Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) had been demonstrated to be inherently susceptible to the problems of over-smoothing and over-squashing. These issues prohibit the ability of GNNs to model complex graph interactions by limiting their effectiveness at taking into account distant information. Our study reveals the key connection between the local graph geometry and the occurrence of both of these issues, thereby providing a unified framework for studying them at a local scale using the Ollivier's Ricci curvature. Based on our theory, a number of principled methods are proposed to alleviate the over-smoothing and over-squashing issues.

大多数图形神经网络（GNNS）使用传递范例的消息，其中节点特征在输入图上传播。最近的作品指出，从远处节点流动的信息失真，作为限制依赖于长途交互的任务的消息的效率。这种现象称为“过度挤压”，已经启动到图形瓶颈，其中$ k $ -hop邻居的数量以$ k $迅速增长。我们在GNNS中提供了精确描述了GNNS中的过度挤压现象，并分析了它如何从图中的瓶颈引发。为此目的，我们介绍了一种新的基于边缘的组合曲率，并证明了负曲面负责过度挤压问题。我们还提出并通过实验测试了一种基于曲率的曲线图重新挖掘方法，以减轻过度挤压。

Most graph neural network models rely on a particular message passing paradigm, where the idea is to iteratively propagate node representations of a graph to each node in the direct neighborhood. While very prominent, this paradigm leads to information propagation bottlenecks, as information is repeatedly compressed at intermediary node representations, which causes loss of information, making it practically impossible to gather meaningful signals from distant nodes. To address this issue, we propose shortest path message passing neural networks, where the node representations of a graph are propagated to each node in the shortest path neighborhoods. In this setting, nodes can directly communicate between each other even if they are not neighbors, breaking the information bottleneck and hence leading to more adequately learned representations. Theoretically, our framework generalizes message passing neural networks, resulting in provably more expressive models, and we show that some recent state-of-the-art models are special instances of this framework. Empirically, we verify the capacity of a basic model of this framework on dedicated synthetic experiments, and on real-world graph classification and regression benchmarks, and obtain state-of-the-art results.

Deploying graph neural networks (GNNs) on whole-graph classification or regression tasks is known to be challenging: it often requires computing node features that are mindful of both local interactions in their neighbourhood and the global context of the graph structure. GNN architectures that navigate this space need to avoid pathological behaviours, such as bottlenecks and oversquashing, while ideally having linear time and space complexity requirements. In this work, we propose an elegant approach based on propagating information over expander graphs. We leverage an efficient method for constructing expander graphs of a given size, and use this insight to propose the EGP model. We show that EGP is able to address all of the above concerns, while requiring minimal effort to set up, and provide evidence of its empirical utility on relevant graph classification datasets and baselines in the Open Graph Benchmark. Importantly, using expander graphs as a template for message passing necessarily gives rise to negative curvature. While this appears to be counterintuitive in light of recent related work on oversquashing, we theoretically demonstrate that negatively curved edges are likely to be required to obtain scalable message passing without bottlenecks. To the best of our knowledge, this is a previously unstudied result in the context of graph representation learning, and we believe our analysis paves the way to a novel class of scalable methods to counter oversquashing in GNNs.

图形神经网络（GNN）已被证明可以实现竞争结果，以解决与图形相关的任务，例如节点和图形分类，链接预测和节点以及各种域中的图形群集。大多数GNN使用消息传递框架，因此称为MPNN。尽管有很有希望的结果，但据报道，MPNN会遭受过度平滑，过度阵型和不足的影响。文献中已经提出了图形重新布线和图形池作为解决这些局限性的解决方案。但是，大多数最先进的图形重新布线方法无法保留该图的全局拓扑，因此没有可区分（电感），并且需要调整超参数。在本文中，我们提出了Diffwire，这是一个在MPNN中进行图形重新布线的新型框架，它通过利用LOV \'ASZ绑定来原理，完全可区分且无参数。我们的方法通过提出两个新的，mpnns中的新的互补层来提供统一的图形重新布线：首先，ctlayer，一个学习通勤时间并将其用作边缘重新加权的相关函数；其次，Gaplayer是优化光谱差距的图层，具体取决于网络的性质和手头的任务。我们从经验上验证了我们提出的方法的价值，并使用基准数据集分别验证了这些层的每个层以进行图形分类。 Diffwire将通勤时间的可学习性汇集到相关的曲率定义，为发展更具表现力的MPNN的发展打开了大门。

