paper, we present an unsupervised deep neural architecture called Flattening-Net to represent irregular 3D point clouds of arbitrary geometry and topology as a completely regular 2D point geometry image (PGI) structure, in which coordinates of spatial points are captured in colors of image pixels. \mr{Intuitively, Flattening-Net implicitly approximates a locally smooth 3D-to-2D surface flattening process while effectively preserving neighborhood consistency.} \mr{As a generic representation modality, PGI inherently encodes the intrinsic property of the underlying manifold structure and facilitates surface-style point feature aggregation.} To demonstrate its potential, we construct a unified learning framework directly operating on PGIs to achieve \mr{diverse types of high-level and low-level} downstream applications driven by specific task networks, including classification, segmentation, reconstruction, and upsampling. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our methods perform favorably against the current state-of-the-art competitors. We will make the code and data publicly available at https://github.com/keeganhk/Flattening-Net.
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作为3D对象的两个基本表示方式,2D多视图图像和3D点云反映了来自视觉外观和几何结构各个方面的形状信息。与基于深度学习的2D多视图图像建模不同,该模型在各种3D形状分析任务中展示了领先的性能,基于3D点云的几何建模仍然遭受学习能力不足。在本文中,我们创新地构建了一个统一的跨模式知识转移框架,该框架将2D图像的歧视性视觉描述器提炼成3D点云的几何描述符。从技术上讲,在经典的教师学习范式下,我们提出了多视觉愿景到几何的蒸馏,由深入的2D图像编码器作为老师和深层的3D点云编码器组成。为了实现异质特征对齐,我们进一步提出了可见性感知的特征投影,通过该投影可以通过该投影将每个点嵌入可以汇总到多视图几何描述符中。对3D形状分类,部分分割和无监督学习的广泛实验验证了我们方法的优势。我们将公开提供代码和数据。
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Point cloud completion is a generation and estimation issue derived from the partial point clouds, which plays a vital role in the applications in 3D computer vision. The progress of deep learning (DL) has impressively improved the capability and robustness of point cloud completion. However, the quality of completed point clouds is still needed to be further enhanced to meet the practical utilization. Therefore, this work aims to conduct a comprehensive survey on various methods, including point-based, convolution-based, graph-based, and generative model-based approaches, etc. And this survey summarizes the comparisons among these methods to provoke further research insights. Besides, this review sums up the commonly used datasets and illustrates the applications of point cloud completion. Eventually, we also discussed possible research trends in this promptly expanding field.
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本文解决了从给定稀疏点云生成密集点云的问题,以模拟物体/场景的底层几何结构。为了解决这一具有挑战性的问题,我们提出了一种新的基于端到端学习的框架。具体地,通过利用线性近似定理,我们首先明确地制定问题,这逐到确定内插权和高阶近似误差。然后,我们设计轻量级神经网络,通过分析输入点云的局部几何体,自适应地学习统一和分类的插值权重以及高阶改进。所提出的方法可以通过显式制定来解释,因此比现有的更高的内存效率。与仅用于预定义和固定的上采样因子的现有方法的鲜明对比,所提出的框架仅需要一个单一的神经网络,一次性训练可以在典型范围内处理各种上采样因子,这是真实的-world应用程序。此外,我们提出了一种简单但有效的培训策略来推动这种灵活的能力。此外,我们的方法可以很好地处理非均匀分布和嘈杂的数据。合成和现实世界数据的广泛实验证明了所提出的方法在定量和定性的最先进方法上的优越性。
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Point cloud learning has lately attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications in many areas, such as computer vision, autonomous driving, and robotics. As a dominating technique in AI, deep learning has been successfully used to solve various 2D vision problems. However, deep learning on point clouds is still in its infancy due to the unique challenges faced by the processing of point clouds with deep neural networks. Recently, deep learning on point clouds has become even thriving, with numerous methods being proposed to address different problems in this area. To stimulate future research, this paper presents a comprehensive review of recent progress in deep learning methods for point clouds. It covers three major tasks, including 3D shape classification, 3D object detection and tracking, and 3D point cloud segmentation. It also presents comparative results on several publicly available datasets, together with insightful observations and inspiring future research directions.
