在此备忘录中，我们开发了一般框架，它允许同时研究$ \ MathBB R ^ D $和惠特尼在$ \ Mathbb r的离散和非离散子集附近的insoctry扩展问题附近的标签和未标记的近对准数据问题。^ d $与某些几何形状。此外，我们调查了与集群，维度减少，流形学习，视觉以及最小的能量分区，差异和最小最大优化的相关工作。给出了谐波分析，计算机视觉，歧管学习和与我们工作的信号处理中的众多开放问题。本发明内容中的一部分工作基于纸张中查尔斯Fefferman的联合研究[48]，[49]，[50]，[51]。

本文通过引入几何深度学习（GDL）框架来构建通用馈电型型模型与可区分的流形几何形状兼容的通用馈电型模型，从而解决了对非欧国人数据进行处理的需求。我们表明，我们的GDL模型可以在受控最大直径的紧凑型组上均匀地近似任何连续目标函数。我们在近似GDL模型的深度上获得了最大直径和上限的曲率依赖性下限。相反，我们发现任何两个非分类紧凑型歧管之间始终都有连续的函数，任何“局部定义”的GDL模型都不能均匀地近似。我们的最后一个主要结果确定了数据依赖性条件，确保实施我们近似的GDL模型破坏了“维度的诅咒”。我们发现，任何“现实世界”（即有限）数据集始终满足我们的状况，相反，如果目标函数平滑，则任何数据集都满足我们的要求。作为应用，我们确认了以下GDL模型的通用近似功能：Ganea等。 （2018）的双波利馈电网络，实施Krishnan等人的体系结构。 （2015年）的深卡尔曼 - 滤波器和深度玛克斯分类器。我们构建了：Meyer等人的SPD-Matrix回归剂的通用扩展/变体。 （2011）和Fletcher（2003）的Procrustean回归剂。在欧几里得的环境中，我们的结果暗示了Kidger和Lyons（2020）的近似定理和Yarotsky和Zhevnerchuk（2019）无估计近似率的数据依赖性版本的定量版本。

In this work we study statistical properties of graph-based algorithms for multi-manifold clustering (MMC). In MMC the goal is to retrieve the multi-manifold structure underlying a given Euclidean data set when this one is assumed to be obtained by sampling a distribution on a union of manifolds $\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{M}_1 \cup\dots \cup \mathcal{M}_N$ that may intersect with each other and that may have different dimensions. We investigate sufficient conditions that similarity graphs on data sets must satisfy in order for their corresponding graph Laplacians to capture the right geometric information to solve the MMC problem. Precisely, we provide high probability error bounds for the spectral approximation of a tensorized Laplacian on $\mathcal{M}$ with a suitable graph Laplacian built from the observations; the recovered tensorized Laplacian contains all geometric information of all the individual underlying manifolds. We provide an example of a family of similarity graphs, which we call annular proximity graphs with angle constraints, satisfying these sufficient conditions. We contrast our family of graphs with other constructions in the literature based on the alignment of tangent planes. Extensive numerical experiments expand the insights that our theory provides on the MMC problem.

在本文中，我们研究了与具有多种激活函数的浅神经网络相对应的变异空间的近似特性。我们介绍了两个主要工具，用于估计这些空间的度量熵，近似率和$ n $宽度。首先，我们介绍了平滑参数化词典的概念，并在非线性近似速率，度量熵和$ n $ widths上给出了上限。上限取决于参数化的平滑度。该结果适用于与浅神经网络相对应的脊功能的字典，并且在许多情况下它们的现有结果改善了。接下来，我们提供了一种方法，用于下限度量熵和$ n $ widths的变化空间，其中包含某些类别的山脊功能。该结果给出了$ l^2 $ approximation速率，度量熵和$ n $ widths的变化空间的急剧下限具有界变化的乙状结激活函数。

本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS（PCR-LE）的主要成分回归的统计性质，这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =（y_1，\ ldots，y_n）$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下，PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率（其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + d） ）} $）和健美的测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + d）$）。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}：即，我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况，并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计（$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + m）$）和测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + m）$）收敛率。有趣的是，这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说，对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易，统计上讲，而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。

我们为特殊神经网络架构，称为运营商复发性神经网络的理论分析，用于近似非线性函数，其输入是线性运算符。这些功能通常在解决方案算法中出现用于逆边值问题的问题。传统的神经网络将输入数据视为向量，因此它们没有有效地捕获与对应于这种逆问题中的数据的线性运算符相关联的乘法结构。因此，我们介绍一个类似标准的神经网络架构的新系列，但是输入数据在向量上乘法作用。由较小的算子出现在边界控制中的紧凑型操作员和波动方程的反边值问题分析，我们在网络中的选择权重矩阵中促进结构和稀疏性。在描述此架构后，我们研究其表示属性以及其近似属性。我们还表明，可以引入明确的正则化，其可以从所述逆问题的数学分析导出，并导致概括属性上的某些保证。我们观察到重量矩阵的稀疏性改善了概括估计。最后，我们讨论如何将运营商复发网络视为深度学习模拟，以确定诸如用于从边界测量的声波方程中重建所未知的WAVESTED的边界控制的算法算法。

