正如最近的作品中观察到的那样，通信图神经网络（GNN）中信号传播的质量强烈影响其表现力。特别是，对于依靠远程相互作用的预测任务，节点特征的递归聚合可能导致不希望的现象称为“过句”。我们提出了一个基于信息收缩的分析过度句子的框架。我们的分析以可靠计算的模型为指导，该模型由于冯·诺伊曼（Von Neumann），该模型在嘈杂的计算图中提供了新的洞察力作为信号淬灭的新见解。在此基础上，我们提出了一个旨在减轻过度量化的算法的图形。我们的算法采用了由扩展器图构造动机的随机局部边缘翻转原始的。我们将算法的光谱膨胀特性与现有基于曲率的非本地重新布线策略的光谱膨胀属性进行了比较。合成实验表明，尽管我们的算法通常具有较慢的膨胀速率，但总体计算更便宜，可以准确地保留节点度，并且永远不会断开图表的连接。

大多数图形神经网络（GNNS）使用传递范例的消息，其中节点特征在输入图上传播。最近的作品指出，从远处节点流动的信息失真，作为限制依赖于长途交互的任务的消息的效率。这种现象称为“过度挤压”，已经启动到图形瓶颈，其中$ k $ -hop邻居的数量以$ k $迅速增长。我们在GNNS中提供了精确描述了GNNS中的过度挤压现象，并分析了它如何从图中的瓶颈引发。为此目的，我们介绍了一种新的基于边缘的组合曲率，并证明了负曲面负责过度挤压问题。我们还提出并通过实验测试了一种基于曲率的曲线图重新挖掘方法，以减轻过度挤压。

Most graph neural network models rely on a particular message passing paradigm, where the idea is to iteratively propagate node representations of a graph to each node in the direct neighborhood. While very prominent, this paradigm leads to information propagation bottlenecks, as information is repeatedly compressed at intermediary node representations, which causes loss of information, making it practically impossible to gather meaningful signals from distant nodes. To address this issue, we propose shortest path message passing neural networks, where the node representations of a graph are propagated to each node in the shortest path neighborhoods. In this setting, nodes can directly communicate between each other even if they are not neighbors, breaking the information bottleneck and hence leading to more adequately learned representations. Theoretically, our framework generalizes message passing neural networks, resulting in provably more expressive models, and we show that some recent state-of-the-art models are special instances of this framework. Empirically, we verify the capacity of a basic model of this framework on dedicated synthetic experiments, and on real-world graph classification and regression benchmarks, and obtain state-of-the-art results.

近年来，基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构，是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题，它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里，我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用，专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景，展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习，讨论最近的扩展，并概述算法的连接（置换 - ）方面的神经结构。此外，我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向，以刺激进一步的研究。

Deploying graph neural networks (GNNs) on whole-graph classification or regression tasks is known to be challenging: it often requires computing node features that are mindful of both local interactions in their neighbourhood and the global context of the graph structure. GNN architectures that navigate this space need to avoid pathological behaviours, such as bottlenecks and oversquashing, while ideally having linear time and space complexity requirements. In this work, we propose an elegant approach based on propagating information over expander graphs. We leverage an efficient method for constructing expander graphs of a given size, and use this insight to propose the EGP model. We show that EGP is able to address all of the above concerns, while requiring minimal effort to set up, and provide evidence of its empirical utility on relevant graph classification datasets and baselines in the Open Graph Benchmark. Importantly, using expander graphs as a template for message passing necessarily gives rise to negative curvature. While this appears to be counterintuitive in light of recent related work on oversquashing, we theoretically demonstrate that negatively curved edges are likely to be required to obtain scalable message passing without bottlenecks. To the best of our knowledge, this is a previously unstudied result in the context of graph representation learning, and we believe our analysis paves the way to a novel class of scalable methods to counter oversquashing in GNNs.

