我们提出了Midgard,这是一个用于室外非结构化环境中自动机器人导航的开源模拟平台。 Midgard旨在实现在影照相3D环境中对自主代理(例如,无人接地车)进行培训,并通过培训场景中的可变性来支持基于学习的代理的概括技巧。 Midgard的主要功能包括可配置,可扩展和难度驱动的程序景观生成管道,并具有基于虚幻引擎的快速和影像现实主义场景。此外,Midgard还对OpenAi Gym进行了内置支持,OpenAi Gym是一个用于功能扩展的编程接口(例如,集成新型的传感器,自定义曝光内部模拟变量)和各种模拟代理传感器(例如RGB,DEPTH和实例/实例/语义细分)。我们评估了Midgard的功能,作为使用一组最先进的强化学习算法的机器人导航的基准测试工具。结果表明,Midgard作为模拟和训练环境的适用性,以及我们程序生成方法在控制场景难度方面的有效性,这直接反映了准确度量指标。 Midgard构建,源代码和文档可在https://midgardsim.org/上找到。
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We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code and protocols, CARLA provides open digital assets (urban layouts, buildings, vehicles) that were created for this purpose and can be used freely. The simulation platform supports flexible specification of sensor suites and environmental conditions. We use CARLA to study the performance of three approaches to autonomous driving: a classic modular pipeline, an endto-end model trained via imitation learning, and an end-to-end model trained via reinforcement learning. The approaches are evaluated in controlled scenarios of increasing difficulty, and their performance is examined via metrics provided by CARLA, illustrating the platform's utility for autonomous driving research.
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We present Habitat, a platform for research in embodied artificial intelligence (AI). Habitat enables training embodied agents (virtual robots) in highly efficient photorealistic 3D simulation. Specifically, Habitat consists of: (i) Habitat-Sim: a flexible, high-performance 3D simulator with configurable agents, sensors, and generic 3D dataset handling. Habitat-Sim is fast -when rendering a scene from Matterport3D, it achieves several thousand frames per second (fps) running single-threaded, and can reach over 10,000 fps multi-process on a single GPU. (ii) Habitat-API: a modular high-level library for end-toend development of embodied AI algorithms -defining tasks (e.g. navigation, instruction following, question answering), configuring, training, and benchmarking embodied agents.These large-scale engineering contributions enable us to answer scientific questions requiring experiments that were till now impracticable or 'merely' impractical. Specifically, in the context of point-goal navigation: (1) we revisit the comparison between learning and SLAM approaches from two recent works [20,16] and find evidence for the opposite conclusion -that learning outperforms SLAM if scaled to an order of magnitude more experience than previous investigations, and (2) we conduct the first cross-dataset generalization experiments {train, test} × {Matterport3D, Gibson} for multiple sensors {blind, RGB, RGBD, D} and find that only agents with depth (D) sensors generalize across datasets. We hope that our open-source platform and these findings will advance research in embodied AI.
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精确农业正在迅速吸引研究,以有效地引入自动化和机器人解决方案,以支持农业活动。葡萄园和果园中的机器人导航在自主监控方面具有竞争优势,并轻松获取农作物来收集,喷涂和执行时必的耗时必要任务。如今,自主导航算法利用了昂贵的传感器,这也需要大量的数据处理计算成本。尽管如此,葡萄园行代表了一个具有挑战性的户外场景,在这种情况下,GPS和视觉进程技术通常难以提供可靠的定位信息。在这项工作中,我们将Edge AI与深度强化学习相结合,以提出一种尖端的轻质解决方案,以解决自主葡萄园导航的问题,而无需利用精确的本地化数据并通过基于灵活的学习方法来克服任务列出的算法。我们训练端到端的感觉运动剂,该端机直接映射嘈杂的深度图像和位置不可稳定的机器人状态信息到速度命令,并将机器人引导到一排的尽头,不断调整其标题以进行无碰撞的无碰撞中央轨迹。我们在现实的模拟葡萄园中进行的广泛实验证明了解决方案的有效性和代理的概括能力。
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We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.
