我们展示了域不变特征学习（DIFL）可以改善深度学习结核筛查算法的域名概括性。众所周知，由于“域移位”，最深入的深度学习算法通常具有难以推广的概念数据分布。在医学成像的背景下，这可能导致意外的偏见，例如从一个患者人口到另一个患者人口的无法概括。我们分析了reset-50分类器的性能，以便用四个最受欢迎的公共数据集在地理上不同的图像来源的核化性筛选的目的。我们表明，如果没有域适应，Reset-50难以通过来自地理分布区域的图像从许多公共结核病筛查数据集之间概括成像分布。然而，随着DIFL的掺入，域外的性能大大提高了。分析标准包括对基线的准确性，灵敏度，特异性和AUC的比较，以及DIFL增强算法。我们得出结论，DIFL在应用跨各种公共数据集时保持结核筛查的易用性，同时在源域图像上保持可接受的准确性。

Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.

Adversarial learning methods are a promising approach to training robust deep networks, and can generate complex samples across diverse domains. They also can improve recognition despite the presence of domain shift or dataset bias: several adversarial approaches to unsupervised domain adaptation have recently been introduced, which reduce the difference between the training and test domain distributions and thus improve generalization performance. Prior generative approaches show compelling visualizations, but are not optimal on discriminative tasks and can be limited to smaller shifts. Prior discriminative approaches could handle larger domain shifts, but imposed tied weights on the model and did not exploit a GAN-based loss. We first outline a novel generalized framework for adversarial adaptation, which subsumes recent state-of-the-art approaches as special cases, and we use this generalized view to better relate the prior approaches. We propose a previously unexplored instance of our general framework which combines discriminative modeling, untied weight sharing, and a GAN loss, which we call Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptation (ADDA). We show that ADDA is more effective yet considerably simpler than competing domain-adversarial methods, and demonstrate the promise of our approach by exceeding state-of-the-art unsupervised adaptation results on standard cross-domain digit classification tasks and a new more difficult cross-modality object classification task.

新的冠状病毒造成了超过一百万的死亡，并继续迅速传播。这种病毒靶向肺部，导致呼吸窘迫，这可以轻度或严重。肺的X射线或计算机断层扫描（CT）图像可以揭示患者是否感染Covid-19。许多研究人员正在尝试使用人工智能改善Covid-19检测。我们的动机是开发一种可以应对的自动方法，该方法可以应对标记数据的方案是耗时或昂贵的。在本文中，我们提出了使用依赖于Sobel边缘检测和生成对冲网络（GANS）的有限标记数据（SCLLD）的半监督分类来自动化Covid-19诊断。 GaN鉴别器输出是一种概率值，用于在这项工作中进行分类。建议的系统使用从Omid Hosparing收集的10,000 CT扫描培训，而公共数据集也用于验证我们的系统。将该方法与其他最先进的监督方法进行比较，例如高斯过程。据我们所知，这是第一次提出了对Covid-19检测的半监督方法。我们的系统能够从有限标记和未标记数据的混合学习，该数据由于缺乏足够量的标记数据而导致的监督学习者失败。因此，我们的半监督训练方法显着优于卷积神经网络（CNN）的监督培训，当标记的训练数据稀缺时。在精度，敏感性和特异性方面，我们的方法的95％置信区间分别为99.56±0.20％，99.88±0.24％和99.40±0.1.18％，而CNN的间隔（训练有素的监督）为68.34 + - 4.11％，91.2 + - 6.15％，46.40 + - 5.21％。

Domain Adaptation is an actively researched problem in Computer Vision. In this work, we propose an approach that leverages unsupervised data to bring the source and target distributions closer in a learned joint feature space. We accomplish this by inducing a symbiotic relationship between the learned embedding and a generative adversarial network. This is in contrast to methods which use the adversarial framework for realistic data generation and retraining deep models with such data. We demonstrate the strength and generality of our approach by performing experiments on three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (1) Digit classification (MNIST, SVHN and USPS datasets) (2) Object recognition using OFFICE dataset and (3) Domain adaptation from synthetic to real data. Our method achieves state-of-the art performance in most experimental settings and by far the only GAN-based method that has been shown to work well across different datasets such as OFFICE and DIGITS.