图形神经网络（GNN）已被证明可以实现竞争结果，以解决与图形相关的任务，例如节点和图形分类，链接预测和节点以及各种域中的图形群集。大多数GNN使用消息传递框架，因此称为MPNN。尽管有很有希望的结果，但据报道，MPNN会遭受过度平滑，过度阵型和不足的影响。文献中已经提出了图形重新布线和图形池作为解决这些局限性的解决方案。但是，大多数最先进的图形重新布线方法无法保留该图的全局拓扑，因此没有可区分（电感），并且需要调整超参数。在本文中，我们提出了Diffwire，这是一个在MPNN中进行图形重新布线的新型框架，它通过利用LOV \'ASZ绑定来原理，完全可区分且无参数。我们的方法通过提出两个新的，mpnns中的新的互补层来提供统一的图形重新布线：首先，ctlayer，一个学习通勤时间并将其用作边缘重新加权的相关函数；其次，Gaplayer是优化光谱差距的图层，具体取决于网络的性质和手头的任务。我们从经验上验证了我们提出的方法的价值，并使用基准数据集分别验证了这些层的每个层以进行图形分类。 Diffwire将通勤时间的可学习性汇集到相关的曲率定义，为发展更具表现力的MPNN的发展打开了大门。

我们提出了一个新的图形神经网络，我们称为AgentNet，该网络专为图形级任务而设计。 AgentNet的灵感来自子宫性算法，具有独立于图形大小的计算复杂性。代理Net的体系结构从根本上与已知图神经网络的体系结构不同。在AgentNet中，一些受过训练的\ textit {神经代理}智能地行走图，然后共同决定输出。我们提供了对AgentNet的广泛理论分析：我们表明，代理可以学会系统地探索其邻居，并且AgentNet可以区分某些甚至3-WL无法区分的结构。此外，AgentNet能够将任何两个图形分开，这些图在子图方面完全不同。我们通过在难以辨认的图和现实图形分类任务上进行合成实验来确认这些理论结果。在这两种情况下，我们不仅与标准GNN相比，而且与计算更昂贵的GNN扩展相比。

Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.

在过去十年中，图形内核引起了很多关注，并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中，该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核，每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中，从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是，我们概述了各种图形内核。此外，我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估，并提供了比较研究。最后，我们讨论图形内核的关键应用，并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。

随机块模型（SBM）是一个随机图模型，其连接不同的顶点组不同。它被广泛用作研究聚类和社区检测的规范模型，并提供了肥沃的基础来研究组合统计和更普遍的数据科学中出现的信息理论和计算权衡。该专着调查了最近在SBM中建立社区检测的基本限制的最新发展，无论是在信息理论和计算方案方面，以及各种恢复要求，例如精确，部分和弱恢复。讨论的主要结果是在Chernoff-Hellinger阈值中进行精确恢复的相转换，Kesten-Stigum阈值弱恢复的相变，最佳的SNR - 单位信息折衷的部分恢复以及信息理论和信息理论之间的差距计算阈值。该专着给出了在寻求限制时开发的主要算法的原则推导，特别是通过绘制绘制，半定义编程，（线性化）信念传播，经典/非背带频谱和图形供电。还讨论了其他块模型的扩展，例如几何模型和一些开放问题。

图形神经网络（GNN）已成为一种学习关系数据的强大技术。由于他们执行的消息传递步骤数量相对有限 - 因此一个较小的接收领域，人们对通过结合基础图的结构方面来提高其表现力引起了极大的兴趣。在本文中，我们探讨了亲和力措施作为图形神经网络中的特征，特别是由随机步行引起的措施，包括有效的阻力，击球和通勤时间。我们根据这些功能提出消息传递网络，并评估其在各种节点和图形属性预测任务上的性能。我们的体系结构具有较低的计算复杂性，而我们的功能对于基础图的排列不变。我们计算的措施使网络可以利用图表的连接性能，从而使我们能够超过相关的基准，用于各种任务，通常具有更少的消息传递步骤。在OGB-LSC-PCQM4MV1的最大公共图形回归数据集之一中，我们在编写时获得了最著名的单模验证MAE。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) had been demonstrated to be inherently susceptible to the problems of over-smoothing and over-squashing. These issues prohibit the ability of GNNs to model complex graph interactions by limiting their effectiveness at taking into account distant information. Our study reveals the key connection between the local graph geometry and the occurrence of both of these issues, thereby providing a unified framework for studying them at a local scale using the Ollivier's Ricci curvature. Based on our theory, a number of principled methods are proposed to alleviate the over-smoothing and over-squashing issues.

