深度神经网络模型对有限的标签噪声非常强大,但是它们在高噪声率问题中记住嘈杂标签的能力仍然是一个空旷的问题。最具竞争力的嘈杂标签学习算法依赖于一个2阶段的过程,其中包括无监督的学习,将培训样本分类为清洁或嘈杂,然后是半监督的学习,将经验仿生风险(EVR)最小化,该学习使用标记的集合制成的集合。样品被归类为干净,并提供了一个未标记的样品,该样品被分类为嘈杂。在本文中,我们假设这种2阶段嘈杂标签的学习方法的概括取决于无监督分类器的精度以及训练设置的大小以最大程度地减少EVR。我们从经验上验证了这两个假设,并提出了新的2阶段嘈杂标签训练算法longRemix。我们在嘈杂的标签基准CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100,Webvision,Clotsing1m和Food101-N上测试Longremix。结果表明,我们的Longremix比竞争方法更好,尤其是在高标签噪声问题中。此外,我们的方法在大多数数据集中都能达到最先进的性能。该代码可在https://github.com/filipe-research/longremix上获得。
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元学习是一种处理不平衡和嘈杂标签学习的有效方法,但它取决于验证集,其中包含随机选择,手动标记和平衡的分布式样品。该验证集的随机选择和手动标记和平衡不仅是元学习的最佳选择,而且随着类的数量,它的缩放范围也很差。因此,最近的元学习论文提出了临时启发式方法来自动构建和标记此验证集,但是这些启发式方法仍然是元学习的最佳选择。在本文中,我们分析了元学习算法,并提出了新的标准来表征验证集的实用性,基于:1)验证集的信息性; 2)集合的班级分配余额; 3)集合标签的正确性。此外,我们提出了一种新的不平衡的嘈杂标签元学习(INOLML)算法,该算法会自动构建通过上面的标准最大化其实用程序来构建验证。我们的方法比以前的元学习方法显示出显着改进,并在几个基准上设定了新的最新技术。
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Deep neural networks are known to be annotation-hungry. Numerous efforts have been devoted to reducing the annotation cost when learning with deep networks. Two prominent directions include learning with noisy labels and semi-supervised learning by exploiting unlabeled data. In this work, we propose DivideMix, a novel framework for learning with noisy labels by leveraging semi-supervised learning techniques. In particular, DivideMix models the per-sample loss distribution with a mixture model to dynamically divide the training data into a labeled set with clean samples and an unlabeled set with noisy samples, and trains the model on both the labeled and unlabeled data in a semi-supervised manner. To avoid confirmation bias, we simultaneously train two diverged networks where each network uses the dataset division from the other network. During the semi-supervised training phase, we improve the MixMatch strategy by performing label co-refinement and label co-guessing on labeled and unlabeled samples, respectively. Experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate substantial improvements over state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/LiJunnan1992/DivideMix.
