我们派生并分析了一种用于估计有限簇树中的所有分裂的通用,递归算法以及相应的群集。我们进一步研究了从内核密度估计器接收级别设置估计时该通用聚类算法的统计特性。特别是,我们推出了有限的样本保证,一致性,收敛率以及用于选择内核带宽的自适应数据驱动策略。对于这些结果,我们不需要与H \“{o}连续性等密度的连续性假设,而是仅需要非参数性质的直观几何假设。
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我们研究了非参数混合模型中的一致性以及回归的密切相关的混合物(也称为混合回归)模型,其中允许回归函数是非参数的,并且假定误差分布是高斯密度的卷积。我们在一般条件下构建统一的一致估计器,同时突出显示了将现有的点一致性结果扩展到均匀结果的几个疼痛点。最终的分析事实并非如此,并且在此过程中开发了几种新颖的技术工具。在混合回归的情况下,我们证明了回归函数的$ l^1 $收敛性,同时允许组件回归函数任意地相交,这带来了其他技术挑战。我们还考虑对一般(即非跨方向)非参数混合物的概括。
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Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.
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We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.
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在1970年代的两个重要非参数方法中出现了群集的:级别集或群集树,由Hartigan提出的级别树木,并通过福卢加和旅馆提出的梯度线或渐变流的聚类。在最近的一篇论文中,我们认为这两种方法的目的是根本值的,通过表明梯度流提供了沿着簇树移动的方法。在制作更强大的情况下,我们面临的事实是群集树没有定义底层密度的整个支持的分区,而梯度流动。在本文中,我们通过提出从群集树中获取分区的两种方法来解决这一难题 - 其中一个人在其自己的右侧非常自然 - 并且显示它们两者都减少到梯度流给出的分区根据对采样密度的标准假设。
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在因果推理和强盗文献中,基于观察数据的线性功能估算线性功能的问题是规范的。我们分析了首先估计治疗效果函数的广泛的两阶段程序,然后使用该数量来估计线性功能。我们证明了此类过程的均方误差上的非反应性上限:这些边界表明,为了获得非反应性最佳程序,应在特定加权$ l^2 $中最大程度地估算治疗效果的误差。 -规范。我们根据该加权规范的约束回归分析了两阶段的程序,并通过匹配非轴突局部局部最小值下限,在有限样品中建立了实例依赖性最优性。这些结果表明,除了取决于渐近效率方差之外,最佳的非质子风险除了取决于样本量支持的最富有函数类别的真实结果函数与其近似类别之间的加权规范距离。
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We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.
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This paper investigates the stability of deep ReLU neural networks for nonparametric regression under the assumption that the noise has only a finite p-th moment. We unveil how the optimal rate of convergence depends on p, the degree of smoothness and the intrinsic dimension in a class of nonparametric regression functions with hierarchical composition structure when both the adaptive Huber loss and deep ReLU neural networks are used. This optimal rate of convergence cannot be obtained by the ordinary least squares but can be achieved by the Huber loss with a properly chosen parameter that adapts to the sample size, smoothness, and moment parameters. A concentration inequality for the adaptive Huber ReLU neural network estimators with allowable optimization errors is also derived. To establish a matching lower bound within the class of neural network estimators using the Huber loss, we employ a different strategy from the traditional route: constructing a deep ReLU network estimator that has a better empirical loss than the true function and the difference between these two functions furnishes a low bound. This step is related to the Huberization bias, yet more critically to the approximability of deep ReLU networks. As a result, we also contribute some new results on the approximation theory of deep ReLU neural networks.