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这项工作研究了图像目标导航问题,需要通过真正拥挤的环境引导具有嘈杂传感器和控制的机器人。最近的富有成效的方法依赖于深度加强学习,并学习模拟环境中的导航政策,这些环境比真实环境更简单。直接将这些训练有素的策略转移到真正的环境可能非常具有挑战性甚至危险。我们用由四个解耦模块组成的分层导航方法来解决这个问题。第一模块在机器人导航期间维护障碍物映射。第二个将定期预测实时地图上的长期目标。第三个计划碰撞命令集以导航到长期目标,而最终模块将机器人正确靠近目标图像。四个模块是单独开发的,以适应真实拥挤的情景中的图像目标导航。此外,分层分解对导航目标规划,碰撞避免和导航结束预测的学习进行了解耦,这在导航训练期间减少了搜索空间,并有助于改善以前看不见的真实场景的概括。我们通过移动机器人评估模拟器和现实世界中的方法。结果表明,我们的方法优于多种导航基线,可以在这些方案中成功实现导航任务。
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安全驾驶需要人类和智能代理的多种功能,例如无法看到环境的普遍性,对周围交通的安全意识以及复杂的多代理设置中的决策。尽管强化学习取得了巨大的成功(RL),但由于缺乏集成的环境,大多数RL研究工作分别研究了每个能力。在这项工作中,我们开发了一个名为MetAdrive的新驾驶模拟平台,以支持对机器自治的可概括增强学习算法的研究。 Metadrive具有高度的组成性,可以从程序生成和实际数据导入的实际数据中产生无限数量的不同驾驶场景。基于Metadrive,我们在单一代理和多代理设置中构建了各种RL任务和基线,包括在看不见的场景,安全探索和学习多机构流量的情况下进行基准标记。对程序生成的场景和现实世界情景进行的概括实验表明,增加训练集的多样性和大小会导致RL代理的推广性提高。我们进一步评估了元数据环境中各种安全的增强学习和多代理增强学习算法,并提供基准。源代码,文档和演示视频可在\ url {https://metadriverse.github.io/metadrive}上获得。
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从“Internet AI”的时代到“体现AI”的时代,AI算法和代理商出现了一个新兴范式转变,其中不再从主要来自Internet策划的图像,视频或文本的数据集。相反,他们通过与与人类类似的Enocentric感知来通过与其环境的互动学习。因此,对体现AI模拟器的需求存在大幅增长,以支持各种体现的AI研究任务。这种越来越多的体现AI兴趣是有利于对人工综合情报(AGI)的更大追求,但对这一领域并无一直存在当代和全面的调查。本文旨在向体现AI领域提供百科全书的调查,从其模拟器到其研究。通过使用我们提出的七种功能评估九个当前体现的AI模拟器,旨在了解模拟器,以其在体现AI研究和其局限性中使用。最后,本文调查了体现AI - 视觉探索,视觉导航和体现问题的三个主要研究任务(QA),涵盖了最先进的方法,评估指标和数据集。最后,随着通过测量该领域的新见解,本文将为仿真器 - 任务选择和建议提供关于该领域的未来方向的建议。
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移动机器人的视觉导航经典通过SLAM加上最佳规划,最近通过实现作为深网络的端到端培训。虽然前者通常仅限于航点计划,但即使在真实的物理环境中已经证明了它们的效率,后一种解决方案最常用于模拟中,但已被证明能够学习更复杂的视觉推理,涉及复杂的语义规则。通过实际机器人在物理环境中导航仍然是一个开放问题。端到端的培训方法仅在模拟中进行了彻底测试,实验涉及实际机器人的实际机器人在简化的实验室条件下限制为罕见的性能评估。在这项工作中,我们对真实物理代理的性能和推理能力进行了深入研究,在模拟中培训并部署到两个不同的物理环境。除了基准测试之外,我们提供了对不同条件下不同代理商培训的泛化能力的见解。我们可视化传感器使用以及不同类型信号的重要性。我们展示了,对于Pointgoal Task,一个代理在各种任务上进行预先培训,并在目标环境的模拟版本上进行微调,可以达到竞争性能,而无需建模任何SIM2重传,即通过直接从仿真部署培训的代理即可一个真正的物理机器人。
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深度强化学习在基于激光的碰撞避免有效的情况下取得了巨大的成功,因为激光器可以感觉到准确的深度信息而无需太多冗余数据,这可以在算法从模拟环境迁移到现实世界时保持算法的稳健性。但是,高成本激光设备不仅很难为大型机器人部署,而且还表现出对复杂障碍的鲁棒性,包括不规则的障碍,例如桌子,桌子,椅子和架子,以及复杂的地面和特殊材料。在本文中,我们提出了一个新型的基于单眼相机的复杂障碍避免框架。特别是,我们创新地将捕获的RGB图像转换为伪激光测量,以进行有效的深度强化学习。与在一定高度捕获的传统激光测量相比,仅包含距离附近障碍的一维距离信息,我们提议的伪激光测量融合了捕获的RGB图像的深度和语义信息,这使我们的方法有效地有效障碍。我们还设计了一个功能提取引导模块,以加重输入伪激光测量,并且代理对当前状态具有更合理的关注,这有利于提高障碍避免政策的准确性和效率。
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众所周知,很难拥有一个可靠且强大的框架来将多代理深入强化学习算法与实用的多机器人应用联系起来。为了填补这一空白,我们为称为MultiroBolearn1的多机器人系统提出并构建了一个开源框架。该框架构建了统一的模拟和现实应用程序设置。它旨在提供标准的,易于使用的模拟方案,也可以轻松地将其部署到现实世界中的多机器人环境中。此外,该框架为研究人员提供了一个基准系统,以比较不同的强化学习算法的性能。我们使用不同类型的多代理深钢筋学习算法在离散和连续的动作空间中使用不同类型的多代理深钢筋学习算法来证明框架的通用性,可扩展性和能力。
