Its numerous applications make multi-human 3D pose estimation a remarkably impactful area of research. Nevertheless, assuming a multiple-view system composed of several regular RGB cameras, 3D multi-pose estimation presents several challenges. First of all, each person must be uniquely identified in the different views to separate the 2D information provided by the cameras. Secondly, the 3D pose estimation process from the multi-view 2D information of each person must be robust against noise and potential occlusions in the scenario. In this work, we address these two challenges with the help of deep learning. Specifically, we present a model based on Graph Neural Networks capable of predicting the cross-view correspondence of the people in the scenario along with a Multilayer Perceptron that takes the 2D points to yield the 3D poses of each person. These two models are trained in a self-supervised manner, thus avoiding the need for large datasets with 3D annotations.
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我们研究了在紧邻人类机器人相互作用的背景下,最先进的人关键点探测器的性能。在这种情况下的检测是具体的,因为只有手和躯干等身体部位的子集在视野中。特别是(i)我们从近距离图像的角度调查了具有人类姿势注释的现有数据集,并准备并使公开可用的新人(HICP)数据集; (ii)我们在此数据集上进行定量和定性比较人类全身2D关键点检测方法(openpose,mmpose,onphapose,detectron2); (iii)由于对手指的准确检测对于使用交接的应用至关重要,因此我们评估了介质手工检测器的性能; (iv)我们在头部上带有RGB-D摄像头的人形机器人上部署算法,并在3D Human KeyPoint检测中评估性能。运动捕获系统用作参考。在紧邻近端的最佳性能全身关键点探测器是mmpose和字母,但两者都难以检测手指。因此,我们提出了在单个框架中为人体和手介载体的mmpose或字母组合的组合,提供了最准确,最强大的检测。我们还分析了单个探测器的故障模式 - 例如,图像中人的头部缺失在多大程度上降低了性能。最后,我们在一个场景中演示了框架,其中类人类机器人与人相互作用的人类机器人使用检测到的3D关键点进行全身避免动作。
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Realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation is a key component in enabling machines to have an understanding of people in images and videos. In this work, we present a realtime approach to detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image. The proposed method uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image. This bottom-up system achieves high accuracy and realtime performance, regardless of the number of people in the image. In previous work, PAFs and body part location estimation were refined simultaneously across training stages. We demonstrate that a PAF-only refinement rather than both PAF and body part location refinement results in a substantial increase in both runtime performance and accuracy. We also present the first combined body and foot keypoint detector, based on an internal annotated foot dataset that we have publicly released. We show that the combined detector not only reduces the inference time compared to running them sequentially, but also maintains the accuracy of each component individually. This work has culminated in the release of OpenPose, the first open-source realtime system for multi-person 2D pose detection, including body, foot, hand, and facial keypoints.
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尽管基于体素的方法已经获得了来自多摄像头的多人3D姿势估计的有希望的结果,但它们具有沉重的计算负担,尤其是对于大型场景。我们提出了更快的素素,以通过将特征体积重新投影到三个二维坐标平面并分别估算x,y,z坐标来解决挑战。为此,我们首先通过分别基于投影到XY平面和Z轴的体积功能来估算2D框及其高度,首先通过一个3D边界框来定位每个人。然后,对于每个人,我们分别估算三个坐标平面的部分关节坐标,然后将其融合以获得最终的3D姿势。该方法不含昂贵的3D-CNN,并将其素的速度提高了十倍,同时作为最先进的方法的竞争精度,证明了其在实时应用中的潜力。
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由于严重的阻塞,快速身体运动和复杂的相互作用引起的歧义,多人运动捕获可能具有挑战性。现有的框架以2D姿势估算为基础,并通过推理多相机观测值的外观,轨迹和几何一致性来对3D坐标进行三角测量。但是,由于观察角有限,2D联合检测通常不完整,并且由于观察角有限而导致错误的身份分配,这会导致噪音3D三角测量结果。为了克服这个问题,我们建议使用变压器探索骨骼运动的短距离自回归特征。首先,我们提出了一个自适应,身份感知的三角剖分模块,以重建3D关节并确定每个身份的缺失关节。为了产生完整的3D骨骼运动,我们提出了一个双掩模的自动编码器(D-MAE),该自动编码器(D-MAE)用骨骼结构和时间位置编码轨迹完成的骨骼结构和时间位置编码关节状态。 D-MAE的灵活掩蔽和编码机制使任意骨骼定义可以方便地在同一框架下部署。为了证明所提出的模型在处理严重的数据丢失方案方面的能力,我们为多人相互作用与严重遮挡的高临界性和挑战性运动捕获数据集。对基准和我们的新数据集的评估都证明了我们提出的模型的效率,以及其对其他最新方法的优势。