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在负面的感知问题中,我们给出了$ n $数据点$({\ boldsymbol x} _i,y_i)$,其中$ {\ boldsymbol x} _i $是$ d $ -densional vector和$ y_i \ in \ { + 1,-1 \} $是二进制标签。数据不是线性可分离的,因此我们满足自己的内容,以找到最大的线性分类器,具有最大的\ emph {否定}余量。换句话说,我们想找到一个单位常规矢量$ {\ boldsymbol \ theta} $,最大化$ \ min_ {i \ le n} y_i \ langle {\ boldsymbol \ theta},{\ boldsymbol x} _i \ rangle $ 。这是一个非凸优化问题(它相当于在Polytope中找到最大标准矢量),我们在两个随机模型下研究其典型属性。我们考虑比例渐近,其中$ n,d \ to \ idty $以$ n / d \ to \ delta $,并在最大边缘$ \ kappa _ {\ text {s}}(\ delta)上证明了上限和下限)$或 - 等效 - 在其逆函数$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa)$。换句话说,$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa)$是overparametization阈值:以$ n / d \ le \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa) - \ varepsilon $一个分类器实现了消失的训练错误,具有高概率,而以$ n / d \ ge \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa)+ \ varepsilon $。我们在$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa)$匹配,以$ \ kappa \ to - \ idty $匹配。然后,我们分析了线性编程算法来查找解决方案,并表征相应的阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {lin}}(\ kappa)$。我们观察插值阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}(\ kappa)$和线性编程阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {lin {lin}}(\ kappa)$之间的差距,提出了行为的问题其他算法。
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本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS(PCR-LE)的主要成分回归的统计性质,这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =(y_1,\ ldots,y_n)$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下,PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率(其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + d) )} $)和健美的测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + d)$)。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}:即,我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况,并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计($ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + m)$)和测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + m)$)收敛率。有趣的是,这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说,对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易,统计上讲,而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。
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鉴于$ n $ i.i.d.从未知的分发$ P $绘制的样本,何时可以生成更大的$ n + m $ samples,这些标题不能与$ n + m $ i.i.d区别区别。从$ p $绘制的样品?(AXELROD等人2019)将该问题正式化为样本放大问题,并为离散分布和高斯位置模型提供了最佳放大程序。然而,这些程序和相关的下限定制到特定分布类,对样本扩增的一般统计理解仍然很大程度上。在这项工作中,我们通过推出通常适用的放大程序,下限技术和与现有统计概念的联系来放置对公司统计基础的样本放大问题。我们的技术适用于一大类分布,包括指数家庭,并在样本放大和分配学习之间建立严格的联系。
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我们在决策边界是一定规律的假设下,研究从无噪声训练样本的学习分类功能的问题。我们为这一估计问题建立了普遍的下限,对于连续决策边界的一般阶级。对于本地禁区的类别,我们发现最佳估计率基本上独立于底层维度,并且可以通过在适当类的深神经网络上通过经验风险最小化方法实现。这些结果基于$ l ^ 1 $和$ l ^ \ infty $ intty $ inthty $ off的禁区常规职能的新颖估计数。
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对于高维和非参数统计模型,速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到,但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略,以获得对任何估计方差的下限,偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的,并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限,用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中,将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型,包括高斯白噪声模型,边界估计问题,高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用,发生不同类型的偏差差异发生,其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡,我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动,以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中,发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用,但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。
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Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.
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Mixtures of regression are a powerful class of models for regression learning with respect to a highly uncertain and heterogeneous response variable of interest. In addition to being a rich predictive model for the response given some covariates, the parameters in this model class provide useful information about the heterogeneity in the data population, which is represented by the conditional distributions for the response given the covariates associated with a number of distinct but latent subpopulations. In this paper, we investigate conditions of strong identifiability, rates of convergence for conditional density and parameter estimation, and the Bayesian posterior contraction behavior arising in finite mixture of regression models, under exact-fitted and over-fitted settings and when the number of components is unknown. This theory is applicable to common choices of link functions and families of conditional distributions employed by practitioners. We provide simulation studies and data illustrations, which shed some light on the parameter learning behavior found in several popular regression mixture models reported in the literature.
