在本文中,我们研究了多视图几何中基本和基本矩阵估计的5-和7点问题的数值不太稳定性。在这两种情况下,我们表征了末极估计的条件号是无限的呈现不良世界场景。我们还以给定的图像数据表征不良实例。为了达到这些结果,我们提出了一般的框架,用于分析基于Riemannian歧管的多视图几何体中最小问题的调理。综合性和现实世界数据的实验然后揭示了一个引人注目的结论:在结构 - 从 - 动作(SFM)中的随机样本共识(RANSAC)不仅用于过滤输出异常值,而且RANSAC还选择用于良好的良好的图像数据,足够分离我们的理论预测的不良座位。我们的研究结果表明,在未来的工作中,人们可以试图通过仅测试良好的图像数据来加速和增加Ransac的成功。
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We present a method for solving two minimal problems for relative camera pose estimation from three views, which are based on three view correspondences of i) three points and one line and the novel case of ii) three points and two lines through two of the points. These problems are too difficult to be efficiently solved by the state of the art Groebner basis methods. Our method is based on a new efficient homotopy continuation (HC) solver framework MINUS, which dramatically speeds up previous HC solving by specializing HC methods to generic cases of our problems. We characterize their number of solutions and show with simulated experiments that our solvers are numerically robust and stable under image noise, a key contribution given the borderline intractable degree of nonlinearity of trinocular constraints. We show in real experiments that i) SIFT feature location and orientation provide good enough point-and-line correspondences for three-view reconstruction and ii) that we can solve difficult cases with too few or too noisy tentative matches, where the state of the art structure from motion initialization fails.
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我们引入了与针孔摄像机中图像形成相关的代数几何对象的地图集。地图集的节点是代数品种或它们的消失理想,分别通过投影,消除,限制或专业化相互关联。该地图集为研究3D计算机视觉中的问题提供了一个统一的框架。我们通过完全表征来自三角剖分问题的部分地图集来启动地图集的研究。我们以几个空旷的问题和地图集的概括结束。
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The essential variety is an algebraic subvariety of dimension $5$ in real projective space $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^{8}$ which encodes the relative pose of two calibrated pinhole cameras. The $5$-point algorithm in computer vision computes the real points in the intersection of the essential variety with a linear space of codimension $5$. The degree of the essential variety is $10$, so this intersection consists of 10 complex points in general. We compute the expected number of real intersection points when the linear space is random. We focus on two probability distributions for linear spaces. The first distribution is invariant under the action of the orthogonal group $\mathrm{O}(9)$ acting on linear spaces in $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^{8}$. In this case, the expected number of real intersection points is equal to $4$. The second distribution is motivated from computer vision and is defined by choosing 5 point correspondences in the image planes $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2\times \mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$ uniformly at random. A Monte Carlo computation suggests that with high probability the expected value lies in the interval $(3.95 - 0.05,\ 3.95 + 0.05)$.
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计算机愿景中的基本问题是一组点对是否是位于两个相机前面的场景的图像。这种场景和相机一起被称为对角对的手性重建。在本文中,我们提供了一个完整的K点对分类,其中存在手性重建。手性重建的存在相当于某些半武装集的非空虚。最多三点对,我们证明了手性重建总是存在,而五个或更多点对没有手性重建的一组是Zariski-Chense。我们表明,对于五个通用点对,手性区域是由27个实线的三方表面上的Schl \“AFLI双六六的线段界定。四点对具有手性重建,除非它们属于两个非通用组合类型,在这种情况下,他们可能或可能不是。
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我们研究由线性卷积神经网络(LCN)代表的功能家族。这些函数形成了从输入空间到输出空间的线性地图集的半代数子集。相比之下,由完全连接的线性网络表示的函数家族形成代数集。我们观察到,LCN代表的功能可以通过接受某些因素化的多项式来识别,我们使用此视角来描述网络体系结构对所得功能空间几何形状的影响。我们进一步研究了在LCN上的目标函数的优化,分析了功能空间和参数空间中的临界点,并描述了梯度下降的动态不变性。总体而言,我们的理论预测,LCN的优化参数通常对应于跨层的重复过滤器,或可以分解为重复过滤器的过滤器。我们还进行了数值和符号实验,以说明我们的结果,并对小体系结构的景​​观进行深入分析。