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本文提出了一个统一的框架到(i)找到球,(ii)预测姿势,(iii)在团队体育场景中分段播放器的实例掩码。这些问题对自动体育分析,生产和广播有高兴趣。常见做法是通过利用通用最先进的模型,例如Panoptic-Deeblab来单独解决每个问题,用于玩家分割。除了从单任务模型的乘法乘以增加的复杂性之外,由于团队体育场景的复杂性和特异性,使用现成的架子模型也会阻碍性能,如强大的遮挡和运动模糊。为了规避这些限制,我们的论文提出培训一种单一的模型,它通过组合零件强度场和空间嵌入原理来预测球和玩家掩模和姿势。部件强度场提供球和播放器位置,以及播放器接头位置。然后利用空间嵌入来将播放器实例像素联系到其各自的播放器中心,而且还将播放器接头分组成骷髅。我们展示了拟议模型在DeepSport篮球数据集上的有效性,为单独解决每个单独任务的SOA模型实现了可比性的性能。
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We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5
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This paper proposes a novel application system for the generation of three-dimensional (3D) character animation driven by markerless human body motion capturing. The entire pipeline of the system consists of five stages: 1) the capturing of motion data using multiple cameras, 2) detection of the two-dimensional (2D) human body joints, 3) estimation of the 3D joints, 4) calculation of bone transformation matrices, and 5) generation of character animation. The main objective of this study is to generate a 3D skeleton and animation for 3D characters using multi-view images captured by ordinary cameras. The computational complexity of the 3D skeleton reconstruction based on 3D vision has been reduced as needed to achieve frame-by-frame motion capturing. The experimental results reveal that our system can effectively and efficiently capture human actions and use them to animate 3D cartoon characters in real-time.
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了解协作环境中工人和机器人的确切3D位置可以实现多种真实应用,例如检测不安全情况或用于统计和社会目的的相互作用的研究。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于深度设备和深度神经网络的非侵入性和光变色的框架,以估算外部摄像头的3D机器人姿势。该方法可以应用于任何机器人,而无需硬件访问内部状态。我们介绍了预测姿势的新颖代表,即半光谱脱钩的热图(SPDH),以准确计算世界坐标中的3D关节位置,以适应为2D人类姿势估计设计的有效的深层网络。所提出的方法可以作为基于XYZ坐标的输入深度表示,可以在合成深度数据上进行训练,并应用于现实世界设置,而无需域适应技术。为此,我们根据合成和真实深度图像介绍SIMBA数据集,并将其用于实验评估。结果表明,由特定的深度图表示和SPDH制成的建议方法克服了当前的最新状态。
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3D human whole-body pose estimation aims to localize precise 3D keypoints on the entire human body, including the face, hands, body, and feet. Due to the lack of a large-scale fully annotated 3D whole-body dataset, a common approach has been to train several deep networks separately on datasets dedicated to specific body parts, and combine them during inference. This approach suffers from complex training and inference pipelines because of the different biases in each dataset used. It also lacks a common benchmark which makes it difficult to compare different methods. To address these issues, we introduce Human3.6M 3D WholeBody (H3WB) which provides whole-body annotations for the Human3.6M dataset using the COCO Wholebody layout. H3WB is a large scale dataset with 133 whole-body keypoint annotations on 100K images, made possible by our new multi-view pipeline. Along with H3WB, we propose 3 tasks: i) 3D whole-body pose lifting from 2D complete whole-body pose, ii) 3D whole-body pose lifting from 2D incomplete whole-body pose, iii) 3D whole-body pose estimation from a single RGB image. We also report several baselines from popular methods for these tasks. The dataset is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/wholebody3d/wholebody3d}.
