This preprint describes work in progress on LR-Sum, a new permissively-licensed dataset created with the goal of enabling further research in automatic summarization for less-resourced languages. LR-Sum contains human-written summaries for 40 languages, many of which are less-resourced. We describe our process for extracting and filtering the dataset from the Multilingual Open Text corpus (Palen-Michel et al., 2022). The source data is public domain newswire collected from from Voice of America websites, and LR-Sum is released under a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0), making it one of the most openly-licensed multilingual summarization datasets. We describe how we plan to use the data for modeling experiments and discuss limitations of the dataset.

我们提出了多语言开放文本（MOT），这是一种新的多语言语料库，其中包含44种语言的文本，其中许多语言限制了现有的文本资源用于自然语言处理。该语料库的第一个版本包含超过280万篇新闻文章，并在2001 - 2022年之间发表了另外100万个短片段（照片标题，视频描述等），并从美国之声网站收集。我们描述了收集，过滤和处理数据的过程。原始材料在公共领域，我们的收藏品使用Creative Commons许可证（CC By 4.0）获得许可，并且用于创建该语料库的所有软件均在MIT许可证下发布。随着其他文档的发布，该语料库将定期更新。

大型和超大语言模型的开发，例如GPT-3，T5，Switch Transformer，Ernie等，已经显着改善了文本生成的性能。该领域的重要研究方向之一是产生具有争论的文本。该问题的解决方案可以用于商务会议，政治辩论，对话系统，以准备学生论文。这些应用的主要领域之一是经济领域。俄罗斯语言的论证文本生成的关键问题是缺乏注释的论证语料库。在本文中，我们将论证的微观版，说服力论文和UKP句子语料库的翻译版本用于微调Rubert模型。此外，该模型用于通过论证注释经济新闻的语料库。然后使用带注释的语料库微调Rugpt-3模型，该模型生成参数文本。结果表明，与原始RUGPT-3模型相比，这种方法将论点生成的准确性提高了20个百分点（63.2％对42.5％）。

Abstractive summarization has enjoyed renewed interest in recent years, thanks to pre-trained language models and the availability of large-scale datasets. Despite promising results, current models still suffer from generating factually inconsistent summaries, reducing their utility for real-world application. Several recent efforts attempt to address this by devising models that automatically detect factual inconsistencies in machine generated summaries. However, they focus exclusively on English, a language with abundant resources. In this work, we leverage factual consistency evaluation models to improve multilingual summarization. We explore two intuitive approaches to mitigate hallucinations based on the signal provided by a multilingual NLI model, namely data filtering and controlled generation. Experimental results in the 45 languages from the XLSum dataset show gains over strong baselines in both automatic and human evaluation.

The research on text summarization for low-resource Indian languages has been limited due to the availability of relevant datasets. This paper presents a summary of various deep-learning approaches used for the ILSUM 2022 Indic language summarization datasets. The ISUM 2022 dataset consists of news articles written in Indian English, Hindi, and Gujarati respectively, and their ground-truth summarizations. In our work, we explore different pre-trained seq2seq models and fine-tune those with the ILSUM 2022 datasets. In our case, the fine-tuned SoTA PEGASUS model worked the best for English, the fine-tuned IndicBART model with augmented data for Hindi, and again fine-tuned PEGASUS model along with a translation mapping-based approach for Gujarati. Our scores on the obtained inferences were evaluated using ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, and ROUGE-4 as the evaluation metrics.

传统上，文本简化被视为单语翻译任务，其中源文本及其简化的对应物之间的句子是对齐的。但是，尤其是对于更长的输入文档，总结文本（或完全删除相关内容）在简化过程中起重要作用，目前在现有数据集中尚未反映出该过程。同时，非英语语言的资源通常很少，并且对于培训新解决方案而言是过分的。为了解决这个问题，我们对可以共同总结和简化长源文档的系统提出了核心要求。我们进一步描述了基于德国Wikipedia和德国儿童词典“ Klexikon”的新数据集的创建，用于简化和摘要，包括近2900个文档。我们发布了一个与文档一致的版本，特别突出了摘要方面，并提供了统计证据，表明此资源也非常适合简化。代码和数据可在GitHub上找到：https：//github.com/dennlinger/klexikon