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自数据注释(尤其是对于大型数据集)以来,使用嘈杂的标签学习引起了很大的研究兴趣,这可能不可避免地不可避免。最近的方法通过将培训样本分为清洁和嘈杂的集合来求助于半监督的学习问题。然而,这种范式在重标签噪声下容易出现重大变性,因为干净样品的数量太小,无法进行常规方法。在本文中,我们介绍了一个新颖的框架,称为LC-Booster,以在极端噪音下明确处理学习。 LC-Booster的核心思想是将标签校正纳入样品选择中,以便可以通过可靠的标签校正来培训更纯化的样品,从而减轻确认偏差。实验表明,LC-Booster在几个嘈杂标签的基准测试中提高了最先进的结果,包括CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100,CLASTINGING 1M和WEBVISION。值得注意的是,在极端的90 \%噪声比下,LC-Booster在CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100上获得了92.9 \%和48.4 \%的精度,超过了最终方法,较大的边距就超过了最终方法。
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作为标签噪声,最受欢迎的分布变化之一,严重降低了深度神经网络的概括性能,具有嘈杂标签的强大训练正在成为现代深度学习中的重要任务。在本文中,我们提出了我们的框架,在子分类器(ALASCA)上创造了自适应标签平滑,该框架提供了具有理论保证和可忽略的其他计算的可靠特征提取器。首先,我们得出标签平滑(LS)会产生隐式Lipschitz正则化(LR)。此外,基于这些推导,我们将自适应LS(ALS)应用于子分类器架构上,以在中间层上的自适应LR的实际应用。我们对ALASCA进行了广泛的实验,并将其与以前的几个数据集上的噪声燃烧方法相结合,并显示我们的框架始终优于相应的基线。
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Learning with noisy-labels has become an important research topic in computer vision where state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods explore: 1) prediction disagreement with co-teaching strategy that updates two models when they disagree on the prediction of training samples; and 2) sample selection to divide the training set into clean and noisy sets based on small training loss. However, the quick convergence of co-teaching models to select the same clean subsets combined with relatively fast overfitting of noisy labels may induce the wrong selection of noisy label samples as clean, leading to an inevitable confirmation bias that damages accuracy. In this paper, we introduce our noisy-label learning approach, called Asymmetric Co-teaching (AsyCo), which introduces novel prediction disagreement that produces more consistent divergent results of the co-teaching models, and a new sample selection approach that does not require small-loss assumption to enable a better robustness to confirmation bias than previous methods. More specifically, the new prediction disagreement is achieved with the use of different training strategies, where one model is trained with multi-class learning and the other with multi-label learning. Also, the new sample selection is based on multi-view consensus, which uses the label views from training labels and model predictions to divide the training set into clean and noisy for training the multi-class model and to re-label the training samples with multiple top-ranked labels for training the multi-label model. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world noisy-label datasets show that AsyCo improves over current SOTA methods.
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Semi-supervised learning based methods are current SOTA solutions to the noisy-label learning problem, which rely on learning an unsupervised label cleaner first to divide the training samples into a labeled set for clean data and an unlabeled set for noise data. Typically, the cleaner is obtained via fitting a mixture model to the distribution of per-sample training losses. However, the modeling procedure is \emph{class agnostic} and assumes the loss distributions of clean and noise samples are the same across different classes. Unfortunately, in practice, such an assumption does not always hold due to the varying learning difficulty of different classes, thus leading to sub-optimal label noise partition criteria. In this work, we reveal this long-ignored problem and propose a simple yet effective solution, named \textbf{C}lass \textbf{P}rototype-based label noise \textbf{C}leaner (\textbf{CPC}). Unlike previous works treating all the classes equally, CPC fully considers loss distribution heterogeneity and applies class-aware modulation to partition the clean and noise data. CPC takes advantage of loss distribution modeling and intra-class consistency regularization in feature space simultaneously and thus can better distinguish clean and noise labels. We theoretically justify the effectiveness of our method by explaining it from the Expectation-Maximization (EM) framework. Extensive experiments are conducted on the noisy-label benchmarks CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Clothing1M and WebVision. The results show that CPC consistently brings about performance improvement across all benchmarks. Codes and pre-trained models will be released at \url{https://github.com/hjjpku/CPC.git}.
