机器学习系统通常假设训练和测试分布是相同的。为此,关键要求是开发可以概括到未经看不见的分布的模型。领域泛化(DG),即分销概括,近年来引起了越来越令人利益。域概括处理了一个具有挑战性的设置,其中给出了一个或几个不同但相关域,并且目标是学习可以概括到看不见的测试域的模型。多年来,域概括地区已经取得了巨大进展。本文提出了对该地区最近进步的首次审查。首先,我们提供了域泛化的正式定义,并讨论了几个相关领域。然后,我们彻底审查了与域泛化相关的理论,并仔细分析了泛化背后的理论。我们将最近的算法分为三个类:数据操作,表示学习和学习策略,并为每个类别详细介绍几种流行的算法。第三,我们介绍常用的数据集,应用程序和我们的开放源代码库进行公平评估。最后,我们总结了现有文学,并为未来提供了一些潜在的研究主题。
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对分布(OOD)数据的概括是人类自然的能力,但对于机器而言挑战。这是因为大多数学习算法强烈依赖于i.i.d.〜对源/目标数据的假设,这在域转移导致的实践中通常会违反。域的概括(DG)旨在通过仅使用源数据进行模型学习来实现OOD的概括。在过去的十年中,DG的研究取得了长足的进步,导致了广泛的方法论,例如,基于域的一致性,元学习,数据增强或合奏学习的方法,仅举几例;还在各个应用领域进行了研究,包括计算机视觉,语音识别,自然语言处理,医学成像和强化学习。在本文中,首次提供了DG中的全面文献综述,以总结过去十年来的发展。具体而言,我们首先通过正式定义DG并将其与其他相关领域(如域适应和转移学习)联系起来来涵盖背景。然后,我们对现有方法和理论进行了彻底的审查。最后,我们通过有关未来研究方向的见解和讨论来总结这项调查。
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深度学习已成为解决不同领域中现实世界中问题的首选方法,部分原因是它能够从数据中学习并在广泛的应用程序上实现令人印象深刻的性能。但是,它的成功通常取决于两个假设:(i)精确模型拟合需要大量标记的数据集,并且(ii)培训和测试数据是独立的且分布相同的。因此,不能保证它在看不见的目标域上的性能,尤其是在适应阶段遇到分布数据的数据时。目标域中数据的性能下降是部署深层神经网络的关键问题,这些网络已成功地在源域中的数据训练。通过利用标记的源域数据和未标记的目标域数据来执行目标域中的各种任务,提出了无监督的域适应(UDA)来对抗这一点。 UDA在自然图像处理,视频分析,自然语言处理,时间序列数据分析,医学图像分析等方面取得了令人鼓舞的结果。在本综述中,作为一个快速发展的主题,我们对其方法和应用程序进行了系统的比较。此外,还讨论了UDA与其紧密相关的任务的联系,例如域的概括和分布外检测。此外,突出显示了当前方法和可能有希望的方向的缺陷。
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虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据,但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是,在现实世界的应用中,不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限,手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是,模型性能因域之间的差异(域移位或数据集偏差)而劣化。为了克服注释的负担,域适应(DA)旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA(UDA)处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异,并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中,我们首先定义UDA问题。其次,我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后,我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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语义分割在广泛的计算机视觉应用中起着基本作用,提供了全球对图像​​的理解的关键信息。然而,最先进的模型依赖于大量的注释样本,其比在诸如图像分类的任务中获得更昂贵的昂贵的样本。由于未标记的数据替代地获得更便宜,因此无监督的域适应达到了语义分割社区的广泛成功并不令人惊讶。本调查致力于总结这一令人难以置信的快速增长的领域的五年,这包含了语义细分本身的重要性,以及将分段模型适应新环境的关键需求。我们提出了最重要的语义分割方法;我们对语义分割的域适应技术提供了全面的调查;我们揭示了多域学习,域泛化,测试时间适应或无源域适应等较新的趋势;我们通过描述在语义细分研究中最广泛使用的数据集和基准测试来结束本调查。我们希望本调查将在学术界和工业中提供具有全面参考指导的研究人员,并有助于他们培养现场的新研究方向。
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Machine learning models rely on various assumptions to attain high accuracy. One of the preliminary assumptions of these models is the independent and identical distribution, which suggests that the train and test data are sampled from the same distribution. However, this assumption seldom holds in the real world due to distribution shifts. As a result models that rely on this assumption exhibit poor generalization capabilities. Over the recent years, dedicated efforts have been made to improve the generalization capabilities