A central challenge of building more powerful Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is the oversmoothing phenomenon, where increasing the network depth leads to homogeneous node representations and thus worse classification performance. While previous works have only demonstrated that oversmoothing is inevitable when the number of graph convolutions tends to infinity, in this paper, we precisely characterize the mechanism behind the phenomenon via a non-asymptotic analysis. Specifically, we distinguish between two different effects when applying graph convolutions -- an undesirable mixing effect that homogenizes node representations in different classes, and a desirable denoising effect that homogenizes node representations in the same class. By quantifying these two effects on random graphs sampled from the Contextual Stochastic Block Model (CSBM), we show that oversmoothing happens once the mixing effect starts to dominate the denoising effect, and the number of layers required for this transition is $O(\log N/\log (\log N))$ for sufficiently dense graphs with $N$ nodes. We also extend our analysis to study the effects of Personalized PageRank (PPR) on oversmoothing. Our results suggest that while PPR mitigates oversmoothing at deeper layers, PPR-based architectures still achieve their best performance at a shallow depth and are outperformed by the graph convolution approach on certain graphs. Finally, we support our theoretical results with numerical experiments, which further suggest that the oversmoothing phenomenon observed in practice may be exacerbated by the difficulty of optimizing deep GNN models.

A prominent paradigm for graph neural networks is based on the message passing framework. In this framework, information communication is realized only between neighboring nodes. The challenge of approaches that use this paradigm is to ensure efficient and accurate \textit{long distance communication} between nodes, as deep convolutional networks are prone to over-smoothing. In this paper, we present a novel method based on time derivative graph diffusion (TIDE), with a learnable time parameter. Our approach allows to adapt the spatial extent of diffusion across different tasks and network channels, thus enabling medium and long-distance communication efficiently. Furthermore, we show that our architecture directly enables local message passing and thus inherits from the expressive power of local message passing approaches. We show that on widely used graph benchmarks we achieve comparable performance and on a synthetic mesh dataset we outperform state-of-the-art methods like GCN or GRAND by a significant margin.

神经消息传递是用于图形结构数据的基本功能提取单元，它考虑了相邻节点特征在网络传播中从一层到另一层的影响。我们通过相互作用的粒子系统与具有吸引力和排斥力的相互作用粒子系统以及在相变建模中产生的艾伦 - 卡恩力进行建模。该系统是一个反应扩散过程，可以将颗粒分离为不同的簇。这会导致图形神经网络的艾伦 - 卡恩消息传递（ACMP），其中解决方案的数值迭代构成了消息传播。 ACMP背后的机制是颗粒的相变，该颗粒能够形成多群集，从而实现GNNS预测进行节点分类。 ACMP可以将网络深度推向数百个层，理论上证明了严格的dirichlet能量下限。因此，它提供了GNN的深层模型，该模型避免了GNN过度厚度的常见问题。具有高均匀难度的各种实际节点分类数据集的实验表明，具有ACMP的GNN可以实现最先进的性能，而不会衰减Dirichlet Energy。

Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.

Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.