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Underwater navigation presents several challenges, including unstructured unknown environments, lack of reliable localization systems (e.g., GPS), and poor visibility. Furthermore, good-quality obstacle detection sensors for underwater robots are scant and costly; and many sensors like RGB-D cameras and LiDAR only work in-air. To enable reliable mapless underwater navigation despite these challenges, we propose a low-cost end-to-end navigation system, based on a monocular camera and a fixed single-beam echo-sounder, that efficiently navigates an underwater robot to waypoints while avoiding nearby obstacles. Our proposed method is based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), which takes as input current relative goal information, estimated depth images, echo-sounder readings, and previous executed actions, and outputs 3D robot actions in a normalized scale. End-to-end training was done in simulation, where we adopted domain randomization (varying underwater conditions and visibility) to learn a robust policy against noise and changes in visibility conditions. The experiments in simulation and real-world demonstrated that our proposed method is successful and resilient in navigating a low-cost underwater robot in unknown underwater environments. The implementation is made publicly available at https://github.com/dartmouthrobotics/deeprl-uw-robot-navigation.
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The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1
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Two less addressed issues of deep reinforcement learning are (1) lack of generalization capability to new target goals, and (2) data inefficiency i.e., the model requires several (and often costly) episodes of trial and error to converge, which makes it impractical to be applied to real-world scenarios. In this paper, we address these two issues and apply our model to the task of target-driven visual navigation. To address the first issue, we propose an actor-critic model whose policy is a function of the goal as well as the current state, which allows to better generalize. To address the second issue, we propose AI2-THOR framework, which provides an environment with highquality 3D scenes and physics engine. Our framework enables agents to take actions and interact with objects. Hence, we can collect a huge number of training samples efficiently.We show that our proposed method (1) converges faster than the state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning methods, (2) generalizes across targets and across scenes, (3) generalizes to a real robot scenario with a small amount of fine-tuning (although the model is trained in simulation), ( 4) is end-to-end trainable and does not need feature engineering, feature matching between frames or 3D reconstruction of the environment.The supplementary video can be accessed at the following link: https://youtu.be/SmBxMDiOrvs.