Many applications, such as system identification, classification of time series, direct and inverse problems in partial differential equations, and uncertainty quantification lead to the question of approximation of a non-linear operator between metric spaces $\mathfrak{X}$ and $\mathfrak{Y}$. We study the problem of determining the degree of approximation of such operators on a compact subset $K_\mathfrak{X}\subset \mathfrak{X}$ using a finite amount of information. If $\mathcal{F}: K_\mathfrak{X}\to K_\mathfrak{Y}$, a well established strategy to approximate $\mathcal{F}(F)$ for some $F\in K_\mathfrak{X}$ is to encode $F$ (respectively, $\mathcal{F}(F)$) in terms of a finite number $d$ (repectively $m$) of real numbers. Together with appropriate reconstruction algorithms (decoders), the problem reduces to the approximation of $m$ functions on a compact subset of a high dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$, equivalently, the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^d$ embedded in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$. The problem is challenging because $d$, $m$, as well as the complexity of the approximation on $\mathbb{S}^d$ are all large, and it is necessary to estimate the accuracy keeping track of the inter-dependence of all the approximations involved. In this paper, we establish constructive methods to do this efficiently; i.e., with the constants involved in the estimates on the approximation on $\mathbb{S}^d$ being $\mathcal{O}(d^{1/6})$. We study different smoothness classes for the operators, and also propose a method for approximation of $\mathcal{F}(F)$ using only information in a small neighborhood of $F$, resulting in an effective reduction in the number of parameters involved.

潜在变量模型（LVM）的无监督学习被广泛用于表示机器学习中的数据。当这样的模型反映了地面真理因素和将它们映射到观察的机制时，有理由期望它们允许在下游任务中进行概括。但是，众所周知，如果不在模型类上施加限制，通常无法实现此类可识别性保证。非线性独立组件分析是如此，其中LVM通过确定性的非线性函数将统计上独立的变量映射到观察。几个伪造解决方案的家庭完全适合数据，但是可以在通用环境中构建与地面真相因素相对应的。但是，最近的工作表明，限制此类模型的功能类别可能会促进可识别性。具体而言，已经提出了在Jacobian矩阵中收集的部分衍生物的函数类，例如正交坐标转换（OCT），它们强加了Jacobian柱的正交性。在目前的工作中，我们证明了这些转换的子类，共形图，是可识别的，并提供了新颖的理论结果，这表明OCT具有防止虚假解决方案家族在通用环境中破坏可识别性的特性。

We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.

比较概率分布是许多机器学习算法的关键。最大平均差异（MMD）和最佳运输距离（OT）是在过去几年吸引丰富的关注的概率措施之间的两类距离。本文建立了一些条件，可以通过MMD规范控制Wassersein距离。我们的作品受到压缩统计学习（CSL）理论的推动，资源有效的大规模学习的一般框架，其中训练数据总结在单个向量（称为草图）中，该训练数据捕获与所考虑的学习任务相关的信息。在CSL中的现有结果启发，我们介绍了H \“较旧的较低限制的等距属性（H \”较旧的LRIP）并表明这家属性具有有趣的保证对压缩统计学习。基于MMD与Wassersein距离之间的关系，我们通过引入和研究学习任务的Wassersein可读性的概念来提供压缩统计学习的保证，即概率分布之间的某些特定于特定的特定度量，可以由Wassersein界定距离。

我们派生并分析了一种用于估计有限簇树中的所有分裂的通用，递归算法以及相应的群集。我们进一步研究了从内核密度估计器接收级别设置估计时该通用聚类算法的统计特性。特别是，我们推出了有限的样本保证，一致性，收敛率以及用于选择内核带宽的自适应数据驱动策略。对于这些结果，我们不需要与H \“{o}连续性等密度的连续性假设，而是仅需要非参数性质的直观几何假设。

我们研究了神经网络中平方损耗训练问题的优化景观和稳定性，但通用非线性圆锥近似方案。据证明，如果认为非线性圆锥近似方案是（以适当定义的意义）比经典线性近似方法更具表现力，并且如果存在不完美的标签向量，则在方位损耗的训练问题必须在其中不稳定感知其解决方案集在训练数据中的标签向量上不连续地取决于标签向量。我们进一步证明对这些不稳定属性负责的效果也是马鞍点出现的原因和杂散的局部最小值，这可能是从全球解决方案的任意遥远的，并且既不训练问题也不是训练问题的不稳定性通常，杂散局部最小值的存在可以通过向目标函数添加正则化术语来克服衡量近似方案中参数大小的目标函数。无论可实现的可实现性是否满足，后一种结果都被证明是正确的。我们表明，我们的分析特别适用于具有可变宽度的自由结插值方案和深层和浅层神经网络的培训问题，其涉及各种激活功能的任意混合（例如，二进制，六骨，Tanh，arctan，软标志， ISRU，Soft-Clip，SQNL，Relu，Lifley Relu，Soft-Plus，Bent Identity，Silu，Isrlu和ELU）。总之，本文的发现说明了神经网络和一般非线性圆锥近似仪器的改进近似特性以直接和可量化的方式与必须解决的优化问题的不期望的性质链接，以便训练它们。

We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.