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估计对象的6D姿势是必不可少的计算机视觉任务。但是,大多数常规方法从单个角度依赖相机数据,因此遭受遮挡。我们通过称为MV6D的新型多视图6D姿势估计方法克服了这个问题,该方法从多个角度根据RGB-D图像准确地预测了混乱场景中所有对象的6D姿势。我们将方法以PVN3D网络为基础,该网络使用单个RGB-D图像来预测目标对象的关键点。我们通过从多个视图中使用组合点云来扩展此方法,并将每个视图中的图像与密集层层融合。与当前的多视图检测网络(例如Cosypose)相反,我们的MV6D可以以端到端的方式学习多个观点的融合,并且不需要多个预测阶段或随后对预测的微调。此外,我们介绍了三个新颖的影像学数据集,这些数据集具有沉重的遮挡的混乱场景。所有这些都从多个角度包含RGB-D图像,例如语义分割和6D姿势估计。即使在摄像头不正确的情况下,MV6D也明显优于多视图6D姿势估计中最新的姿势估计。此外,我们表明我们的方法对动态相机设置具有强大的态度,并且其准确性随着越来越多的观点而逐渐增加。
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多摄像机系统的校准,即确定相机之间的相对姿势,是计算机视觉和机器人技术中许多任务的先决条件。通常使用使用棋盘校准目标的离线方法来实现摄像头校准。但是,考虑到每次相机姿势更改都需要进行新的校准,这些方法通常很麻烦且冗长。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种无标记的在线方法,用于对多个智能边缘传感器进行外部校准,仅依赖于2D人关键点检测,这些检测是在RGB摄像机图像中本地计算出的。我们的方法假定要知道的固有摄像头参数,并且需要对相机姿势进行粗略的初始估计进行启动。从中央后端收到了来自多个视图的人关键点检测,并将其同步,过滤和分配给人假设。我们使用这些人假设以因子图的形式反复解决优化问题。考虑到对遍及场景的一个或多个人的合适观察,估计的相机姿势在几分钟内将相干的外部校准汇聚在一起。我们在现实世界中评估了我们的方法,并证明与使用传统校准目标通过离线方法生成的参考校准相比,使用我们方法的校准实现了较低的再投影错误。
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Accurate whole-body multi-person pose estimation and tracking is an important yet challenging topic in computer vision. To capture the subtle actions of humans for complex behavior analysis, whole-body pose estimation including the face, body, hand and foot is essential over conventional body-only pose estimation. In this paper, we present AlphaPose, a system that can perform accurate whole-body pose estimation and tracking jointly while running in realtime. To this end, we propose several new techniques: Symmetric Integral Keypoint Regression (SIKR) for fast and fine localization, Parametric Pose Non-Maximum-Suppression (P-NMS) for eliminating redundant human detections and Pose Aware Identity Embedding for jointly pose estimation and tracking. During training, we resort to Part-Guided Proposal Generator (PGPG) and multi-domain knowledge distillation to further improve the accuracy. Our method is able to localize whole-body keypoints accurately and tracks humans simultaneously given inaccurate bounding boxes and redundant detections. We show a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art methods in both speed and accuracy on COCO-wholebody, COCO, PoseTrack, and our proposed Halpe-FullBody pose estimation dataset. Our model, source codes and dataset are made publicly available at https://github.com/MVIG-SJTU/AlphaPose.
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Quantifying motion in 3D is important for studying the behavior of humans and other animals, but manual pose annotations are expensive and time-consuming to obtain. Self-supervised keypoint discovery is a promising strategy for estimating 3D poses without annotations. However, current keypoint discovery approaches commonly process single 2D views and do not operate in the 3D space. We propose a new method to perform self-supervised keypoint discovery in 3D from multi-view videos of behaving agents, without any keypoint or bounding box supervision in 2D or 3D. Our method uses an encoder-decoder architecture with a 3D volumetric heatmap, trained to reconstruct spatiotemporal differences across multiple views, in addition to joint length constraints on a learned 3D skeleton of the subject. In this way, we discover keypoints without requiring manual supervision in videos of humans and rats, demonstrating the potential of 3D keypoint discovery for studying behavior.
