关于对比学习的最新研究仅通过在医学图像分割的背景下利用很少的标签来实现出色的性能。现有方法主要关注实例歧视和不变映射。但是，他们面临三个常见的陷阱：（1）尾巴：医疗图像数据通常遵循隐式的长尾分配。盲目利用训练中的所有像素会导致数据失衡问题，并导致性能恶化； （2）一致性：尚不清楚分割模型是否由于不同解剖学特征之间的类内变化而学会了有意义但一致的解剖学特征； （3）多样性：整个数据集中的切片内相关性已得到明显降低的关注。这促使我们寻求一种有原则的方法来战略利用数据集本身，以发现不同解剖学观点的类似但不同的样本。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新型的半监督医学图像分割框架，称其为您自己的解剖结构（MONA），并做出了三个贡献。首先，先前的工作认为，每个像素对模型培训都同样重要。我们从经验上观察到，仅此单单就不太可能定义有意义的解剖特征，这主要是由于缺乏监督信号。我们通过使用更强大的数据增强和最近的邻居展示了学习不变的两个简单解决方案。其次，我们构建了一组目标，鼓励模型能够以无监督的方式将医学图像分解为解剖特征的集合。最后，我们在具有不同标记设置的三个基准数据集上的广泛结果验证了我们提出的MONA的有效性，该数据在不同的标签设置下实现了新的最新设置。

监管基于深度学习的方法，产生医学图像分割的准确结果。但是，它们需要大量标记的数据集，并获得它们是一种艰苦的任务，需要临床专业知识。基于半/自我监督的学习方法通​​过利用未标记的数据以及有限的注释数据来解决此限制。最近的自我监督学习方法使用对比损失来从未标记的图像中学习良好的全球层面表示，并在像想象网那样的流行自然图像数据集上实现高性能。在诸如分段的像素级预测任务中，对于学习良好的本地级别表示以及全局表示来说至关重要，以实现更好的准确性。然而，现有的局部对比损失的方法的影响仍然是学习良好本地表现的限制，因为类似于随机增强和空间接近定义了类似和不同的局部区域;由于半/自我监督设置缺乏大规模专家注释，而不是基于当地地区的语义标签。在本文中，我们提出了局部对比损失，以便通过利用从未标记的图像的未标记图像的伪标签获得的语义标签信息来学习用于分割的良好像素级别特征。特别地，我们定义了建议的损失，以鼓励具有相同伪标签/标签的像素的类似表示，同时与数据集中的不同伪标签/标签的像素的表示。我们通过联合优化标记和未标记的集合和仅限于标记集的分割损失，通过联合优化拟议的对比损失来进行基于伪标签的自培训和培训网络。我们在三个公共心脏和前列腺数据集上进行了评估，并获得高分割性能。

有了大规模标记的数据集，深度学习在医学图像分割方面已取得了重大成功。但是，由于广泛的专业知识要求和昂贵的标签工作，在临床实践中获取大量注释是具有挑战性的。最近，对比学习表明，在未标记的数据上进行视觉表示学习的能力很强，在许多领域中实现了令人印象深刻的性能与监督的学习。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新型的多尺度多视图全球对比度学习（MMGL）框架，以彻底探索不同尺度的全球和局部特征，并观察到可靠的对比度学习表现，从而通过有限的注释来改善细分性能。在MM-WHS数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了MMGL框架对半监视的心脏图像分割的有效性，从而超过了最先进的对比度学习方法，这是通过较大的余量。

自我监督的学习（SSL）通过大量未标记的数据的先知，在各种医学成像任务上取得了出色的性能。但是，对于特定的下游任务，仍然缺乏有关如何选择合适的借口任务和实现细节的指令书。在这项工作中，我们首先回顾了医学成像分析领域中自我监督方法的最新应用。然后，我们进行了广泛的实验，以探索SSL中的四个重要问题用于医学成像，包括（1）自我监督预处理对不平衡数据集的影响，（2）网络体系结构，（3）上游任务对下游任务和下游任务和下游任务的适用性（4）SSL和常用政策用于深度学习的堆叠效果，包括数据重新采样和增强。根据实验结果，提出了潜在的指南，以在医学成像中进行自我监督预处理。最后，我们讨论未来的研究方向并提出问题，以了解新的SSL方法和范式时要注意。