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具有通用机器人臂的外星漫游者在月球和行星勘探中具有许多潜在的应用。将自主权引入此类系统是需要增加流浪者可以花费收集科学数据并收集样本的时间的。这项工作调查了深钢筋学习对月球上对象的基于视觉的机器人抓握的适用性。创建了一个具有程序生成数据集的新型模拟环境,以在具有不平衡的地形和严酷照明的非结构化场景中训练代理。然后,采用了无模型的非政治演员 - 批评算法来端对端学习,该策略将紧凑的OCTREE观察结果直接映射到笛卡尔空间中的连续行动。实验评估表明,与传统使用的基于图像的观测值相比,3D数据表示可以更有效地学习操纵技能。域随机化改善了以前看不见的物体和不同照明条件的新场景的学识关系的概括。为此,我们通过评估月球障碍设施中的真实机器人上的训练有素的代理来证明零射击的SIM到现实转移。
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数据驱动的模拟器承诺高数据效率进行驾驶策略学习。当用于建模相互作用时,这种数据效率变为瓶颈:小型基础数据集通常缺乏用于学习交互式驾驶的有趣和具有挑战性的边缘案例。我们通过提出使用绘制的ADO车辆学习强大的驾驶策略的仿真方法来解决这一挑战。因此,我们的方法可用于学习涉及多代理交互的策略,并允许通过最先进的策略学习方法进行培训。我们评估了驾驶中学习标准交互情景的方法。在广泛的实验中,我们的工作表明,由此产生的政策可以直接转移到全规模的自治车辆,而无需使用任何传统的SIM-to-Real传输技术,例如域随机化。
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我们介绍了栖息地2.0(H2.0),这是一个模拟平台,用于培训交互式3D环境和复杂物理的场景中的虚拟机器人。我们为体现的AI堆栈 - 数据,仿真和基准任务做出了全面的贡献。具体来说,我们提出:(i)复制:一个由艺术家的,带注释的,可重新配置的3D公寓(匹配真实空间)与铰接对象(例如可以打开/关闭的橱柜和抽屉); (ii)H2.0:一个高性能物理学的3D模拟器,其速度超过8-GPU节点上的每秒25,000个模拟步骤(实时850x实时),代表先前工作的100倍加速;和(iii)家庭助理基准(HAB):一套辅助机器人(整理房屋,准备杂货,设置餐桌)的一套常见任务,以测试一系列移动操作功能。这些大规模的工程贡献使我们能够系统地比较长期结构化任务中的大规模加固学习(RL)和经典的感官平面操作(SPA)管道,并重点是对新对象,容器和布局的概括。 。我们发现(1)与层次结构相比,(1)平面RL政策在HAB上挣扎; (2)具有独立技能的层次结构遭受“交接问题”的困扰,(3)水疗管道比RL政策更脆。
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我们介绍了ThreedWorld(TDW),是交互式多模态物理模拟的平台。 TDW能够模拟高保真感官数据和富裕的3D环境中的移动代理和对象之间的物理交互。独特的属性包括:实时近光 - 真实图像渲染;对象和环境库,以及他们定制的例程;有效构建新环境课程的生成程序;高保真音频渲染;各种材料类型的现实物理相互作用,包括布料,液体和可变形物体;可定制的代理体现AI代理商;并支持与VR设备的人类交互。 TDW的API使多个代理能够在模拟中进行交互,并返回一系列表示世界状态的传感器和物理数据。我们在计算机视觉,机器学习和认知科学中的新兴的研究方向上提供了通过TDW的初始实验,包括多模态物理场景理解,物理动态预测,多代理交互,像孩子一样学习的模型,并注意研究人类和神经网络。
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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我们介绍了互动室(Thor),这是一个视觉AI研究的框架,可在http://ai2thor.allenai.org上找到。AI2-这是由几乎逼真的3D室内场景组成的,在该场景中,AI代理可以在场景中导航并与对象进行交互以执行任务。AI2-这可以在许多不同的领域进行研究,包括但不限于深入强化学习,模仿学习,通过互动,计划,视觉问答答案,无监督的表示学习,对象检测和细分以及认知模型。AI2的目的是促进构建视觉上智能模型,并将研究推向该领域。
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