信息过度时是网络上远处节点之间效率低下的信息传播的现象。这是一个重要的问题，已知会显着影响图形神经网络（GNN）的训练，因为节点的接受场呈指数增长。为了减轻此问题，通常将称为重新布线的预处理程序应用于输入网络。在本文中，我们研究了经典曲率几何概念的离散类似物的使用来对网络上的信息流进行建模并重新织线。我们表明，这些经典概念在各种现实世界网络数据集上实现了GNN培训准确性的最新性能。此外，与当前的最新概念相比，这些经典概念在计算运行时表现出明显的优势。

The stochastic block model (SBM) is a random graph model with planted clusters. It is widely employed as a canonical model to study clustering and community detection, and provides generally a fertile ground to study the statistical and computational tradeoffs that arise in network and data sciences.This note surveys the recent developments that establish the fundamental limits for community detection in the SBM, both with respect to information-theoretic and computational thresholds, and for various recovery requirements such as exact, partial and weak recovery (a.k.a., detection). The main results discussed are the phase transitions for exact recovery at the Chernoff-Hellinger threshold, the phase transition for weak recovery at the Kesten-Stigum threshold, the optimal distortion-SNR tradeoff for partial recovery, the learning of the SBM parameters and the gap between information-theoretic and computational thresholds.The note also covers some of the algorithms developed in the quest of achieving the limits, in particular two-round algorithms via graph-splitting, semi-definite programming, linearized belief propagation, classical and nonbacktracking spectral methods. A few open problems are also discussed.

Motivated by alignment of correlated sparse random graphs, we introduce a hypothesis testing problem of deciding whether or not two random trees are correlated. We obtain sufficient conditions under which this testing is impossible or feasible. We propose MPAlign, a message-passing algorithm for graph alignment inspired by the tree correlation detection problem. We prove MPAlign to succeed in polynomial time at partial alignment whenever tree detection is feasible. As a result our analysis of tree detection reveals new ranges of parameters for which partial alignment of sparse random graphs is feasible in polynomial time. We then conjecture that graph alignment is not feasible in polynomial time when the associated tree detection problem is impossible. If true, this conjecture together with our sufficient conditions on tree detection impossibility would imply the existence of a hard phase for graph alignment, i.e. a parameter range where alignment cannot be done in polynomial time even though it is known to be feasible in non-polynomial time.

我们研究了图形表示学习的量子电路，并提出了等级的量子图电路（EQGCS），作为一类参数化量子电路，具有强大的关系感应偏压，用于学习图形结构数据。概念上，EQGCS作为量子图表表示学习的统一框架，允许我们定义几个有趣的子类，其中包含了现有的提案。就代表性权力而言，我们证明了感兴趣的子类是界限图域中的函数的普遍近似器，并提供实验证据。我们对量子图机学习方法的理论透视开启了许多方向以进行进一步的工作，可能导致具有超出古典方法的能力的模型。

Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.

图形神经网络（GNNS）的表现力量受到限制，具有远程交互的斗争，缺乏模拟高阶结构的原则性方法。这些问题可以归因于计算图表和输入图结构之间的强耦合。最近提出的消息通过单独的网络通过执行图形的Clique复合物的消息来自然地解耦这些元素。然而，这些模型可能受到单纯复合物（SCS）的刚性组合结构的严重限制。在这项工作中，我们将最近的基于常规细胞复合物的理论结果扩展到常规细胞复合物，灵活地满满SCS和图表的拓扑物体。我们表明，该概括提供了一组强大的图表“提升”转换，每个图形是导致唯一的分层消息传递过程。我们集体呼叫CW Networks（CWNS）的结果方法比WL测试更强大，而不是比3 WL测试更强大。特别是，当应用于分子图问题时，我们证明了一种基于环的一个这样的方案的有效性。所提出的架构从可提供的较大的表达效益于常用的GNN，高阶信号的原则建模以及压缩节点之间的距离。我们展示了我们的模型在各种分子数据集上实现了最先进的结果。

Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.

本文研究了辍学图神经网络（DAVERGNNS），一种旨在克服标准GNN框架的局限性的新方法。在DAMPGNNS中，我们在输入图上执行多个GNN运行，其中一些节点随机且独立地在这些运行中丢弃。然后，我们将这些运行的结果结合起来获得最终结果。我们证明DAMPGNN可以区分无法通过GNN的消息分隔的各种图形邻域。我们导出了确保可靠分布辍学所需的运行数量的理论界限，我们证明了有关DACKGNNS的表现能力和限制的若干特性。我们在实验上验证了我们对表现力的理论结果。此外，我们表明DOWNNNS在已建立的GNN基准上表现得很竞争。