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本文是从运动问题的以下非刚性结构的理论研究。可以从参数变形点集的单眼视图计算什么?我们对具有校准和未校准相机的仿射和多项式变形来对待该问题的各种变化。我们表明,通常需要至少三个具有准相同的两种变形的图像,以便具有点结构的有限溶液并计算一些简单的示例。
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同态传感是一个最近的代数几何框架,它在给定的线性图集合中研究了线性子空间中点的独特恢复。在坐标投影组成的情况下,它已经成功地解释了这种恢复,这是被称为未标记感应的应用程序中的重要实例,其中模拟了不秩序不正确且缺少值的数据。在本文中,我们提供更严格,更简单的条件,以保证单个空格情况的唯一恢复,将结果扩展到子空间布置的情况,并证明单个子空间中的唯一恢复在噪声下是本地稳定的。我们将结果专注于几个同态感测的示例,例如真实的相位检索和未标记的传感。在这样做的情况下,我们以统一的方式获得了保证这些示例的独特恢复的条件,这些示例通常是通过文献中的各种技术来知道的,以及用于稀疏和未签名版本的未标记感应的新颖条件。同样,我们的噪声结果也意味着未标记的传感中的独特恢复在局部稳定。
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从运动的结构问题涉及从一组二维图像中恢复对象的三维结构。通常,如果提供了足够的图像和图像点,则可以唯一地恢复所有信息,但是存在唯一恢复的情况下是不可能的情况;这些称为关键配置。在本文中,我们使用代数方法来研究两个投影相机的关键配置。我们表明,所有关键配置都位于二次表面上,并确切地分类哪个Quadrics构成关键配置。本文还描述了当独特的重建不可能时不同重建之间的关系。
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The polynomial kernels are widely used in machine learning and they are one of the default choices to develop kernel-based classification and regression models. However, they are rarely used and considered in numerical analysis due to their lack of strict positive definiteness. In particular they do not enjoy the usual property of unisolvency for arbitrary point sets, which is one of the key properties used to build kernel-based interpolation methods. This paper is devoted to establish some initial results for the study of these kernels, and their related interpolation algorithms, in the context of approximation theory. We will first prove necessary and sufficient conditions on point sets which guarantee the existence and uniqueness of an interpolant. We will then study the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (or native spaces) of these kernels and their norms, and provide inclusion relations between spaces corresponding to different kernel parameters. With these spaces at hand, it will be further possible to derive generic error estimates which apply to sufficiently smooth functions, thus escaping the native space. Finally, we will show how to employ an efficient stable algorithm to these kernels to obtain accurate interpolants, and we will test them in some numerical experiment. After this analysis several computational and theoretical aspects remain open, and we will outline possible further research directions in a concluding section. This work builds some bridges between kernel and polynomial interpolation, two topics to which the authors, to different extents, have been introduced under the supervision or through the work of Stefano De Marchi. For this reason, they wish to dedicate this work to him in the occasion of his 60th birthday.
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在计算机视觉中,从3D几何实体之间的对应关系及其对图像的投影进行了摄影姿势估计已被广泛研究。尽管大多数最先进的方法利用了诸如点或线之类的低级原始方法,但近年来非常有效的基于CNN的对象探测器的出现为使用具有有意义语义有意义的高级功能铺平了道路信息。开拓性朝这个方向起作用,表明通过椭圆形对3D对象进行建模,而椭圆检测2D检测则提供了方便的方式来链接2D和3D数据。但是,相关垃圾中最常使用的数学形式主义不能轻易将椭圆形和椭圆形和其他四边形和圆锥形区分开,从而导致某些发展中可能有害的特异性丧失。此外,投影方程的线性化过程产生了相机参数的过度代表,也可能导致效率损失。因此,在本文中,我们引入了一个特定于椭圆形的理论框架,并在姿势估计的背景下证明了其有益的特性。更确切地说,我们首先表明拟议的形式主义使椭圆形姿势估计问题将其减少到仅位置或方向估计问题,其中剩余未知数可以以封闭形式得出。然后,我们证明它可以进一步简化为1个自由度(1DOF)问题,并提供姿势的分析表达,这是该唯一标量未知的函数。我们通过视觉示例说明了我们的理论考虑。最后,我们发布了这项工作,以便为更有效的椭圆形相关姿势估计问题做出贡献。
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深度神经网络被广泛用于解决多个科学领域的复杂问题,例如语音识别,机器翻译,图像分析。用于研究其理论特性的策略主要依赖于欧几里得的几何形状,但是在过去的几年中,已经开发了基于Riemannian几何形状的新方法。在某些开放问题的动机中,我们研究了歧管之间的特定地图序列,该序列的最后一个歧管配备了riemannian指标。我们研究了序列的其他歧管和某些相关商的结构引起的槽撤回。特别是,我们表明,最终的riemannian度量的回调到该序列的任何歧管是一个退化的riemannian度量,诱导了伪模空间的结构,我们表明,该伪仪的kolmogorov商均产生了平滑的歧管,这是基础的,这是基础,这是基础的基础。特定垂直束的空间。我们研究了此类序列图的理论属性,最终我们着重于实施实际关注神经网络的流形之间的地图,并介绍了本文第一部分中引入的几何框架的某些应用。
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Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.