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不完美的标签在现实世界数据集中无处不在,严重损害了模型性能。几个最近处理嘈杂标签的有效方法有两个关键步骤:1)将样品分开通过培训丢失,2)使用半监控方法在错误标记的集合中生成样本的伪标签。然而,由于硬样品和噪声之间的类似损失分布,目前的方法总是损害信息性的硬样品。在本文中,我们提出了PGDF(先前引导的去噪框架),通过生成样本的先验知识来学习深层模型来抑制噪声的新框架,这被集成到分割样本步骤和半监督步骤中。我们的框架可以将更多信息性硬清洁样本保存到干净标记的集合中。此外,我们的框架还通过抑制当前伪标签生成方案中的噪声来促进半监控步骤期间伪标签的质量。为了进一步增强硬样品,我们在训练期间在干净的标记集合中重新重量样品。我们使用基于CiFar-10和CiFar-100的合成数据集以及现实世界数据集WebVision和服装1M进行了评估了我们的方法。结果表明了最先进的方法的大量改进。
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在深度学习的生态系统中,嘈杂的标签是不可避免的,但很麻烦,因为模型可以轻松地过度拟合它们。标签噪声有许多类型,例如对称,不对称和实例依赖性噪声(IDN),而IDN是唯一取决于图像信息的类型。鉴于标签错误很大程度上是由于图像中存在的视觉类别不足或模棱两可的信息引起的,因此对图像信息的这种依赖性使IDN成为可研究标签噪声的关键类型。为了提供一种有效的技术来解决IDN,我们提出了一种称为InstanceGM的新图形建模方法,该方法结合了判别和生成模型。实例GM的主要贡献是:i)使用连续的Bernoulli分布来培训生成模型,提供了重要的培训优势,ii)探索最先进的噪声标签歧视分类器来生成清洁标签来自实例依赖性嘈杂标签样品。 InstanceGM具有当前嘈杂的学习方法的竞争力,尤其是在使用合成和现实世界数据集的IDN基准测试中,我们的方法比大多数实验中的竞争对手都表现出更好的准确性。
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深神经网络(DNN)的记忆效果在许多最先进的标签噪声学习方法中起着枢轴作用。为了利用这一财产,通常采用早期停止训练早期优化的伎俩。目前的方法通常通过考虑整个DNN来决定早期停止点。然而,DNN可以被认为是一系列层的组成,并且发现DNN中的后一个层对标签噪声更敏感,而其前同行是非常稳健的。因此,选择整个网络的停止点可以使不同的DNN层对抗彼此影响,从而降低最终性能。在本文中,我们建议将DNN分离为不同的部位,逐步培训它们以解决这个问题。而不是早期停止,它一次列举一个整体DNN,我们最初通过用相对大量的时期优化DNN来训练前DNN层。在培训期间,我们通过使用较少数量的时期使用较少的地层来逐步培训后者DNN层,以抵消嘈杂标签的影响。我们将所提出的方法术语作为渐进式早期停止(PES)。尽管其简单性,与早期停止相比,PES可以帮助获得更有前景和稳定的结果。此外,通过将PE与现有的嘈杂标签培训相结合,我们在图像分类基准上实现了最先进的性能。
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Annotating the dataset with high-quality labels is crucial for performance of deep network, but in real world scenarios, the labels are often contaminated by noise. To address this, some methods were proposed to automatically split clean and noisy labels, and learn a semi-supervised learner in a Learning with Noisy Labels (LNL) framework. However, they leverage a handcrafted module for clean-noisy label splitting, which induces a confirmation bias in the semi-supervised learning phase and limits the performance. In this paper, we for the first time present a learnable module for clean-noisy label splitting, dubbed SplitNet, and a novel LNL framework which complementarily trains the SplitNet and main network for the LNL task. We propose to use a dynamic threshold based on a split confidence by SplitNet to better optimize semi-supervised learner. To enhance SplitNet training, we also present a risk hedging method. Our proposed method performs at a state-of-the-art level especially in high noise ratio settings on various LNL benchmarks.
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We approach the problem of improving robustness of deep learning algorithms in the presence of label noise. Building upon existing label correction and co-teaching methods, we propose a novel training procedure to mitigate the memorization of noisy labels, called CrossSplit, which uses a pair of neural networks trained on two disjoint parts of the dataset. CrossSplit combines two main ingredients: (i) Cross-split label correction. The idea is that, since the model trained on one part of the data cannot memorize example-label pairs from the other part, the training labels presented to each network can be smoothly adjusted by using the predictions of its peer network; (ii) Cross-split semi-supervised training. A network trained on one part of the data also uses the unlabeled inputs of the other part. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet and mini-WebVision datasets demonstrate that our method can outperform the current state-of-the-art up to 90% noise ratio.