视网膜疗法代表一组视网膜疾病，如果不及时治疗，可能会导致严重的视觉障碍甚至失明。许多研究人员已经开发了自治系统，通过眼底和光学相干断层扫描（OCT）图像识别视网膜病变。然而，大多数这些框架采用传统的转移学习和微调方法，需要一种非常良好的注释训练数据来产生准确的诊断性能。本文提出了一种新型增量跨域适应仪，可以通过几次拍摄培训允许任何深度分类模型逐步学习OCT和眼底图像的异常视网膜病理。此外，与其竞争对手不同，所提出的仪器通过贝叶斯多目标函数驱动，不仅执行候选分类网络，不仅在增量培训期间保留其先前学到的知识，而且还确保网络了解先前学习的结构和语义关系病理学和新增的疾病类别在推理阶段有效地识别它们。所提出的框架，在用三种不同的扫描仪获得的六个公共数据集中评估，以筛选十三个视网膜病理，优于最先进的竞争对手，通过分别实现了0.9826和0.9846的整体准确性和F1得分。

Collecting well-annotated image datasets to train modern machine learning algorithms is prohibitively expensive for many tasks. An appealing alternative is to render synthetic data where ground-truth annotations are generated automatically. Unfortunately, models trained purely on rendered images often fail to generalize to real images. To address this shortcoming, prior work introduced unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms that attempt to map representations between the two domains or learn to extract features that are domain-invariant. In this work, we present a new approach that learns, in an unsupervised manner, a transformation in the pixel space from one domain to the other. Our generative adversarial network (GAN)-based model adapts source-domain images to appear as if drawn from the target domain. Our approach not only produces plausible samples, but also outperforms the state-of-the-art on a number of unsupervised domain adaptation scenarios by large margins. Finally, we demonstrate that the adaptation process generalizes to object classes unseen during training.

胸部射线照相是一种相对便宜，广泛的医疗程序，可传达用于进行诊断决策的关键信息。胸部X射线几乎总是用于诊断呼吸系统疾病，如肺炎或最近的Covid-19。在本文中，我们提出了一个自我监督的深神经网络，其在未标记的胸部X射线数据集上掠夺。学习的陈述转移到下游任务 - 呼吸系统疾病的分类。在四个公共数据集获得的结果表明，我们的方法在不需要大量标记的培训数据的情况下产生竞争力。

Recent reports suggest that a generic supervised deep CNN model trained on a large-scale dataset reduces, but does not remove, dataset bias. Fine-tuning deep models in a new domain can require a significant amount of labeled data, which for many applications is simply not available. We propose a new CNN architecture to exploit unlabeled and sparsely labeled target domain data. Our approach simultaneously optimizes for domain invariance to facilitate domain transfer and uses a soft label distribution matching loss to transfer information between tasks. Our proposed adaptation method offers empirical performance which exceeds previously published results on two standard benchmark visual domain adaptation tasks, evaluated across supervised and semi-supervised adaptation settings.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.

2019年12月，一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展，但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外，许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能，以诊断许多疾病，甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此，本调查纸探讨了提议的方法，可以提前援助医生和研究人员，廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试，但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面，对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果，提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后，我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外，我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此，我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后，在研究挑战中，我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题，我们解决了我们的理解，以建立一个明亮健康的环境。

Top-performing deep architectures are trained on massive amounts of labeled data. In the absence of labeled data for a certain task, domain adaptation often provides an attractive option given that labeled data of similar nature but from a different domain (e.g. synthetic images) are available. Here, we propose a new approach to domain adaptation in deep architectures that can be trained on large amount of labeled data from the source domain and large amount of unlabeled data from the target domain (no labeled targetdomain data is necessary).As the training progresses, the approach promotes the emergence of "deep" features that are (i) discriminative for the main learning task on the source domain and (ii) invariant with respect to the shift between the domains. We show that this adaptation behaviour can be achieved in almost any feed-forward model by augmenting it with few standard layers and a simple new gradient reversal layer. The resulting augmented architecture can be trained using standard backpropagation.Overall, the approach can be implemented with little effort using any of the deep-learning packages. The method performs very well in a series of image classification experiments, achieving adaptation effect in the presence of big domain shifts and outperforming previous state-ofthe-art on Office datasets.