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闭塞对单眼多人3D人体姿势估计构成了极大的威胁,这是由于封闭器的形状,外观和位置方面的差异很大。尽管现有的方法试图用姿势先验/约束,数据增强或隐性推理处理遮挡,但它们仍然无法概括地看不见姿势或遮挡案例,并且在出现多人时可能会犯大错误。受到人类从可见线索推断关节的显着能力的启发,我们开发了一种方法来显式建模该过程,该过程可以显着改善有或没有遮挡的情况下,可以显着改善自下而上的多人姿势估计。首先,我们将任务分为两个子任务:可见的关键点检测和遮挡的关键点推理,并提出了深入监督的编码器蒸馏(DSED)网络以求解第二个网络。为了训练我们的模型,我们提出了一种骨骼引导的人形拟合(SSF)方法,以在现有数据集上生成伪遮挡标签,从而实现明确的遮挡推理。实验表明,从遮挡中明确学习可以改善人类姿势估计。此外,利用可见关节的特征级信息使我们可以更准确地推理遮挡关节。我们的方法的表现优于几个基准的最新自上而下和自下而上的方法。
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瑜伽是全球广受好评的,广泛推荐的健康生活实践。在执行瑜伽时保持正确的姿势至关重要。在这项工作中,我们采用了从人类姿势估计模型中的转移学习来提取整个人体的136个关键点,以训练一个随机的森林分类器,该分类器用于估算瑜伽室。在内部收集的内部收集的瑜伽视频数据库中评估了结果,该数据库是从4个不同的相机角度记录的51个主题。我们提出了一个三步方案,用于通过对1)看不见的帧,2)看不见的受试者进行测试来评估瑜伽分类器的普遍性。我们认为,对于大多数应用程序,对看不见的主题的验证精度和看不见的摄像头是最重要的。我们经验分析了三个公共数据集,转移学习的优势以及目标泄漏的可能性。我们进一步证明,分类精度在很大程度上取决于所采用的交叉验证方法,并且通常会产生误导。为了促进进一步的研究,我们已公开提供关键点数据集和代码。
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最近,视觉变压器及其变体在人类和多视图人类姿势估计中均起着越来越重要的作用。将图像补丁视为令牌,变形金刚可以对整个图像中的全局依赖项进行建模或其他视图中的图像。但是,全球关注在计算上是昂贵的。结果,很难将这些基于变压器的方法扩展到高分辨率特征和许多视图。在本文中,我们提出了代币螺旋的姿势变压器(PPT)进行2D人姿势估计,该姿势估计可以找到粗糙的人掩模,并且只能在选定的令牌内进行自我注意。此外,我们将PPT扩展到多视图人类姿势估计。我们建立在PPT的基础上,提出了一种新的跨视图融合策略,称为人类区域融合,该策略将所有人类前景像素视为相应的候选者。可可和MPII的实验结果表明,我们的PPT可以在减少计算的同时匹配以前的姿势变压器方法的准确性。此外,对人类360万和滑雪姿势的实验表明,我们的多视图PPT可以有效地从多个视图中融合线索并获得新的最新结果。
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内部的姿势估计显示出在医院患者监测,睡眠研究和智能家居等领域的价值。在本文中,我们探讨了借助现有的姿势估计器,从高度模棱两可的压力数据中检测身体姿势的不同策略。我们通过直接使用或通过在两个压力数据集上对其进行重新训练来检查预训练的姿势估计器的性能。我们还利用可学习的预处理域适应步骤探索了其他策略,该步骤将模糊的压力图转换为更接近共同目的姿势估计模块的预期输入空间的表示。因此,我们使用了具有多个尺度的完全卷积网络,以向预训练的姿势估计模块提供压力图的姿势特异性特征。我们对不同方法的完整分析表明,在压力数据上,可学习的预处理模块的组合以及重新训练基于图像的姿势估计器能够克服诸如高度模糊的压力点之类的问题,以实现很高的姿势估计准确性。
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大多数实时人类姿势估计方法都基于检测接头位置。使用检测到的关节位置,可以计算偏差和肢体的俯仰。然而,由于这种旋转轴仍然不观察,因此不能计算沿着肢体沿着肢体至关重要的曲折,这对于诸如体育分析和计算机动画至关重要。在本文中,我们引入了方向关键点,一种用于估计骨骼关节的全位置和旋转的新方法,仅使用单帧RGB图像。灵感来自Motion-Capture Systems如何使用一组点标记来估计全骨骼旋转,我们的方法使用虚拟标记来生成足够的信息,以便准确地推断使用简单的后处理。旋转预测改善了接头角度最佳报告的平均误差48%,并且在15个骨骼旋转中实现了93%的精度。该方法还通过MPJPE在原理数据集上测量,通过MPJPE测量,该方法还改善了当前的最新结果14%,并概括为野外数据集。
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本文介绍了使用变压器解决关键点检测和实例关联的新方法。对于自下而上的多人姿势估计模型,他们需要检测关键点并在关键点之间学习关联信息。我们认为这些问题可以完全由变压器解决。具体而言,变压器中的自我关注测量任何一对位置之间的依赖性,这可以为关键点分组提供关联信息。但是,天真的注意力模式仍然没有主观控制,因此无法保证关键点始终会参加它们所属的实例。为了解决它,我们提出了一种监督多人关键点检测和实例关联的自我关注的新方法。通过使用实例掩码来监督自我关注的实例感知,我们可以基于成对引人注定分数为其对应的实例分配检测到的关键字,而无需使用预定义的偏移量字段或嵌入像基于CNN的自下而上模型。我们方法的另一个好处是可以从监督的注意矩阵直接获得任何数量的人的实例分段结果,从而简化了像素分配管道。对Coco多人关键点检测挑战和人实例分割任务的实验证明了所提出的方法的有效性和简单性,并显示出于针对特定目的控制自我关注行为的有希望的方法。
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