图表学习目的旨在将节点内容与图形结构集成以学习节点/图表示。然而，发现许多现有的图形学习方法在具有高异性级别的数据上不能很好地工作，这是不同类标签之间很大比例的边缘。解决这个问题的最新努力集中在改善消息传递机制上。但是，尚不清楚异质性是否确实会损害图神经网络（GNNS）的性能。关键是要展现一个节点与其直接邻居之间的关系，例如它们是异性还是同质性？从这个角度来看，我们在这里研究了杂质表示在披露连接节点之间的关系之前/之后的杂音表示的作用。特别是，我们提出了一个端到端框架，该框架既学习边缘的类型（即异性/同质性），并利用边缘类型的信息来提高图形神经网络的表现力。我们以两种不同的方式实施此框架。具体而言，为了避免通过异质边缘传递的消息，我们可以通过删除边缘分类器鉴定的异性边缘来优化图形结构。另外，可以利用有关异性邻居的存在的信息进行特征学习，因此，设计了一种混合消息传递方法来汇总同质性邻居，并根据边缘分类使异性邻居多样化。广泛的实验表明，在整个同质级别的多个数据集上，通过在多个数据集上提出的框架对GNN的绩效提高了显着提高。

Hyperbolic space is emerging as a promising learning space for representation learning, owning to its exponential growth volume. Compared with the flat Euclidean space, the curved hyperbolic space is far more ambient and embeddable, particularly for datasets with implicit tree-like architectures, such as hierarchies and power-law distributions. On the other hand, the structure of a real-world network is usually intricate, with some regions being tree-like, some being flat, and others being circular. Directly embedding heterogeneous structural networks into a homogeneous embedding space unavoidably brings inductive biases and distortions. Inspiringly, the discrete curvature can well describe the local structure of a node and its surroundings, which motivates us to investigate the information conveyed by the network topology explicitly in improving geometric learning. To this end, we explore the properties of the local discrete curvature of graph topology and the continuous global curvature of embedding space. Besides, a Hyperbolic Curvature-aware Graph Neural Network, HCGNN, is further proposed. In particular, HCGNN utilizes the discrete curvature to lead message passing of the surroundings and adaptively adjust the continuous curvature simultaneously. Extensive experiments on node classification and link prediction tasks show that the proposed method outperforms various competitive models by a large margin in both high and low hyperbolic graph data. Case studies further illustrate the efficacy of discrete curvature in finding local clusters and alleviating the distortion caused by hyperbolic geometry.

几何深度学习取得了长足的进步，旨在概括从传统领域到非欧几里得群岛的结构感知神经网络的设计，从而引起图形神经网络（GNN），这些神经网络（GNN）可以应用于形成的图形结构数据，例如社会，例如，网络，生物化学和材料科学。尤其是受欧几里得对应物的启发，尤其是图形卷积网络（GCN）通过提取结构感知功能来成功处理图形数据。但是，当前的GNN模型通常受到各种现象的限制，这些现象限制了其表达能力和推广到更复杂的图形数据集的能力。大多数模型基本上依赖于通过本地平均操作对图形信号的低通滤波，从而导致过度平滑。此外，为了避免严重的过度厚度，大多数流行的GCN式网络往往是较浅的，并且具有狭窄的接收场，导致侵犯。在这里，我们提出了一个混合GNN框架，该框架将传统的GCN过滤器与通过几何散射定义的带通滤波器相结合。我们进一步介绍了一个注意框架，该框架允许该模型在节点级别上从不同过滤器的组合信息进行本地参与。我们的理论结果确定了散射过滤器的互补益处，以利用图表中的结构信息，而我们的实验显示了我们方法对各种学习任务的好处。

最小化能量的动力系统在几何和物理学中无处不在。我们为GNN提出了一个梯度流框架，其中方程遵循可学习能量的最陡峭下降的方向。这种方法允许从多粒子的角度来解释GNN的演变，以通过对称“通道混合”矩阵的正和负特征值在特征空间中学习吸引力和排斥力。我们对溶液进行光谱分析，并得出结论，梯度流量图卷积模型可以诱导以图高频为主导的动力学，这对于异性数据集是理想的。我们还描述了对常见GNN体系结构的结构约束，从而将其解释为梯度流。我们进行了彻底的消融研究，以证实我们的理论分析，并在现实世界同质和异性数据集上显示了简单和轻量级模型的竞争性能。