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我们研究了清单可解放的平均估计问题,而对手可能会破坏大多数数据集。具体来说,我们在$ \ mathbb {r} ^ $和参数$ 0 <\ alpha <\ frac 1 2 $中给出了一个$ $ n $ points的$ t $ points。$ \ alpha $ -flaction的点$ t $是iid来自乖巧的分发$ \ Mathcal {D} $的样本,剩余的$(1- \ alpha)$ - 分数是任意的。目标是输出小型的vectors列表,其中至少一个接近$ \ mathcal {d} $的均值。我们开发新的算法,用于列出可解码的平均值估计,实现几乎最佳的统计保证,运行时间$ O(n ^ {1 + \ epsilon_0} d)$,适用于任何固定$ \ epsilon_0> 0 $。所有先前的此问题算法都有额外的多项式因素在$ \ frac 1 \ alpha $。我们与额外技术一起利用此结果,以获得用于聚类混合物的第一个近几个线性时间算法,用于分开的良好表现良好的分布,几乎匹配谱方法的统计保证。先前的聚类算法本身依赖于$ k $ -pca的应用程序,从而产生$ \ omega(n d k)$的运行时。这标志着近二十年来这个基本统计问题的第一次运行时间改进。我们的方法的起点是基于单次矩阵乘法权重激发电位减少的$ \ Alpha \至1 $制度中的新颖和更简单的近线性时间较强的估计算法。在Diakonikolas等人的迭代多滤波技术的背景下,我们迫切地利用了这种新的算法框架。 '18,'20,提供一种使用一维投影的同时群集和下群点的方法 - 因此,绕过先前算法所需的$ k $ -pca子程序。
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我们调查与高斯的混合的数据分享共同但未知,潜在虐待协方差矩阵的数据。我们首先考虑具有两个等级大小的组件的高斯混合,并根据最大似然估计导出最大切割整数程序。当样品的数量在维度下线性增长时,我们证明其解决方案实现了最佳的错误分类率,直到对数因子。但是,解决最大切割问题似乎是在计算上棘手的。为了克服这一点,我们开发了一种高效的频谱算法,该算法达到最佳速率,但需要一种二次样本量。虽然这种样本复杂性比最大切割问题更差,但我们猜测没有多项式方法可以更好地执行。此外,我们收集了支持统计计算差距存在的数值和理论证据。最后,我们将MAX-CUT程序概括为$ k $ -means程序,该程序处理多组分混合物的可能性不平等。它享有相似的最优性保证,用于满足运输成本不平等的分布式的混合物,包括高斯和强烈的对数的分布。
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我们研究了称为“乐观速率”(Panchenko 2002; Srebro等,2010)的统一收敛概念,用于与高斯数据的线性回归。我们的精致分析避免了现有结果中的隐藏常量和对数因子,这已知在高维设置中至关重要,特别是用于了解插值学习。作为一个特殊情况,我们的分析恢复了Koehler等人的保证。(2021年),在良性过度的过度条件下,严格地表征了低规范内插器的人口风险。但是,我们的乐观速度绑定还分析了具有任意训练错误的预测因子。这使我们能够在随机设计下恢复脊和套索回归的一些经典统计保障,并有助于我们在过度参数化制度中获得精确了解近端器的过度风险。
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我们提出了一种统一的技术,用于顺序估计分布之间的凸面分歧,包括内核最大差异等积分概率度量,$ \ varphi $ - 像Kullback-Leibler发散,以及最佳运输成本,例如Wassersein距离的权力。这是通过观察到经验凸起分歧(部分有序)反向半角分离的实现来实现的,而可交换过滤耦合,其具有这些方法的最大不等式。这些技术似乎是对置信度序列和凸分流的现有文献的互补和强大的补充。我们构建一个离线到顺序设备,将各种现有的离线浓度不等式转换为可以连续监测的时间均匀置信序列,在任意停止时间提供有效的测试或置信区间。得到的顺序边界仅在相应的固定时间范围内支付迭代对数价格,保留对问题参数的相同依赖性(如适用的尺寸或字母大小)。这些结果也适用于更一般的凸起功能,如负差分熵,实证过程的高度和V型统计。
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对抗性鲁棒性是各种现代机器学习应用中的关键财产。虽然它是最近几个理论研究的主题,但与对抗性稳健性有关的许多重要问题仍然是开放的。在这项工作中,我们研究了有关对抗对抗鲁棒性的贝叶斯最优性的根本问题。我们提供了一般的充分条件,可以保证贝叶斯最佳分类器的存在,以满足对抗性鲁棒性。我们的结果可以提供一种有用的工具,用于随后研究对抗性鲁棒性及其一致性的替代损失。这份稿件是“关于普通贝叶斯分类器的存在”在神经潮端中发表的延伸版本。原始纸张的结果不适用于一些非严格凸的规范。在这里,我们将结果扩展到所有可能的规范。
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