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深度学习的最新进展依赖于大型标签的数据集来培训大容量模型。但是,以时间和成本效益的方式收集大型数据集通常会导致标签噪声。我们提出了一种从嘈杂的标签中学习的方法,该方法利用特征空间中的训练示例之间的相似性,鼓励每个示例的预测与其最近的邻居相似。与使用多个模型或不同阶段的训练算法相比,我们的方法采用了简单,附加的正规化项的形式。它可以被解释为经典的,偏置标签传播算法的归纳版本。我们在数据集上彻底评估我们的方法评估合成(CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100)和现实(迷你网络,网络vision,Clotsing1m,Mini-Imagenet-Red)噪声,并实现竞争性或最先进的精度,在所有人之间。
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嘈杂的标签损坏了深网络的性能。为了稳健的学习,突出的两级管道在消除可能的不正确标签和半监督培训之间交替。然而,丢弃观察到的标签的部分可能导致信息丢失,尤其是当腐败不是完全随机的时,例如依赖类或实例依赖。此外,从代表性两级方法Dividemix的训练动态,我们确定了确认偏置的统治:伪标签未能纠正相当大量的嘈杂标签,因此累积误差。为了充分利用观察到的标签和减轻错误的校正,我们提出了强大的标签翻新(鲁棒LR)-a新的混合方法,该方法集成了伪标签和置信度估计技术来翻新嘈杂的标签。我们表明我们的方法成功减轻了标签噪声和确认偏差的损害。结果,它跨数据集和噪声类型实现最先进的结果。例如,强大的LR在真实世界嘈杂的数据集网络VIVION上以前最好的绝对高度提高了4.5%的绝对顶级精度改进。
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对标签噪声的学习是一个至关重要的话题,可以保证深度神经网络的可靠表现。最近的研究通常是指具有模型输出概率和损失值的动态噪声建模,然后分离清洁和嘈杂的样本。这些方法取得了显着的成功。但是,与樱桃挑选的数据不同,现有方法在面对不平衡数据集时通常无法表现良好,这是现实世界中常见的情况。我们彻底研究了这一现象,并指出了两个主要问题,这些问题阻碍了性能,即\ emph {类间损耗分布差异}和\ emph {由于不确定性而引起的误导性预测}。第一个问题是现有方法通常执行类不足的噪声建模。然而,损失分布显示在类失衡下的类别之间存在显着差异,并且类不足的噪声建模很容易与少数族裔类别中的嘈杂样本和样本混淆。第二个问题是指该模型可能会因认知不确定性和不确定性而导致的误导性预测,因此仅依靠输出概率的现有方法可能无法区分自信的样本。受我们的观察启发,我们提出了一个不确定性的标签校正框架〜(ULC)来处理不平衡数据集上的标签噪声。首先,我们执行认识不确定性的班级特异性噪声建模,以识别可信赖的干净样本并精炼/丢弃高度自信的真实/损坏的标签。然后,我们在随后的学习过程中介绍了不确定性,以防止标签噪声建模过程中的噪声积累。我们对几个合成和现实世界数据集进行实验。结果证明了提出的方法的有效性,尤其是在数据集中。
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标签噪声在大型现实世界数据集中很常见,其存在会损害深神网络的训练过程。尽管几项工作集中在解决此问题的培训策略上,但很少有研究评估数据增强作为培训深神经网络的设计选择。在这项工作中,我们分析了使用不同数据增强的模型鲁棒性及其在嘈杂标签的存在下对培训的改进。我们评估了数据集MNIST,CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100和现实世界数据集Clothing1M的最新和经典数据增强策略,具有不同级别的合成噪声。我们使用精度度量评估方法。结果表明,与基线相比,适当的数据增强可以大大提高模型的稳健性,可将相对最佳测试准确性的177.84%提高到177.84%的相对最佳测试准确性,而无需增强,并且随着绝对值增加了6%,而该基线的绝对值增加了6%最先进的Dividemix培训策略。
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经过嘈杂标签训练的深层模型很容易在概括中过度拟合和挣扎。大多数现有的解决方案都是基于理想的假设,即标签噪声是类条件,即同一类的实例共享相同的噪声模型,并且独立于特征。在实践中,现实世界中的噪声模式通常更为细粒度作为实例依赖性,这构成了巨大的挑战,尤其是在阶层间失衡的情况下。在本文中,我们提出了一种两阶段的干净样品识别方法,以应对上述挑战。首先,我们采用类级特征聚类程序,以早期识别在班级预测中心附近的干净样品。值得注意的是,我们根据稀有类的预测熵来解决类不平衡问题。其次,对于接近地面真相类边界的其余清洁样品(通常与样品与实例有关的噪声混合),我们提出了一种基于一致性的新型分类方法,该方法使用两个分类器头的一致性来识别它们:一致性越高,样品清洁的可能性就越大。对几个具有挑战性的基准进行了广泛的实验,证明了我们的方法与最先进的方法相比。