医学图像分析中的自动分割是一个具有挑战性的任务，需要大量手动标记的数据。然而，手动注释的医疗数据通常是费力的，并且大多数现有的基于学习的方法都无法准确地描绘对象边界而没有有效的几何约束。对比学习，自我监督学习的子区域最近被指出在多个应用领域的有希望的方向。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种具有几何约束的新型对比体Voxel-Wise表示蒸馏（CVRD）方法，用于学习具有有限注释的体积医学图像分割的全球局部视觉表示。我们的框架可以通过捕获3D空间上下文和丰富的解剖信息，有效地学习全球和局部特征。具体地，我们引入了一种体素到体积对比算法来学习来自3D图像的全局信息，并建议对局部体素到体素蒸馏进行，以明确地利用嵌入空间中的本地线索。此外，我们将基于弹性交互的主动轮廓模型集成为几何正则化术语，以实现以端到端的学习方式实现快速且可靠的对象划分。结果对心房分割挑战，数据集展示了我们所提出的方案的优势，尤其是在具有非常有限数量的注释数据的设置中。代码将在https://github.com/charlesyou999648/cvrd上获得。

本文为半监督医学图像分割提供了一个简单而有效的两阶段框架。我们的主要洞察力是探索用标记和未标记的（即伪标记）图像的特征表示学习，以增强分段性能。在第一阶段，我们介绍了一种炼层的不确定感知方法，即Aua，以改善产生高质量伪标签的分割性能。考虑到医学图像的固有歧义，Aua自适应地规范了具有低歧义的图像的一致性。为了提高代表学习，我们提出了一种舞台适应性的对比学习方法，包括边界意识的对比损失，以规范第一阶段中标记的图像，并在第二阶段中的原型感知对比损失优化标记和伪标记的图像阶段。边界意识的对比损失仅优化分段边界周围的像素，以降低计算成本。原型感知对比损失通过为每个类构建质心来充分利用标记的图像和伪标记的图像，以减少对比较的计算成本。我们的方法在两个公共医学图像分割基准上实现了最佳结果。值得注意的是，我们的方法在结肠肿瘤分割的骰子上以5.7％的骰子依赖于只有5％标记的图像而表现出5.7％。

在许多图像引导的临床方法中，医学图像分割是一个基本和关键的步骤。基于深度学习的细分方法的最新成功通常取决于大量标记的数据，这特别困难且昂贵，尤其是在医学成像领域中，只有专家才能提供可靠和准确的注释。半监督学习已成为一种吸引人的策略，并广泛应用于医学图像分割任务，以训练注释有限的深层模型。在本文中，我们对最近提议的半监督学习方法进行了全面综述，并总结了技术新颖性和经验结果。此外，我们分析和讨论现有方法的局限性和几个未解决的问题。我们希望这篇评论可以激发研究界探索解决这一挑战的解决方案，并进一步促进医学图像细分领域的发展。

长期以来，半监督学习（SSL）已被证明是一种有限的标签模型的有效技术。在现有的文献中，基于一致性的基于正则化的方法，这些方法迫使扰动样本具有类似的预测，而原始的样本则引起了极大的关注。但是，我们观察到，当标签变得极为有限时，例如，每个类别的2或3标签时，此类方法的性能会大大降低。我们的实证研究发现，主要问题在于语义信息在数据增强过程中的漂移。当提供足够的监督时，可以缓解问题。但是，如果几乎没有指导，错误的正则化将误导网络并破坏算法的性能。为了解决该问题，我们（1）提出了一种基于插值的方法来构建更可靠的正样品对； （2）设计一种新颖的对比损失，以指导学习网络的嵌入以在样品之间进行线性更改，从而通过扩大保证金决策边界来提高网络的歧视能力。由于未引入破坏性正则化，因此我们提出的算法的性能在很大程度上得到了改善。具体而言，所提出的算法的表现优于第二好算法（COMATT），而当CIFAR-10数据集中的每个类只有两个标签可用时，可以实现88.73％的分类精度，占5.3％。此外，我们通过通过我们提出的策略大大改善现有最新算法的性能，进一步证明了所提出的方法的普遍性。