每年有大约4.5亿人受到肺炎的影响，导致250万人死亡。 Covid-19也影响了1.81亿人，这导致了392万人伤亡。如果早期诊断，两种疾病死亡可能会显着降低。然而，目前诊断肺炎（投诉+胸部X射线）和Covid-19（RT-PCR）的方法分别存在专家放射科医生和时间。在深度学习模型的帮助下，可以从胸部X射线或CT扫描立即检测肺炎和Covid-19。这样，诊断肺炎/ Covid-19的过程可以更有效和普遍地制作。在本文中，我们的目标是引出，解释和评估，定性和定量，深入学习方法的主要进步，旨在检测或定位社区获得的肺炎（帽），病毒肺炎和Covid-19从胸部X-的图像光线和CT扫描。作为一个系统的审查，本文的重点在于解释了深度学习模型架构，该架构已经被修改或从划痕，以便WIWTH对概括性的关注。对于每个模型，本文回答了模型所设计的方式的问题，特定模型克服的挑战以及修改模型到所需规格的折衷。还提供了本文描述的所有模型的定量分析，以量化不同模型的有效性与相似的目标。一些权衡无法量化，因此它们在定性分析中明确提到，在整个纸张中完成。通过在一个地方编译和分析大量的研究细节，其中包含所有数据集，模型架构和结果，我们的目标是为对此字段感兴趣的初学者和当前研究人员提供一站式解决方案。

卷积神经网络在皮肤病变图像分类中表现出皮肤科医生水平的表现，但是由于训练数据中看到的偏见而引起的预测不规则性是在可能在广泛部署之前解决的问题。在这项工作中，我们使用两种领先的偏见未学习技术从自动化的黑色素瘤分类管道中稳健地消除了偏见和虚假变化。我们表明，可以使用这些偏置去除方法合理地减轻先前研究中介绍的手术标记和统治者引入的偏见。我们还证明了与用于捕获病变图像的成像仪器有关的杂化变异的概括优势。我们的实验结果提供了证据，表明上述偏见的影响大大降低了，不同的偏见技术在不同的任务方面具有出色的作用。

这项研究的目的是开发一个强大的基于深度学习的框架，以区分Covid-19，社区获得的肺炎（CAP）和基于使用各种方案和放射剂量在不同成像中心获得的胸部CT扫描的正常病例和正常情况。我们表明，虽然我们的建议模型是在使用特定扫描协议仅从一个成像中心获取的相对较小的数据集上训练的，但该模型在使用不同技术参数的多个扫描仪获得的异质测试集上表现良好。我们还表明，可以通过无监督的方法来更新模型，以应对火车和测试集之间的数据移动，并在从其他中心接收新的外部数据集时增强模型的鲁棒性。我们采用了合奏体系结构来汇总该模型的多个版本的预测。为了初始培训和开发目的，使用了171 Covid-19、60 CAP和76个正常情况的内部数据集，其中包含使用恒定的标准辐射剂量扫描方案从一个成像中心获得的体积CT扫描。为了评估模型，我们回顾了四个不同的测试集，以研究数据特征对模型性能的转移的影响。在测试用例中，有与火车组相似的CT扫描，以及嘈杂的低剂量和超低剂量CT扫描。此外，从患有心血管疾病或手术病史的患者中获得了一些测试CT扫描。这项研究中使用的整个测试数据集包含51 covid-19、28 CAP和51例正常情况。实验结果表明，我们提出的框架在所有测试集上的表现良好，达到96.15％的总准确度（95％CI：[91.25-98.74]），COVID-119，COVID-96.08％（95％CI：[86.54-99.5]，95％），[86.54-99.5]，），，），敏感性。帽敏感性为92.86％（95％CI：[76.50-99.19]）。

对分布（OOD）数据的概括是人类自然的能力，但对于机器而言挑战。这是因为大多数学习算法强烈依赖于i.i.d.〜对源/目标数据的假设，这在域转移导致的实践中通常会违反。域的概括（DG）旨在通过仅使用源数据进行模型学习来实现OOD的概括。在过去的十年中，DG的研究取得了长足的进步，导致了广泛的方法论，例如，基于域的一致性，元学习，数据增强或合奏学习的方法，仅举几例；还在各个应用领域进行了研究，包括计算机视觉，语音识别，自然语言处理，医学成像和强化学习。在本文中，首次提供了DG中的全面文献综述，以总结过去十年来的发展。具体而言，我们首先通过正式定义DG并将其与其他相关领域（如域适应和转移学习）联系起来来涵盖背景。然后，我们对现有方法和理论进行了彻底的审查。最后，我们通过有关未来研究方向的见解和讨论来总结这项调查。

Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.