Aspect or query-based summarization has recently caught more attention, as it can generate differentiated summaries based on users' interests. However, the current dataset for aspect or query-based summarization either focuses on specific domains, contains relatively small-scale instances, or includes only a few aspect types. Such limitations hinder further explorations in this direction. In this work, we take advantage of crowd-sourcing knowledge on Wikipedia.org and automatically create a high-quality, large-scale open-domain aspect-based summarization dataset named OASum, which contains more than 3.7 million instances with around 1 million different aspects on 2 million Wikipedia pages. We provide benchmark results on OAsum and demonstrate its ability for diverse aspect-based summarization generation. To overcome the data scarcity problem on specific domains, we also perform zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning on seven downstream datasets. Specifically, zero/few-shot and fine-tuning results show that the model pre-trained on our corpus demonstrates a strong aspect or query-focused generation ability compared with the backbone model. Our dataset and pre-trained checkpoints are publicly available.

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

While the NLP community is generally aware of resource disparities among languages, we lack research that quantifies the extent and types of such disparity. Prior surveys estimating the availability of resources based on the number of datasets can be misleading as dataset quality varies: many datasets are automatically induced or translated from English data. To provide a more comprehensive picture of language resources, we examine the characteristics of 156 publicly available NLP datasets. We manually annotate how they are created, including input text and label sources and tools used to build them, and what they study, tasks they address and motivations for their creation. After quantifying the qualitative NLP resource gap across languages, we discuss how to improve data collection in low-resource languages. We survey language-proficient NLP researchers and crowd workers per language, finding that their estimated availability correlates with dataset availability. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we identify strategies for collecting high-quality multilingual data on the Mechanical Turk platform. We conclude by making macro and micro-level suggestions to the NLP community and individual researchers for future multilingual data development.

基于英语的数据集通常可从卡格，GitHub或最近发布的论文中获得。虽然具有英语数据集的基准测试足以展示新模型和方法的性能，但研究人员需要培训和验证韩国数据集的模型，以生产技术或产品，适用于韩国处理。本文介绍了15个受欢迎的韩国NLP数据集，其中包含了由数据集启发的卷，许可证，存储库和其他研究结果等详细信息。此外，我提供了具有数据集的样本或统计数据的高分辨率指令。数据集的主要特征在单个表中呈现，以便为研究人员提供快速摘要。

本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源，重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外，我们还提供了一组建议，并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。

我们呈现横梁，一个大规模数据集，包括1500多个语言对的165万次交叉文章摘要样本，构成了45种语言。我们使用多语言XL-SUM数据集，并通过使用语言 - 不可知的表示模型通过跨语言检索对齐以不同语言编写的相同文章。我们提出了一种多级数据采样算法和微调MT5，这是一种多语言预制模型，具有横梁的明确交叉监管，并引入了评估交叉综述的新度量。成立和我们拟议的指标的结果表明，即使源和目标语言对遥远的速度和目标语言对，也表明，即使源极和目标语言对遥远的速度，也表明模型优于概要概述+翻译基线。据我们所知，Crosssum是最大的交叉汇总数据集，也是第一个不依赖英语作为枢轴语。我们正在发布数据集，对齐和培训脚本以及模型，以促使未来的交叉抽象摘要研究。可以在\ url {https://github.com/csebuetnlp/crosssum}中找到资源。

语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是，这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语，因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外，这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题：1）如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言？ 2）生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域？为了回答这些问题，我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库，涵盖16种语言，其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明，将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是，以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。

与简单英语的德国同行“莱希特·斯普拉奇（Leichte Sprache）”是一种旨在促进复杂的书面语言的受监管语言，否则不同的人群将无法访问。我们为简单德语 - 德语提供了一个新的与句子一致的单语语料库。它包含多个使用自动句子对准方法对齐的文档对准源。我们根据手动标记的对齐文档子集评估我们的对齐方式。通过F1得分衡量的句子对齐质量超过了先前的工作。我们根据CC BY-SA和MIT许可证的随附代码发布数据集。

缺乏创造力的抽象方法在自动文本摘要中尤其是一个问题。模型产生的摘要主要是从源文章中提取的。该问题的主要原因之一是缺乏抽象性的数据集，尤其是对于中文而言。为了解决这个问题，我们用CLT中的参考摘要解释，中国长文本摘要数据集，正确的事实不一致的错误，并提出了第一个中国长文本摘要数据集，其中包含高度的clts+，其中包含超过更多的中文。 180k文章 - 苏格尔对，可在线购买。此外，我们引入了一个基于共发生词的固有度量，以评估我们构建的数据集。我们对CLTS+摘要中使用的提取策略进行了针对其他数据集的提取策略，以量化我们的新数据的抽象性和难度，并在CLTS+上训练多个基线，以验证IT的实用性以提高模型的创造力。

Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT; Devlin et al. 2019) represents the latest incarnation of pretrained language models which have recently advanced a wide range of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we showcase how BERT can be usefully applied in text summarization and propose a general framework for both extractive and abstractive models. We introduce a novel document-level encoder based on BERT which is able to express the semantics of a document and obtain representations for its sentences. Our extractive model is built on top of this encoder by stacking several intersentence Transformer layers. For abstractive summarization, we propose a new fine-tuning schedule which adopts different optimizers for the encoder and the decoder as a means of alleviating the mismatch between the two (the former is pretrained while the latter is not). We also demonstrate that a two-staged fine-tuning approach can further boost the quality of the generated summaries. Experiments on three datasets show that our model achieves stateof-the-art results across the board in both extractive and abstractive settings. 1

由于免费的在线百科全书具有大量内容，因此Wikipedia和Wikidata是许多自然语言处理（NLP）任务的关键，例如信息检索，知识基础构建，机器翻译，文本分类和文本摘要。在本文中，我们介绍了Wikides，这是一个新颖的数据集，用于为文本摘要问题提供Wikipedia文章的简短描述。该数据集由6987个主题上的80K英语样本组成。我们设置了一种两阶段的摘要方法 - 描述生成（I阶段）和候选排名（II阶段）作为一种依赖于转移和对比学习的强大方法。对于描述生成，与其他小规模的预训练模型相比，T5和BART表现出了优越性。通过将对比度学习与Beam Search的不同输入一起应用，基于度量的排名模型优于直接描述生成模型，在主题独立拆分和独立于主题的独立拆分中，最高可达22个胭脂。此外，第II期中的结果描述得到了人类评估的支持，其中45.33％以上，而I阶段的23.66％则支持针对黄金描述。在情感分析方面，生成的描述无法有效地从段落中捕获所有情感极性，同时从黄金描述中更好地完成此任务。自动产生的新描述减少了人类为创建它们的努力，并丰富了基于Wikidata的知识图。我们的论文对Wikipedia和Wikidata产生了实际影响，因为有成千上万的描述。最后，我们预计Wikides将成为从短段落中捕获显着信息的相关作品的有用数据集。策划的数据集可公开可用：https：//github.com/declare-lab/wikides。

随着大型语言模型的出现，抽象性摘要的方法取得了长足的进步，从而在应用程序中使用了帮助知识工人处理笨拙的文档收集的潜力。一个这样的环境是民权诉讼交换所（CRLC）（https://clearinghouse.net），其中发布了有关大规模民权诉讼，服务律师，学者和公众的信息。如今，CRLC中的摘要需要对律师和法律专业的学生进行广泛的培训，这些律师和法律专业的学生花费数小时了解多个相关文件，以便产生重要事件和结果的高质量摘要。在这种持续的现实世界摘要工作的激励下，我们引入了Multi-iplesum，这是由正在进行的CRLC写作中绘制的9,280个专家作者的摘要集。鉴于源文档的长度，多文章介绍了一个具有挑战性的多文档摘要任务，通常每个情况超过200页。此外，多胎sum与其多个目标摘要中的其他数据集不同，每个数据集都处于不同的粒度（从一句“极端”摘要到超过五百个单词的多段落叙述）。我们提供了广泛的分析，表明，尽管培训数据（遵守严格的内容和样式准则）中的摘要很高，但最新的摘要模型在此任务上的表现较差。我们发布了多体式的摘要方法，以及促进应用程序的开发，以协助CRLC的任务https://multilexsum.github.io。

We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.

大型审慎的语言模型最近征服了自然语言处理领域。作为BERT中引入的主要掩盖语言建模的替代方案，T5模型引入了更通用的训练目标，即序列转换的顺序，其中包括蒙版语言模型，但自然地适合文本生成任务，例如机器翻译，摘要，开放 - 开放 - 域问题回答，文本简化，对话系统等。T5模型的单语变体仅限于资源良好的语言，而大量的多语言T5模型则支持101种语言。相比之下，我们训练了两个不同尺寸的T5型序列，以使用较少的资源并分析其行为的形态丰富的斯洛文尼语的序列模型。关于分类任务，SLOT5模型主要落后于单语Slovene Sloberta模型，但应考虑生成任务。