of these models collectively known as -- \textit{domain generalization methods}. The primary idea behind these methods is to identify stable features or mechanisms that remain invariant across the different distributions. Many generalization approaches employ causal theories to describe invariance since causality and invariance are inextricably intertwined. However, current surveys deal with the causality-aware domain generalization methods on a very high-level. Furthermore, we argue that it is possible to categorize the methods based on how causality is leveraged in that method and in which part of the model pipeline is it used. To this end, we categorize the causal domain generalization methods into three categories, namely, (i) Invariance via Causal Data Augmentation methods which are applied during the data pre-processing stage, (ii) Invariance via Causal representation learning methods that are utilized during the representation learning stage, and (iii) Invariance via Transferring Causal mechanisms methods that are applied during the classification stage of the pipeline. Furthermore, this survey includes in-depth insights into benchmark datasets and code repositories for domain generalization methods. We conclude the survey with insights and discussions on future directions.
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Graph machine learning has been extensively studied in both academia and industry. Although booming with a vast number of emerging methods and techniques, most of the literature is built on the in-distribution hypothesis, i.e., testing and training graph data are identically distributed. However, this in-distribution hypothesis can hardly be satisfied in many real-world graph scenarios where the model performance substantially degrades when there exist distribution shifts between testing and training graph data. To solve this critical problem, out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization on graphs, which goes beyond the in-distribution hypothesis, has made great progress and attracted ever-increasing attention from the research community. In this paper, we comprehensively survey OOD generalization on graphs and present a detailed review of recent advances in this area. First, we provide a formal problem definition of OOD generalization on graphs. Second, we categorize existing methods into three classes from conceptually different perspectives, i.e., data, model, and learning strategy, based on their positions in the graph machine learning pipeline, followed by detailed discussions for each category. We also review the theories related to OOD generalization on graphs and introduce the commonly used graph datasets for thorough evaluations. Finally, we share our insights on future research directions. This paper is the first systematic and comprehensive review of OOD generalization on graphs, to the best of our knowledge.