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The past few years have witnessed the prevalence of self-supervised representation learning within the language and 2D vision communities. However, such advancements have not been fully migrated to the community of 3D point cloud learning. Different from previous pre-training pipelines for 3D point clouds that generally fall into the scope of either generative modeling or contrastive learning, in this paper, we investigate a translative pre-training paradigm, namely PointVST, driven by a novel self-supervised pretext task of cross-modal translation from an input 3D object point cloud to its diverse forms of 2D rendered images (e.g., silhouette, depth, contour). Specifically, we begin with deducing view-conditioned point-wise embeddings via the insertion of the viewpoint indicator, and then adaptively aggregate a view-specific global codeword, which is further fed into the subsequent 2D convolutional translation heads for image generation. We conduct extensive experiments on common task scenarios of 3D shape analysis, where our PointVST shows consistent and prominent performance superiority over current state-of-the-art methods under diverse evaluation protocols. Our code will be made publicly available.
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3D点云的卷积经过广泛研究,但在几何深度学习中却远非完美。卷积的传统智慧在3D点之间表现出特征对应关系,这是对差的独特特征学习的内在限制。在本文中,我们提出了自适应图卷积(AGCONV),以供点云分析的广泛应用。 AGCONV根据其动态学习的功能生成自适应核。与使用固定/各向同性核的解决方案相比,AGCONV提高了点云卷积的灵活性,有效,精确地捕获了不同语义部位的点之间的不同关系。与流行的注意力体重方案不同,AGCONV实现了卷积操作内部的适应性,而不是简单地将不同的权重分配给相邻点。广泛的评估清楚地表明,我们的方法优于各种基准数据集中的点云分类和分割的最新方法。同时,AGCONV可以灵活地采用更多的点云分析方法来提高其性能。为了验证其灵活性和有效性,我们探索了基于AGCONV的完成,DeNoing,Upsmpling,注册和圆圈提取的范式,它们与竞争对手相当甚至优越。我们的代码可在https://github.com/hrzhou2/adaptconv-master上找到。
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Intelligent mesh generation (IMG) refers to a technique to generate mesh by machine learning, which is a relatively new and promising research field. Within its short life span, IMG has greatly expanded the generalizability and practicality of mesh generation techniques and brought many breakthroughs and potential possibilities for mesh generation. However, there is a lack of surveys focusing on IMG methods covering recent works. In this paper, we are committed to a systematic and comprehensive survey describing the contemporary IMG landscape. Focusing on 110 preliminary IMG methods, we conducted an in-depth analysis and evaluation from multiple perspectives, including the core technique and application scope of the algorithm, agent learning goals, data types, targeting challenges, advantages and limitations. With the aim of literature collection and classification based on content extraction, we propose three different taxonomies from three views of key technique, output mesh unit element, and applicable input data types. Finally, we highlight some promising future research directions and challenges in IMG. To maximize the convenience of readers, a project page of IMG is provided at \url{https://github.com/xzb030/IMG_Survey}.
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Generative models, as an important family of statistical modeling, target learning the observed data distribution via generating new instances. Along with the rise of neural networks, deep generative models, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs) and generative adversarial network (GANs), have made tremendous progress in 2D image synthesis. Recently, researchers switch their attentions from the 2D space to the 3D space considering that 3D data better aligns with our physical world and hence enjoys great potential in practice. However, unlike a 2D image, which owns an efficient representation (i.e., pixel grid) by nature, representing 3D data could face far more challenges. Concretely, we would expect an ideal 3D representation to be capable enough to model shapes and appearances in details, and to be highly efficient so as to model high-resolution data with fast speed and low memory cost. However, existing 3D representations, such as point clouds, meshes, and recent neural fields, usually fail to meet the above requirements simultaneously. In this survey, we make a thorough review of the development of 3D generation, including 3D shape generation and 3D-aware image synthesis, from the perspectives of both algorithms and more importantly representations. We hope that our discussion could help the community track the evolution of this field and further spark some innovative ideas to advance this challenging task.