对比度学习最近在无监督的视觉表示学习中显示出巨大的潜力。在此轨道中的现有研究主要集中于图像内不变性学习。学习通常使用丰富的图像内变换来构建正对，然后使用对比度损失最大化一致性。相反，相互影响不变性的优点仍然少得多。利用图像间不变性的一个主要障碍是，尚不清楚如何可靠地构建图像间的正对，并进一步从它们中获得有效的监督，因为没有配对注释可用。在这项工作中，我们提出了一项全面的实证研究，以更好地了解从三个主要组成部分的形象间不变性学习的作用：伪标签维护，采样策略和决策边界设计。为了促进这项研究，我们引入了一个统一的通用框架，该框架支持无监督的内部和间形内不变性学习的整合。通过精心设计的比较和分析，揭示了多个有价值的观察结果：1）在线标签收敛速度比离线标签更快； 2）半硬性样品比硬否定样品更可靠和公正； 3）一个不太严格的决策边界更有利于形象间的不变性学习。借助所有获得的食谱，我们的最终模型（即InterCLR）对多个标准基准测试的最先进的内图内不变性学习方法表现出一致的改进。我们希望这项工作将为设计有效的无监督间歇性不变性学习提供有用的经验。代码：https：//github.com/open-mmlab/mmselfsup。

在深度学习研究中，自学学习（SSL）引起了极大的关注，引起了计算机视觉和遥感社区的兴趣。尽管计算机视觉取得了很大的成功，但SSL在地球观测领域的大部分潜力仍然锁定。在本文中，我们对在遥感的背景下为计算机视觉的SSL概念和最新发展提供了介绍，并回顾了SSL中的概念和最新发展。此外，我们在流行的遥感数据集上提供了现代SSL算法的初步基准，从而验证了SSL在遥感中的潜力，并提供了有关数据增强的扩展研究。最后，我们确定了SSL未来研究的有希望的方向的地球观察（SSL4EO），以铺平了两个领域的富有成效的相互作用。

Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) in computer vision are primarily comparative, whose goal is to preserve invariant and discriminative semantics in latent representations by comparing siamese image views. However, the preserved high-level semantics do not contain enough local information, which is vital in medical image analysis (e.g., image-based diagnosis and tumor segmentation). To mitigate the locality problem of comparative SSL, we propose to incorporate the task of pixel restoration for explicitly encoding more pixel-level information into high-level semantics. We also address the preservation of scale information, a powerful tool in aiding image understanding but has not drawn much attention in SSL. The resulting framework can be formulated as a multi-task optimization problem on the feature pyramid. Specifically, we conduct multi-scale pixel restoration and siamese feature comparison in the pyramid. In addition, we propose non-skip U-Net to build the feature pyramid and develop sub-crop to replace multi-crop in 3D medical imaging. The proposed unified SSL framework (PCRLv2) surpasses its self-supervised counterparts on various tasks, including brain tumor segmentation (BraTS 2018), chest pathology identification (ChestX-ray, CheXpert), pulmonary nodule detection (LUNA), and abdominal organ segmentation (LiTS), sometimes outperforming them by large margins with limited annotations.

While deep learning methods hitherto have achieved considerable success in medical image segmentation, they are still hampered by two limitations: (i) reliance on large-scale well-labeled datasets, which are difficult to curate due to the expert-driven and time-consuming nature of pixel-level annotations in clinical practices, and (ii) failure to generalize from one domain to another, especially when the target domain is a different modality with severe domain shifts. Recent unsupervised domain adaptation~(UDA) techniques leverage abundant labeled source data together with unlabeled target data to reduce the domain gap, but these methods degrade significantly with limited source annotations. In this study, we address this underexplored UDA problem, investigating a challenging but valuable realistic scenario, where the source domain not only exhibits domain shift~w.r.t. the target domain but also suffers from label scarcity. In this regard, we propose a novel and generic framework called ``Label-Efficient Unsupervised Domain Adaptation"~(LE-UDA). In LE-UDA, we construct self-ensembling consistency for knowledge transfer between both domains, as well as a self-ensembling adversarial learning module to achieve better feature alignment for UDA. To assess the effectiveness of our method, we conduct extensive experiments on two different tasks for cross-modality segmentation between MRI and CT images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LE-UDA can efficiently leverage limited source labels to improve cross-domain segmentation performance, outperforming state-of-the-art UDA approaches in the literature. Code is available at: https://github.com/jacobzhaoziyuan/LE-UDA.