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Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.
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Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.
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在过去的十年中,许多深入学习模型都受到了良好的培训,并在各种机器智能领域取得了巨大成功,特别是对于计算机视觉和自然语言处理。为了更好地利用这些训练有素的模型在域内或跨域转移学习情况下,提出了知识蒸馏(KD)和域适应(DA)并成为研究亮点。他们旨在通过原始培训数据从训练有素的模型转移有用的信息。但是,由于隐私,版权或机密性,原始数据并不总是可用的。最近,无数据知识转移范式吸引了吸引人的关注,因为它涉及从训练有素的模型中蒸馏宝贵的知识,而无需访问培训数据。特别是,它主要包括无数据知识蒸馏(DFKD)和源无数据域适应(SFDA)。一方面,DFKD旨在将域名域内知识从一个麻烦的教师网络转移到一个紧凑的学生网络,以进行模型压缩和有效推论。另一方面,SFDA的目标是重用存储在训练有素的源模型中的跨域知识并将其调整为目标域。在本文中,我们对知识蒸馏和无监督域适应的视角提供了全面的数据知识转移,以帮助读者更好地了解目前的研究状况和想法。分别简要审查了这两个领域的应用和挑战。此外,我们对未来研究的主题提供了一些见解。
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最近的智能故障诊断(IFD)的进展大大依赖于深度代表学习和大量标记数据。然而,机器通常以各种工作条件操作,或者目标任务具有不同的分布,其中包含用于训练的收集数据(域移位问题)。此外,目标域中的新收集的测试数据通常是未标记的,导致基于无监督的深度转移学习(基于UDTL为基础的)IFD问题。虽然它已经实现了巨大的发展,但标准和开放的源代码框架以及基于UDTL的IFD的比较研究尚未建立。在本文中,我们根据不同的任务,构建新的分类系统并对基于UDTL的IFD进行全面审查。对一些典型方法和数据集的比较分析显示了基于UDTL的IFD中的一些开放和基本问题,这很少研究,包括特征,骨干,负转移,物理前导等的可转移性,强调UDTL的重要性和再现性 - 基于IFD,整个测试框架将发布给研究界以促进未来的研究。总之,发布的框架和比较研究可以作为扩展界面和基本结果,以便对基于UDTL的IFD进行新的研究。代码框架可用于\ url {https:/github.com/zhaozhibin/udtl}。
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Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) via deep learning has attracted appealing attention for tackling domain-shift problems caused by distribution discrepancy across different domains. Existing UDA approaches highly depend on the accessibility of source domain data, which is usually limited in practical scenarios due to privacy protection, data storage and transmission cost, and computation burden. To tackle this issue, many source-free unsupervised domain adaptation (SFUDA) methods have been proposed recently, which perform knowledge transfer from a pre-trained source model to unlabeled target domain with source data inaccessible. A comprehensive review of these works on SFUDA is of great significance. In this paper, we provide a timely and systematic literature review of existing SFUDA approaches from a technical perspective. Specifically, we categorize current SFUDA studies into two groups, i.e., white-box SFUDA and black-box SFUDA, and further divide them into finer subcategories based on different learning strategies they use. We also investigate the challenges of methods in each subcategory, discuss the advantages/disadvantages of white-box and black-box SFUDA methods, conclude the commonly used benchmark datasets, and summarize the popular techniques for improved generalizability of models learned without using source data. We finally discuss several promising future directions in this field.