在本说明中，我们研究了如何使用单个隐藏层和RELU激活的神经网络插值数据，该数据是从径向对称分布中的，目标标签1处的目标标签1和单位球外部0，如果单位球内没有标签。通过重量衰减正则化和无限神经元的无限数据限制，我们证明存在独特的径向对称最小化器，其重量衰减正常器和Lipschitz常数分别为$ d $和$ \ sqrt {d} $。我们此外表明，如果标签$ 1 $强加于半径$ \ varepsilon $，而不仅仅是源头，则重量衰减正规剂会在$ d $中成倍增长。相比之下，具有两个隐藏层的神经网络可以近似目标函数，而不会遇到维度的诅咒。

我们考虑了一个通用的非线性模型，其中信号是未知（可能增加的，可能增加的特征数量）的有限混合物，该特征是由由真实非线性参数参数化的连续字典发出的。在连续或离散设置中使用高斯（可能相关）噪声观察信号。我们提出了一种网格优化方法，即一种不使用参数空间上任何离散化方案的方法来估计特征的非线性参数和混合物的线性参数。我们使用有关离网方法的几何形状的最新结果，在真实的基础非线性参数上给出最小的分离，以便可以构建插值证书函数。还使用尾部界限，用于高斯过程的上流，我们将预测误差限制为高概率。假设可以构建证书函数，我们的预测误差绑定到日志 - 因线性回归模型中LASSO预测器所达到的速率类似。我们还建立了收敛速率，以高概率量化线性和非线性参数的估计质量。

我们使用运输公制（Delon和Desolneux 2020）中的单变量高斯混合物中的任意度量空间$ \ MATHCAL {X} $研究数据表示。我们得出了由称为\ emph {Probabilistic Transfersers}的小神经网络实现的特征图的保证。我们的保证是记忆类型：我们证明了深度约为$ n \ log（n）$的概率变压器和大约$ n^2 $ can bi-h \'{o} lder嵌入任何$ n $ - 点数据集从低度量失真的$ \ Mathcal {x} $，从而避免了维数的诅咒。我们进一步得出了概率的bi-lipschitz保证，可以兑换失真量和随机选择的点与该失真的随机选择点的可能性。如果$ \ MATHCAL {X} $的几何形状足够规律，那么我们可以为数据集中的所有点获得更强的Bi-Lipschitz保证。作为应用程序，我们从Riemannian歧管，指标和某些类型的数据集中获得了神经嵌入保证金组合图。

In this paper, we propose Wasserstein Isometric Mapping (Wassmap), a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique that provides solutions to some drawbacks in existing global nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithms in imaging applications. Wassmap represents images via probability measures in Wasserstein space, then uses pairwise Wasserstein distances between the associated measures to produce a low-dimensional, approximately isometric embedding. We show that the algorithm is able to exactly recover parameters of some image manifolds including those generated by translations or dilations of a fixed generating measure. Additionally, we show that a discrete version of the algorithm retrieves parameters from manifolds generated from discrete measures by providing a theoretical bridge to transfer recovery results from functional data to discrete data. Testing of the proposed algorithms on various image data manifolds show that Wassmap yields good embeddings compared with other global and local techniques.

Graph clustering is a fundamental problem in unsupervised learning, with numerous applications in computer science and in analysing real-world data. In many real-world applications, we find that the clusters have a significant high-level structure. This is often overlooked in the design and analysis of graph clustering algorithms which make strong simplifying assumptions about the structure of the graph. This thesis addresses the natural question of whether the structure of clusters can be learned efficiently and describes four new algorithmic results for learning such structure in graphs and hypergraphs. All of the presented theoretical results are extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real-word datasets of different domains, including image classification and segmentation, migration networks, co-authorship networks, and natural language processing. These experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed algorithms are practical, effective, and immediately applicable for learning the structure of clusters in real-world data.

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

我们调查与高斯的混合的数据分享共同但未知，潜在虐待协方差矩阵的数据。我们首先考虑具有两个等级大小的组件的高斯混合，并根据最大似然估计导出最大切割整数程序。当样品的数量在维度下线性增长时，我们证明其解决方案实现了最佳的错误分类率，直到对数因子。但是，解决最大切割问题似乎是在计算上棘手的。为了克服这一点，我们开发了一种高效的频谱算法，该算法达到最佳速率，但需要一种二次样本量。虽然这种样本复杂性比最大切割问题更差，但我们猜测没有多项式方法可以更好地执行。此外，我们收集了支持统计计算差距存在的数值和理论证据。最后，我们将MAX-CUT程序概括为$ k $ -means程序，该程序处理多组分混合物的可能性不平等。它享有相似的最优性保证，用于满足运输成本不平等的分布式的混合物，包括高斯和强烈的对数的分布。