现有的基于深度学习的变更检测方法试图精心设计具有功能强大特征表示的复杂神经网络，但忽略了随时间变化的土地覆盖变化引起的通用域转移，包括亮度波动和事件前和事后图像之间的季节变化，从而产生亚最佳结果。在本文中，我们提出了一个端到端监督域的适应框架，用于跨域变更检测，即SDACD，以有效地减轻双期颞图像之间的域移位，以更好地变更预测。具体而言，我们的SDACD通过有监督的学习从图像和特征角度介绍了合作改编。图像适应性利用了具有循环矛盾的限制来利用生成的对抗学习，以执行跨域样式转换，从而有效地以两边的方式缩小了域间隙。为了特征适应性，我们提取域不变特征以对齐特征空间中的不同特征分布，这可以进一步减少跨域图像的域间隙。为了进一步提高性能，我们结合了三种类型的双颞图像，以进行最终变化预测，包括初始输入双期图像和两个来自事件前和事后域的生成的双颞图像。对两个基准的广泛实验和分析证明了我们提出的框架的有效性和普遍性。值得注意的是，我们的框架将几个代表性的基线模型推向了新的最先进的记录，分别在CDD和WHU建筑数据集上分别达到97.34％和92.36％。源代码和模型可在https://github.com/perfect-you/sdacd上公开获得。

机器学习系统通常假设训练和测试分布是相同的。为此，关键要求是开发可以概括到未经看不见的分布的模型。领域泛化（DG），即分销概括，近年来引起了越来越令人利益。域概括处理了一个具有挑战性的设置，其中给出了一个或几个不同但相关域，并且目标是学习可以概括到看不见的测试域的模型。多年来，域概括地区已经取得了巨大进展。本文提出了对该地区最近进步的首次审查。首先，我们提供了域泛化的正式定义，并讨论了几个相关领域。然后，我们彻底审查了与域泛化相关的理论，并仔细分析了泛化背后的理论。我们将最近的算法分为三个类：数据操作，表示学习和学习策略，并为每个类别详细介绍几种流行的算法。第三，我们介绍常用的数据集，应用程序和我们的开放源代码库进行公平评估。最后，我们总结了现有文学，并为未来提供了一些潜在的研究主题。

生物医学机器阅读理解（生物医学MRC）旨在理解复杂的生物医学叙事，并协助医疗保健专业人员从中检索信息。现代神经网络的MRC系统的高性能取决于高质量的大规模，人为宣传的培训数据集。在生物医学领域中，创建此类数据集的一个至关重要的挑战是域知识的要求，引起了标记数据的稀缺性以及从标记的通用（源）域转移学习到生物医学（目标）域的需求。然而，由于主题方差，通用和生物医学领域之间的边际分布存在差异。因此，从在通用域上训练的模型到生物医学领域的模型直接转移学会的表示可能会损害模型的性能。我们为生物医学机器阅读理解任务（BioAdapt-MRC）提供了基于对抗性学习的域适应框架，这是一种基于神经网络的方法，可解决一般和生物医学域数据之间边际分布中的差异。 Bioadapt-MRC松弛了生成伪标签的需求，以训练表现出色的生物医学MRC模型。我们通过将生物ADAPT-MRC与三种广泛使用的基准生物医学MRC数据集进行比较，从而广泛评估了生物ADAPT-MRC的性能-Bioasq-7B，BioASQ-8B和BioASQ-9B。我们的结果表明，如果不使用来自生物医学领域的任何合成或人类通知的数据，Bioadapt-MRC可以在这些数据集中实现最先进的性能。可用性：bioadapt-MRC可作为开放源项目免费获得，\ url {https://github.com/mmahbub/bioadapt-mrc}。