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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been shown to be susceptible to memorization or overfitting in the presence of noisily-labelled data. For the problem of robust learning under such noisy data, several algorithms have been proposed. A prominent class of algorithms rely on sample selection strategies wherein, essentially, a fraction of samples with loss values below a certain threshold are selected for training. These algorithms are sensitive to such thresholds, and it is difficult to fix or learn these thresholds. Often, these algorithms also require information such as label noise rates which are typically unavailable in practice. In this paper, we propose an adaptive sample selection strategy that relies only on batch statistics of a given mini-batch to provide robustness against label noise. The algorithm does not have any additional hyperparameters for sample selection, does not need any information on noise rates and does not need access to separate data with clean labels. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on benchmark datasets.
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使用嘈杂标签(LNL)学习旨在设计策略来通过减轻模型过度适应嘈杂标签的影响来提高模型性能和概括。 LNL的主要成功在于从大量嘈杂数据中识别尽可能多的干净样品,同时纠正错误分配的嘈杂标签。最近的进步采用了单个样品的预测标签分布来执行噪声验证和嘈杂的标签校正,很容易产生确认偏差。为了减轻此问题,我们提出了邻里集体估计,其中通过将其与其功能空间最近的邻居进行对比,重新估计了候选样本的预测性可靠性。具体而言,我们的方法分为两个步骤:1)邻域集体噪声验证,将所有训练样品分为干净或嘈杂的子集,2)邻里集体标签校正到Relabel嘈杂样品,然后使用辅助技术来帮助进一步的模型优化。 。在四个常用基准数据集(即CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100,Clothing-1M和WebVision-1.0)上进行了广泛的实验,这表明我们提出的方法非常优于最先进的方法。
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深度学习在各种任务中都优于其他机器学习算法,因此,它被广泛使用。但是,像其他机器学习算法,深度学习和卷积神经网络(CNN)一样,当数据集呈现标签噪声时,表现较差。因此,重要的是开发算法来帮助训练深网及其对无噪声测试集的概括。在本文中,我们提出了针对称为Rafni的标签噪声的强大训练策略,可与任何CNN一起使用。该算法过滤器和重新标记培训实例基于训练过程中主干神经网络的预测及其概率。这样,该算法会自行提高CNN的概括能力。拉夫尼(Rafni)由三种机制组成:两种过滤实例的机制和一种重新标记实例的机制。另外,它不认为噪声速率是已知的,也不需要估计。我们使用多种尺寸和特征的不同数据集评估了算法。我们还使用CIFAR10和CIFAR100基准在不同类型和标签噪声的速率下使用CIFAR10和CIFAR100基准进行了比较,发现Rafni在大多数情况下都能取得更好的结果。
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