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Point Cloud升级旨在从给定的稀疏中产生密集的点云,这是一项具有挑战性的任务,这是由于点集的不规则和无序的性质。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新型的基于深度学习的模型,称为PU-Flow,该模型结合了正常的流量和权重预测技术,以产生均匀分布在基础表面上的致密点。具体而言,我们利用标准化流的可逆特征来转换欧几里得和潜在空间之间的点,并将UPSMPLING过程作为潜在空间中相邻点的集合,从本地几何环境中自适应地学习。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法具有竞争力,并且在大多数测试用例中,它在重建质量,近距到表面的准确性和计算效率方面的表现优于最先进的方法。源代码将在https://github.com/unknownue/pu-flow上公开获得。
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在本文中,我们从功能学习的角度解决了点云完成的具有挑战性的问题。我们的主要观察结果是,要恢复基础结构以及表面细节,给定部分输入,基本组件是一个很好的特征表示,可以同时捕获全球结构和局部几何细节。因此,我们首先提出了FSNET,这是一个功能结构模块,可以通过从本地区域学习多个潜在图案来适应汇总点的点功能。然后,我们将FSNET集成到粗线管道中,以完成点云完成。具体而言,采用2D卷积神经网络将特征图从FSNET解码为粗且完整的点云。接下来,使用一个点云UP抽样网络来从部分输入和粗糙的中间输出中生成密集的点云。为了有效利用局部结构并增强点分布均匀性,我们提出了IFNET,该点具有自校正机制的点提升模块,该模块可以逐步完善生成的密集点云的细节。我们已经在Shapenet,MVP和Kitti数据集上进行了定性和定量实验,这些实验表明我们的方法优于最先进的点云完成方法。
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您将如何通过一些错过来修复物理物体?您可能会想象它的原始形状从先前捕获的图像中,首先恢复其整体(全局)但粗大的形状,然后完善其本地细节。我们有动力模仿物理维修程序以解决点云完成。为此,我们提出了一个跨模式的形状转移双转化网络(称为CSDN),这是一种带有全循环参与图像的粗到精细范式,以完成优质的点云完成。 CSDN主要由“ Shape Fusion”和“ Dual-Refinect”模块组成,以应对跨模式挑战。第一个模块将固有的形状特性从单个图像传输,以指导点云缺失区域的几何形状生成,在其中,我们建议iPadain嵌入图像的全局特征和部分点云的完成。第二个模块通过调整生成点的位置来完善粗糙输出,其中本地改进单元通过图卷积利用了小说和输入点之间的几何关系,而全局约束单元则利用输入图像来微调生成的偏移。与大多数现有方法不同,CSDN不仅探讨了图像中的互补信息,而且还可以在整个粗到精细的完成过程中有效利用跨模式数据。实验结果表明,CSDN对十个跨模式基准的竞争对手表现出色。
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在3D形状分析的区域中,长期以来已经研究了形状的几何特性。本文专用于从形状形成过程中发现独特信息,而不是使用专业设计的描述符或端到端深神经网络直接提取代表功能。具体地,用作模板的球形点云逐渐变形以以粗细的方式拟合目标形状。在形状形成过程中,插入若干检查点以便于记录和研究中间阶段。对于每个阶段,偏移字段被评估为舞台感知的描述。整个形状形成过程的偏移的求和可以在几何形状方面完全定义目标形状。在这种观点中,人们可以廉价地从模板导出从模板的点亮形状对应,这有利于各种图形应用。在本文中,提出了基于逐行变形的自动编码器(PDAE)来通过粗到细小的形状拟合任务来学习舞台感知的描述。实验结果表明,所提出的PDAE具有重建高保真度的3D形状的能力,在多级变形过程中保留了一致的拓扑。执行基于舞台感知描述的其他应用程序,展示其普遍性。
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Figure 1. Given input as either a 2D image or a 3D point cloud (a), we automatically generate a corresponding 3D mesh (b) and its atlas parameterization (c). We can use the recovered mesh and atlas to apply texture to the output shape (d) as well as 3D print the results (e).