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本文通过引入几何深度学习(GDL)框架来构建通用馈电型型模型与可区分的流形几何形状兼容的通用馈电型模型,从而解决了对非欧国人数据进行处理的需求。我们表明,我们的GDL模型可以在受控最大直径的紧凑型组上均匀地近似任何连续目标函数。我们在近似GDL模型的深度上获得了最大直径和上限的曲率依赖性下限。相反,我们发现任何两个非分类紧凑型歧管之间始终都有连续的函数,任何“局部定义”的GDL模型都不能均匀地近似。我们的最后一个主要结果确定了数据依赖性条件,确保实施我们近似的GDL模型破坏了“维度的诅咒”。我们发现,任何“现实世界”(即有限)数据集始终满足我们的状况,相反,如果目标函数平滑,则任何数据集都满足我们的要求。作为应用,我们确认了以下GDL模型的通用近似功能:Ganea等。 (2018)的双波利馈电网络,实施Krishnan等人的体系结构。 (2015年)的深卡尔曼 - 滤波器和深度玛克斯分类器。我们构建了:Meyer等人的SPD-Matrix回归剂的通用扩展/变体。 (2011)和Fletcher(2003)的Procrustean回归剂。在欧几里得的环境中,我们的结果暗示了Kidger和Lyons(2020)的近似定理和Yarotsky和Zhevnerchuk(2019)无估计近似率的数据依赖性版本的定量版本。
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In this paper we present methods for triangulation of infinite cylinders from image line silhouettes. We show numerically that linear estimation of a general quadric surface is inherently a badly posed problem. Instead we propose to constrain the conic section to a circle, and give algebraic constraints on the dual conic, that models this manifold. Using these constraints we derive a fast minimal solver based on three image silhouette lines, that can be used to bootstrap robust estimation schemes such as RANSAC. We also present a constrained least squares solver that can incorporate all available image lines for accurate estimation. The algorithms are tested on both synthetic and real data, where they are shown to give accurate results, compared to previous methods.
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在此备忘录中,我们开发了一般框架,它允许同时研究$ \ MathBB R ^ D $和惠特尼在$ \ Mathbb r的离散和非离散子集附近的insoctry扩展问题附近的标签和未标记的近对准数据问题。^ d $与某些几何形状。此外,我们调查了与集群,维度减少,流形学习,视觉以及最小的能量分区,差异和最小最大优化的相关工作。给出了谐波分析,计算机视觉,歧管学习和与我们工作的信号处理中的众多开放问题。本发明内容中的一部分工作基于纸张中查尔斯Fefferman的联合研究[48],[49],[50],[51]。
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这项调查旨在提供线性模型及其背后的理论的介绍。我们的目标是对读者进行严格的介绍,并事先接触普通最小二乘。在机器学习中,输出通常是输入的非线性函数。深度学习甚至旨在找到需要大量计算的许多层的非线性依赖性。但是,这些算法中的大多数都基于简单的线性模型。然后,我们从不同视图中描述线性模型,并找到模型背后的属性和理论。线性模型是回归问题中的主要技术,其主要工具是最小平方近似,可最大程度地减少平方误差之和。当我们有兴趣找到回归函数时,这是一个自然的选择,该回归函数可以最大程度地减少相应的预期平方误差。这项调查主要是目的的摘要,即线性模型背后的重要理论的重要性,例如分布理论,最小方差估计器。我们首先从三种不同的角度描述了普通的最小二乘,我们会以随机噪声和高斯噪声干扰模型。通过高斯噪声,该模型产生了可能性,因此我们引入了最大似然估计器。它还通过这种高斯干扰发展了一些分布理论。最小二乘的分布理论将帮助我们回答各种问题并引入相关应用。然后,我们证明最小二乘是均值误差的最佳无偏线性模型,最重要的是,它实际上接近了理论上的极限。我们最终以贝叶斯方法及以后的线性模型结束。
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Riemannian优化是解决优化问题的原则框架,其中所需的最佳被限制为光滑的歧管$ \ Mathcal {M} $。在此框架中设计的算法通常需要对歧管的几何描述,该描述通常包括切线空间,缩回和成本函数的梯度。但是,在许多情况下,由于缺乏信息或棘手的性能,只能访问这些元素的子集(或根本没有)。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,可以在这种情况下执行近似Riemannian优化,其中约束歧管是$ \ r^{d} $的子手机。至少,我们的方法仅需要一组无噪用的成本函数$(\ x_ {i},y_ {i})\ in {\ mathcal {m}} \ times \ times \ times \ times \ times \ mathbb {r} $和内在的歧管$ \ MATHCAL {M} $的维度。使用样品,并利用歧管-MLS框架(Sober和Levin 2020),我们构建了缺少的组件的近似值,这些组件娱乐可证明的保证并分析其计算成本。如果某些组件通过分析给出(例如,如果成本函数及其梯度明确给出,或者可以计算切线空间),则可以轻松地适应该算法以使用准确的表达式而不是近似值。我们使用我们的方法分析了基于Riemannian梯度的方法的全球收敛性,并从经验上证明了该方法的强度,以及基于类似原理的共轭梯度类型方法。