Transformers have made remarkable progress towards modeling long-range dependencies within the medical image analysis domain. However, current transformer-based models suffer from several disadvantages: (1) existing methods fail to capture the important features of the images due to the naive tokenization scheme; (2) the models suffer from information loss because they only consider single-scale feature representations; and (3) the segmentation label maps generated by the models are not accurate enough without considering rich semantic contexts and anatomical textures. In this work, we present CASTformer, a novel type of adversarial transformers, for 2D medical image segmentation. First, we take advantage of the pyramid structure to construct multi-scale representations and handle multi-scale variations. We then design a novel class-aware transformer module to better learn the discriminative regions of objects with semantic structures. Lastly, we utilize an adversarial training strategy that boosts segmentation accuracy and correspondingly allows a transformer-based discriminator to capture high-level semantically correlated contents and low-level anatomical features. Our experiments demonstrate that CASTformer dramatically outperforms previous state-of-the-art transformer-based approaches on three benchmarks, obtaining 2.54%-5.88% absolute improvements in Dice over previous models. Further qualitative experiments provide a more detailed picture of the model's inner workings, shed light on the challenges in improved transparency, and demonstrate that transfer learning can greatly improve performance and reduce the size of medical image datasets in training, making CASTformer a strong starting point for downstream medical image analysis tasks.

Although existing semi-supervised learning models achieve remarkable success in learning with unannotated in-distribution data, they mostly fail to learn on unlabeled data sampled from novel semantic classes due to their closed-set assumption. In this work, we target a pragmatic but under-explored Generalized Novel Category Discovery (GNCD) setting. The GNCD setting aims to categorize unlabeled training data coming from known and novel classes by leveraging the information of partially labeled known classes. We propose a two-stage Contrastive Affinity Learning method with auxiliary visual Prompts, dubbed PromptCAL, to address this challenging problem. Our approach discovers reliable pairwise sample affinities to learn better semantic clustering of both known and novel classes for the class token and visual prompts. First, we propose a discriminative prompt regularization loss to reinforce semantic discriminativeness of prompt-adapted pre-trained vision transformer for refined affinity relationships. Besides, we propose a contrastive affinity learning stage to calibrate semantic representations based on our iterative semi-supervised affinity graph generation method for semantically-enhanced prompt supervision. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that our PromptCAL method is more effective in discovering novel classes even with limited annotations and surpasses the current state-of-the-art on generic and fine-grained benchmarks (with nearly $11\%$ gain on CUB-200, and $9\%$ on ImageNet-100) on overall accuracy.

在这项工作中，我们重新审视了弱到较强的一致性框架，该框架由半监视分类的FixMatch推广，在该分类中，对弱扰动的图像的预测可作为其强烈扰动版本的监督。有趣的是，我们观察到，这种简单的管道已经转移到我们的细分方案时已经在最近的高级工作中取得了竞争成果。它的成功在很大程度上依赖于强大数据增强的手动设计，但是，这可能是有限的，并且不足以探索更广泛的扰动空间。在此激励的情况下，我们提出了一个辅助特征扰动流作为补充，从而导致了扩大的扰动空间。另一方面，为了充分探测原始的图像级增强，我们提出了一种双流扰动技术，从而使两个强大的观点能够同时受到共同的弱视图的指导。因此，我们整体统一的双流扰动方法（Unipatch）在Pascal，CityScapes和Coco基准的所有评估方案中都显着超过所有现有方法。我们还证明了我们方法在遥感解释和医学图像分析中的优越性。代码可从https://github.com/liheyoung/unimatch获得。

手术场景细分对于促使机器人手术的认知援助至关重要。但是，以逐帧方式以像素为单位的注释视频是昂贵且耗时的。为了大大减轻标签负担，在这项工作中，我们从机器人手术视频中研究了半监督的场景细分，这实际上是必不可少的，但以前很少探索。我们考虑在等距采样下的临床上适当的注释情况。然后，我们提出了PGV-CL，这是一种新型的伪标签引导的跨视频对比学习方法，以增强场景分割。它有效地利用了未标记的数据来实现可信赖和全球模型的正则化，从而产生更具歧视性的特征表示。具体来说，对于可信赖的表示学习，我们建议合并伪标签以指导对选择，从而获得更可靠的代表对像素对比度。此外，我们将代表学习空间从以前的图像级扩展到交叉视频，该图像可以捕获全球语义以使学习过程受益。我们广泛评估了公共机器人手术数据集Edovis18和公共白内障数据集Cadis的方法。实验结果证明了我们方法的有效性，在不同的标签比下始终超过了最先进的半监督方法，甚至超过了10.1％标签的destovis18上的全面监督培训。