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卷积神经网络(CNNS)在2D计算机视觉中取得了很大的突破。然而,它们的不规则结构使得难以在网格上直接利用CNNS的潜力。细分表面提供分层多分辨率结构,其中闭合的2 - 歧管三角网格中的每个面正恰好邻近三个面。本文推出了这两种观察,介绍了具有环形细分序列连接的3D三角形网格的创新和多功能CNN框架。在2D图像中的网格面和像素之间进行类比允许我们呈现网状卷积操作者以聚合附近面的局部特征。通过利用面部街区,这种卷积可以支持标准的2D卷积网络概念,例如,可变内核大小,步幅和扩张。基于多分辨率层次结构,我们利用汇集层,将四个面均匀地合并成一个和上采样方法,该方法将一个面分为四个。因此,许多流行的2D CNN架构可以容易地适应处理3D网格。可以通过自我参数化来回收具有任意连接的网格,以使循环细分序列连接,使子变量是一般的方法。广泛的评估和各种应用展示了SubDIVNet的有效性和效率。
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鉴于3D扫描仪的快速发展,Point云在AI驱动的机器中变得流行。但是,点云数据本质上是稀疏和不规则的,导致机器感知的主要困难。在这项工作中,我们专注于云上采样任务,该任务旨在从稀疏输入数据生成密集的高保真点云。具体而言,为了激活变压器在代表功能方面的强大功能,我们开发了多头自我关注结构的新变体,以增强特征图的点明智和渠道关系。此外,我们利用位置融合块来全面地捕获点云数据的本地背景,提供有关分散点的更多位置相关信息。由于第一变压器模型引入点云上采样,我们通过与定量和定性的不同基准的基于基准的方法相比,通过比较了我们的方法的出色性能。
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变压器一直是自然语言处理(NLP)和计算机视觉(CV)革命的核心。 NLP和CV的显着成功启发了探索变压器在点云处理中的使用。但是,变压器如何应对点云的不规则性和无序性质?变压器对于不同的3D表示(例如,基于点或体素)的合适性如何?各种3D处理任务的变压器有多大的能力?截至目前,仍然没有对这些问题的研究进行系统的调查。我们第一次为3D点云分析提供了越来越受欢迎的变压器的全面概述。我们首先介绍变压器体系结构的理论,并在2D/3D字段中审查其应用程序。然后,我们提出三种不同的分类法(即实现 - 数据表示和基于任务),它们可以从多个角度对当前的基于变压器的方法进行分类。此外,我们介绍了研究3D中自我注意机制的变异和改进的结果。为了证明变压器在点云分析中的优势,我们提供了基于各种变压器的分类,分割和对象检测方法的全面比较。最后,我们建议三个潜在的研究方向,为3D变压器的开发提供福利参考。
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3D网格的几何特征学习是计算机图形的核心,对于许多视觉应用非常重要。然而,由于缺乏所需的操作和/或其有效的实现,深度学习目前滞后于异构3D网格的层次建模。在本文中,我们提出了一系列模块化操作,以实现异构3D网格的有效几何深度学习。这些操作包括网格卷曲,(UN)池和高效的网格抽取。我们提供这些操作的开源实施,统称为\ Texit {Picasso}。 Picasso的网格抽取模块是GPU加速的模块,可以在飞行中加工一批用于深度学习的网格。我们(联合国)汇集操作在不同分辨率的网络层跨网络层计算新创建的神经元的功能。我们的网格卷曲包括FaceT2Vertex,Vertex2Facet和FaceT2Facet卷积,用于利用VMF混合物和重心插值来包含模糊建模。利用Picasso的模块化操作,我们贡献了一个新型的分层神经网络Picassonet-II,以了解3D网格的高度辨别特征。 Picassonet-II接受原始地理学和Mesh Facet的精细纹理作为输入功能,同时处理完整场景网格。我们的网络达到了各种基准的形状分析和场景的竞争性能。我们在github https://github.com/enyahermite/picasso发布Picasso和Picassonet-II。
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机器学习的最近进步已经创造了利用一类基于坐标的神经网络来解决视觉计算问题的兴趣,该基于坐标的神经网络在空间和时间跨空间和时间的场景或对象的物理属性。我们称之为神经领域的这些方法已经看到在3D形状和图像的合成中成功应用,人体的动画,3D重建和姿势估计。然而,由于在短时间内的快速进展,许多论文存在,但尚未出现全面的审查和制定问题。在本报告中,我们通过提供上下文,数学接地和对神经领域的文学进行广泛综述来解决这一限制。本报告涉及两种维度的研究。在第一部分中,我们通过识别神经字段方法的公共组件,包括不同的表示,架构,前向映射和泛化方法来专注于神经字段的技术。在第二部分中,我们专注于神经领域的应用在视觉计算中的不同问题,超越(例如,机器人,音频)。我们的评论显示了历史上和当前化身的视觉计算中已覆盖的主题的广度,展示了神经字段方法所带来的提高的质量,灵活性和能力。最后,我们展示了一个伴随着贡献本综述的生活版本,可以由社区不断更新。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种新的点云表示。与传统点云表示不同,其中每个点仅表示3D空间中的位置或局部平面,神经点中的每个点通过神经领域表示局部连续几何形状。因此,神经点可以表达更复杂的细节,因此具有更强的表示能力。具有含有丰富的几何细节的高分辨率表面培训神经点,使得训练模型具有足够的各种形状的表达能力。具体地,我们通过2D参数域和3D本地补丁之间的局部同构来提取点上的深度局部特征并通过局部同构构造神经字段。在决赛中,局部神经领域集成在一起以形成全局表面。实验结果表明,神经点具有强大的代表能力,展示了优异的鲁棒性和泛化能力。通过神经点,我们可以用任意分辨率重新采样点云,并优于最先进的点云上采样方法,通过大边距。
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