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本文探讨了一个问题:如何从数据中识别减少的订单模型。有三种将数据与模型联系起来的方法:不变叶,不变歧管和自动编码器。除非使用循环系统中的硬件,否则不变的歧管不能安装到数据中。自动编码器仅标识数据所在的相空间的一部分,这不一定是不变的歧管。因此,对于离线数据,唯一的选择是不变的叶面。我们注意到,Koopman本征函数也定义了不变的叶子,但是它们受到线性和产生的单一岩的假设的限制。寻找不变的叶面需要近似高维函数。我们提出了两种解决方案。如果寻求准确的降级模型,则使用稀疏的多项式近似,具有稀疏分层张量的多项式系数。如果寻求不变的歧管,作为叶的叶片,则可以通过低维多项式近似所需的高维函数。可以将这两种方法组合在一起以找到准确的减少订单模型和不变歧管。我们还分析了在机械系统中典型的焦点类型平衡的情况下,降低的订单模型。我们注意到,由不变叶叶定义的非线性坐标系和不变的歧管扭曲了瞬时频率和阻尼比,我们是正确的。通过示例,我们说明了不变叶和歧管的计算,同时表明,Koopman eigenfunctions和AutoCododer无法在相同条件下捕获准确的减少订单模型。
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We study the problem of finding elements in the intersection of an arbitrary conic variety in $\mathbb{F}^n$ with a given linear subspace (where $\mathbb{F}$ can be the real or complex field). This problem captures a rich family of algorithmic problems under different choices of the variety. The special case of the variety consisting of rank-1 matrices already has strong connections to central problems in different areas like quantum information theory and tensor decompositions. This problem is known to be NP-hard in the worst-case, even for the variety of rank-1 matrices. Surprisingly, despite these hardness results we give efficient algorithms that solve this problem for "typical" subspaces. Here, the subspace $U \subseteq \mathbb{F}^n$ is chosen generically of a certain dimension, potentially with some generic elements of the variety contained in it. Our main algorithmic result is a polynomial time algorithm that recovers all the elements of $U$ that lie in the variety, under some mild non-degeneracy assumptions on the variety. As corollaries, we obtain the following results: $\bullet$ Uniqueness results and polynomial time algorithms for generic instances of a broad class of low-rank decomposition problems that go beyond tensor decompositions. Here, we recover a decomposition of the form $\sum_{i=1}^R v_i \otimes w_i$, where the $v_i$ are elements of the given variety $X$. This implies new algorithmic results even in the special case of tensor decompositions. $\bullet$ Polynomial time algorithms for several entangled subspaces problems in quantum entanglement, including determining $r$-entanglement, complete entanglement, and genuine entanglement of a subspace. While all of these problems are NP-hard in the worst case, our algorithm solves them in polynomial time for generic subspaces of dimension up to a constant multiple of the maximum possible.
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