A key requirement for the success of supervised deep learning is a large labeled dataset -a condition that is difficult to meet in medical image analysis. Selfsupervised learning (SSL) can help in this regard by providing a strategy to pre-train a neural network with unlabeled data, followed by fine-tuning for a downstream task with limited annotations. Contrastive learning, a particular variant of SSL, is a powerful technique for learning image-level representations. In this work, we propose strategies for extending the contrastive learning framework for segmentation of volumetric medical images in the semi-supervised setting with limited annotations, by leveraging domain-specific and problem-specific cues. Specifically, we propose (1) novel contrasting strategies that leverage structural similarity across volumetric medical images (domain-specific cue) and (2) a local version of the contrastive loss to learn distinctive representations of local regions that are useful for per-pixel segmentation (problem-specific cue). We carry out an extensive evaluation on three Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) datasets. In the limited annotation setting, the proposed method yields substantial improvements compared to other self-supervision and semi-supervised learning techniques. When combined with a simple data augmentation technique, the proposed method reaches within 8% of benchmark performance using only two labeled MRI volumes for training, corresponding to only 4% (for ACDC) of the training data used to train the benchmark. The code is made public at https://github.com/krishnabits001/domain_specific_cl. 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data to learn a promising classifier. A popular approach is pseudo-labeling that generates pseudo labels only for those unlabeled data with high-confidence predictions. As for the low-confidence ones, existing methods often simply discard them because these unreliable pseudo labels may mislead the model. Nevertheless, we highlight that these data with low-confidence pseudo labels can be still beneficial to the training process. Specifically, although the class with the highest probability in the prediction is unreliable, we can assume that this sample is very unlikely to belong to the classes with the lowest probabilities. In this way, these data can be also very informative if we can effectively exploit these complementary labels, i.e., the classes that a sample does not belong to. Inspired by this, we propose a novel Contrastive Complementary Labeling (CCL) method that constructs a large number of reliable negative pairs based on the complementary labels and adopts contrastive learning to make use of all the unlabeled data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CCL significantly improves the performance on top of existing methods. More critically, our CCL is particularly effective under the label-scarce settings. For example, we yield an improvement of 2.43% over FixMatch on CIFAR-10 only with 40 labeled data.

Partial label learning (PLL) is an important problem that allows each training example to be labeled with a coarse candidate set, which well suits many real-world data annotation scenarios with label ambiguity. Despite the promise, the performance of PLL often lags behind the supervised counterpart. In this work, we bridge the gap by addressing two key research challenges in PLL -- representation learning and label disambiguation -- in one coherent framework. Specifically, our proposed framework PiCO consists of a contrastive learning module along with a novel class prototype-based label disambiguation algorithm. PiCO produces closely aligned representations for examples from the same classes and facilitates label disambiguation. Theoretically, we show that these two components are mutually beneficial, and can be rigorously justified from an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm perspective. Moreover, we study a challenging yet practical noisy partial label learning setup, where the ground-truth may not be included in the candidate set. To remedy this problem, we present an extension PiCO+ that performs distance-based clean sample selection and learns robust classifiers by a semi-supervised contrastive learning algorithm. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed methods significantly outperform the current state-of-the-art approaches in standard and noisy PLL tasks and even achieve comparable results to fully supervised learning.

自我监督的学习最近在没有人类注释的情况下在表示学习方面取得了巨大的成功。主要方法（即对比度学习）通常基于实例歧视任务，即单个样本被视为独立类别。但是，假定所有样品都是不同的，这与普通视觉数据集中类似样品的自然分组相矛盾，例如同一狗的多个视图。为了弥合差距，本文提出了一种自适应方法，该方法引入了软样本间关系，即自适应软化对比度学习（ASCL）。更具体地说，ASCL将原始实例歧视任务转换为多实体软歧视任务，并自适应地引入样本间关系。作为现有的自我监督学习框架的有效简明的插件模块，ASCL就性能和效率都实现了多个基准的最佳性能。代码可从https://github.com/mrchenfeng/ascl_icpr2022获得。