图表学习方法的理论分析通常假设输入图的完全观察。由于实践中的可扩展性问题，这种假设可能对处理任何大小的图表都不有用。在这项工作中，我们在部分观察设置中开发了图形分类问题的理论框架（即，子图采样）。在图形限制理论中配备了洞察力，我们提出了一种新的图形分类模型，用于在随机采样的子图和新颖的拓扑上工作，以表征模型的可颂扬性。我们的理论框架在图形上提供了迷你批量学习的理论验证，并导致新的学习 - 理论上的泛化界限以及尺寸概括地，而不是输入的假设。

近年来，基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构，是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题，它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里，我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用，专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景，展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习，讨论最近的扩展，并概述算法的连接（置换 - ）方面的神经结构。此外，我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向，以刺激进一步的研究。

图形神经网络（GNNS）是图形处理的广泛连接主义模型。它们对每个节点及其邻居进行迭代消息传递操作，以解决分类/群集任务 - 在某些节点或整个图表上 - 无论其订单如何，都会收集所有此类消息。尽管属于该类的各种模型之间的差异，但大多数基于本地聚合机制和直观地采用相同的计算方案，并直观地，本地计算框架主要负责GNN的表现力。在本文中，我们证明了Weisfeiler - Lehman测试在恰好对应于原始GNN模型上定义的展开等价的图表节点上引起了等效关系。因此，原始GNN的表现力的结果可以扩展到一般GNN，其在​​温和条件下可以证明能够以概率和最高的任何精度近似于朝向展开等价的图表中的任何功能。

散射变换是一种基于多层的小波的深度学习架构，其充当卷积神经网络的模型。最近，几种作品引入了非欧几里德设置的散射变换的概括，例如图形。我们的工作通过基于非常一般的非对称小波来引入图形的窗口和非窗口几何散射变换来构建这些结构。我们表明，这些不对称的图形散射变换具有许多与其对称对应的相同的理论保证。结果，所提出的结构统一并扩展了许多现有图散射架构的已知理论结果。在这样做时，这项工作有助于通过引入具有可提供稳定性和不变性保证的大型网络，帮助弥合几何散射和其他图形神经网络之间的差距。这些结果为未来的图形结构数据奠定了基础，对具有学习过滤器的图形结构数据，并且还可以证明具有理想的理论特性。

图形神经网络（GNNS）依赖于图形结构来定义聚合策略，其中每个节点通过与邻居的信息组合来更新其表示。已知GNN的限制是，随着层数的增加，信息被平滑，压扁并且节点嵌入式变得无法区分，对性能产生负面影响。因此，实用的GNN模型雇用了几层，只能在每个节点周围的有限邻域利用图形结构。不可避免地，实际的GNN不会根据图的全局结构捕获信息。虽然有几种研究GNNS的局限性和表达性，但是关于图形结构数据的实际应用的问题需要全局结构知识，仍然没有答案。在这项工作中，我们通过向几个GNN模型提供全球信息并观察其对下游性能的影响来认证解决这个问题。我们的研究结果表明，全球信息实际上可以为共同的图形相关任务提供显着的好处。我们进一步确定了一项新的正规化策略，导致所有考虑的任务的平均准确性提高超过5％。

图形神经网络（GNNS）的表现力量受到限制，具有远程交互的斗争，缺乏模拟高阶结构的原则性方法。这些问题可以归因于计算图表和输入图结构之间的强耦合。最近提出的消息通过单独的网络通过执行图形的Clique复合物的消息来自然地解耦这些元素。然而，这些模型可能受到单纯复合物（SCS）的刚性组合结构的严重限制。在这项工作中，我们将最近的基于常规细胞复合物的理论结果扩展到常规细胞复合物，灵活地满满SCS和图表的拓扑物体。我们表明，该概括提供了一组强大的图表“提升”转换，每个图形是导致唯一的分层消息传递过程。我们集体呼叫CW Networks（CWNS）的结果方法比WL测试更强大，而不是比3 WL测试更强大。特别是，当应用于分子图问题时，我们证明了一种基于环的一个这样的方案的有效性。所提出的架构从可提供的较大的表达效益于常用的GNN，高阶信号的原则建模以及压缩节点之间的距离。我们展示了我们的模型在各种分子数据集上实现了最先进的结果。