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培训和测试数据之间的分布变化通常会破坏深度学习模型的性能。近年来,许多工作都注意存在分布转移的领域泛化(DG),而目标数据看不见。尽管算法设计取得了进展,但长期以来一直忽略了两个基础因素:1)基于正则化的目标(例如,分布对齐)的优化和2)DG的模型选择,因为无法利用有关目标域的知识。在本文中,我们提出了用于域概括的优化和选择技术的混合。为了进行优化,我们利用改编的混音来生成一个分发数据集,该数据集可以指导首选项方向并通过帕累托优化进行优化。对于模型选择,我们生成一个验证数据集,距离目标分布距离更遥远,从而可以更好地表示目标数据。我们还提出了一些理论见解。对一个视觉分类基准和三个时间序列基准的全面实验表明,我们的模型优化和选择技术可以在很大程度上可以改善现有域概括算法的性能,甚至可以取得新的最先进的结果。
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在过去的几年中,深度学习取得了巨大的成功。但是,面对非IID情况,深度学习的表现可能会阻碍。域的概括(DG)使模型可以概括为看不见的测试分布,即学习域不变表示。在本文中,我们认为域不变的特征应起源于内部和相互侧面。内部不变性意味着可以通过单个域学习这些功能,并且该功能捕获了数据的内在语义,即在域内的属性,这是其他域的不可知论。相互不变性意味着可以通过多个域(跨域)学习这些特征,并且功能包含常见信息,即可转移的功能W.R.T.其他域。然后,我们为域不变特征探索提出了DIFEX。 DIFEX采用知识蒸馏框架来捕获高级傅立叶相,作为内部不变的特征,并将跨域相关对准作为相互不变的特征。我们进一步设计了探索损失,以增加功能多样性以更好地概括。对时间序列和视觉基准测试的广泛实验表明,所提出的DIFEX实现了最先进的性能。
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广义零射击学习(GZSL)旨在培训一个模型,以在某些输出类别在监督学习过程中未知的情况下对数据样本进行分类。为了解决这一具有挑战性的任务,GZSL利用可见的(源)和看不见的(目标)类的语义信息来弥合所见类和看不见的类之间的差距。自引入以来,已经制定了许多GZSL模型。在这篇评论论文中,我们介绍了有关GZSL的全面评论。首先,我们提供了GZSL的概述,包括问题和挑战。然后,我们为GZSL方法介绍了分层分类,并讨论了每个类别中的代表性方法。此外,我们讨论了GZSL的可用基准数据集和应用程序,以及有关研究差距和未来研究方向的讨论。
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当部署和培训之间存在分配变化时,深层神经网络的性能恶化严重。域的概括(DG)旨在通过仅依靠一组源域来安全地传输模型以看不见目标域。尽管已经提出了各种DG方法,但最近的一项名为Domainbed的研究表明,其中大多数没有超过简单的经验风险最小化(ERM)。为此,我们提出了一个通用框架,该框架与现有的DG算法是正交的,并且可以始终如一地提高其性能。与以前的DG作品不同的是,在静态源模型上有希望成为通用的DG,我们提出的ADAODM会在测试时间适应不同目标域的源模型。具体而言,我们在共享域形式的特征提取器上创建多个域特异性分类器。特征提取器和分类器以对抗性方式进行了训练,其中特征提取器将输入样品嵌入到域不变的空间中,并且多个分类器捕获了每个分类器与特定源域有关的独特决策边界。在测试过程中,可以通过利用源分类器之间的预测分歧来有效地衡量目标和源域之间的分布差异。通过微调源模型以最大程度地减少测试时间的分歧,目标域特征与不变特征空间很好地对齐。我们验证了两种流行的DG方法,即ERM和Coral,以及四个DG基准,即VLCS,PACS,OfficeHome和TerrainCognita。结果表明,ADAODM稳定地提高了对看不见的域的概括能力,并实现了最先进的性能。
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最近,面部生物识别是对传统认证系统的方便替代的巨大关注。因此,检测恶意尝试已经发现具有重要意义,导致面部抗欺骗〜(FAS),即面部呈现攻击检测。与手工制作的功能相反,深度特色学习和技术已经承诺急剧增加FAS系统的准确性,解决了实现这种系统的真实应用的关键挑战。因此,处理更广泛的发展以及准确的模型的新研究区越来越多地引起了研究界和行业的关注。在本文中,我们为自2017年以来对与基于深度特征的FAS方法相关的文献综合调查。在这一主题上阐明,基于各种特征和学习方法的语义分类。此外,我们以时间顺序排列,其进化进展和评估标准(数据集内集和数据集互联集合中集)覆盖了FAS的主要公共数据集。最后,我们讨论了开放的研究挑战和未来方向。
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大数据学习为人工智能(AI)带来了成功,但是注释和培训成本很昂贵。将来,对小数据的学习是AI的最终目的之一,它要求机器识别依靠小数据作为人类的目标和场景。一系列的机器学习模型正在进行这种方式,例如积极学习,几乎没有学习,深度聚类。但是,其概括性能几乎没有理论保证。此外,它们的大多数设置都是被动的,也就是说,标签分布由一个指定的采样方案明确控制。这项调查遵循PAC(可能是近似正确)框架下的不可知论活动采样,以分析使用有监督和无监督的时尚对小数据学习的概括误差和标签复杂性。通过这些理论分析,我们从两个几何学角度对小数据学习模型进行了分类:欧几里得和非欧几里得(双曲线)平均表示,在此还提供了优化解决方案和讨论。稍后,然后总结了一些可能从小型数据学习中受益的潜在学习方案,还分析了它们的潜在学习方案。最后,还调查了一些具有挑战性的应用程序,例如计算机视觉,自然语言处理可能会受益于小型数据学习。
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整合不同域的知识是人类学习的重要特征。学习范式如转移学习,元学习和多任务学习,通过利用新任务的先验知识,鼓励更快的学习和新任务的良好普遍来反映人类学习过程。本文提供了这些学习范例的详细视图以及比较分析。学习算法的弱点是另一个的力量,从而合并它们是文献中的一种普遍的特征。这项工作提供了对文章的文献综述,这些文章融合了两种算法来完成多个任务。这里还介绍了全球通用学习网络,在此介绍了元学习,转移学习和多任务学习的集合,以及一些开放的研究问题和未来研究的方向。
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