Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been shown to be susceptible to memorization or overfitting in the presence of noisily-labelled data. For the problem of robust learning under such noisy data, several algorithms have been proposed. A prominent class of algorithms rely on sample selection strategies wherein, essentially, a fraction of samples with loss values below a certain threshold are selected for training. These algorithms are sensitive to such thresholds, and it is difficult to fix or learn these thresholds. Often, these algorithms also require information such as label noise rates which are typically unavailable in practice. In this paper, we propose an adaptive sample selection strategy that relies only on batch statistics of a given mini-batch to provide robustness against label noise. The algorithm does not have any additional hyperparameters for sample selection, does not need any information on noise rates and does not need access to separate data with clean labels. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on benchmark datasets.

Deep Learning with noisy labels is a practically challenging problem in weakly supervised learning. The stateof-the-art approaches "Decoupling" and "Co-teaching+" claim that the "disagreement" strategy is crucial for alleviating the problem of learning with noisy labels. In this paper, we start from a different perspective and propose a robust learning paradigm called JoCoR, which aims to reduce the diversity of two networks during training. Specifically, we first use two networks to make predictions on the same mini-batch data and calculate a joint loss with Co-Regularization for each training example. Then we select small-loss examples to update the parameters of both two networks simultaneously. Trained by the joint loss, these two networks would be more and more similar due to the effect of Co-Regularization. Extensive experimental results on corrupted data from benchmark datasets including MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and Clothing1M demonstrate that JoCoR is superior to many state-of-the-art approaches for learning with noisy labels.

Deep learning with noisy labels is practically challenging, as the capacity of deep models is so high that they can totally memorize these noisy labels sooner or later during training. Nonetheless, recent studies on the memorization effects of deep neural networks show that they would first memorize training data of clean labels and then those of noisy labels. Therefore in this paper, we propose a new deep learning paradigm called "Co-teaching" for combating with noisy labels. Namely, we train two deep neural networks simultaneously, and let them teach each other given every mini-batch: firstly, each network feeds forward all data and selects some data of possibly clean labels; secondly, two networks communicate with each other what data in this mini-batch should be used for training; finally, each network back propagates the data selected by its peer network and updates itself. Empirical results on noisy versions of MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 demonstrate that Co-teaching is much superior to the state-of-the-art methods in the robustness of trained deep models. * The first two authors (Bo Han and Quanming Yao) made equal contributions. The implementation is available at https://github.com/bhanML/Co-teaching.32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2018),

深度学习在大量大数据的帮助下取得了众多域中的显着成功。然而，由于许多真实情景中缺乏高质量标签，数据标签的质量是一个问题。由于嘈杂的标签严重降低了深度神经网络的泛化表现，从嘈杂的标签（强大的培训）学习是在现代深度学习应用中成为一项重要任务。在本调查中，我们首先从监督的学习角度描述了与标签噪声学习的问题。接下来，我们提供62项最先进的培训方法的全面审查，所有这些培训方法都按照其方法论差异分为五个群体，其次是用于评估其优越性的六种性质的系统比较。随后，我们对噪声速率估计进行深入分析，并总结了通常使用的评估方法，包括公共噪声数据集和评估度量。最后，我们提出了几个有前途的研究方向，可以作为未来研究的指导。所有内容将在https://github.com/songhwanjun/awesome-noisy-labels提供。

深神经网络（DNN）的记忆效果在许多最先进的标签噪声学习方法中起着枢轴作用。为了利用这一财产，通常采用早期停止训练早期优化的伎俩。目前的方法通常通过考虑整个DNN来决定早期停止点。然而，DNN可以被认为是一系列层的组成，并且发现DNN中的后一个层对标签噪声更敏感，而其前同行是非常稳健的。因此，选择整个网络的停止点可以使不同的DNN层对抗彼此影响，从而降低最终性能。在本文中，我们建议将DNN分离为不同的部位，逐步培训它们以解决这个问题。而不是早期停止，它一次列举一个整体DNN，我们最初通过用相对大量的时期优化DNN来训练前DNN层。在培训期间，我们通过使用较少数量的时期使用较少的地层来逐步培训后者DNN层，以抵消嘈杂标签的影响。我们将所提出的方法术语作为渐进式早期停止（PES）。尽管其简单性，与早期停止相比，PES可以帮助获得更有前景和稳定的结果。此外，通过将PE与现有的嘈杂标签培训相结合，我们在图像分类基准上实现了最先进的性能。

Current deep neural networks (DNNs) can easily overfit to biased training data with corrupted labels or class imbalance. Sample re-weighting strategy is commonly used to alleviate this issue by designing a weighting function mapping from training loss to sample weight, and then iterating between weight recalculating and classifier updating. Current approaches, however, need manually pre-specify the weighting function as well as its additional hyper-parameters. It makes them fairly hard to be generally applied in practice due to the significant variation of proper weighting schemes relying on the investigated problem and training data. To address this issue, we propose a method capable of adaptively learning an explicit weighting function directly from data. The weighting function is an MLP with one hidden layer, constituting a universal approximator to almost any continuous functions, making the method able to fit a wide range of weighting functions including those assumed in conventional research. Guided by a small amount of unbiased meta-data, the parameters of the weighting function can be finely updated simultaneously with the learning process of the classifiers. Synthetic and real experiments substantiate the capability of our method for achieving proper weighting functions in class imbalance and noisy label cases, fully complying with the common settings in traditional methods, and more complicated scenarios beyond conventional cases. This naturally leads to its better accuracy than other state-of-the-art methods. Source code is available at https://github.com/xjtushujun/meta-weight-net. * Corresponding author. 1 We call the training data biased when they are generated from a joint sample-label distribution deviating from the distribution of evaluation/test set [1].

深度神经网络模型对有限的标签噪声非常强大，但是它们在高噪声率问题中记住嘈杂标签的能力仍然是一个空旷的问题。最具竞争力的嘈杂标签学习算法依赖于一个2阶段的过程，其中包括无监督的学习，将培训样本分类为清洁或嘈杂，然后是半监督的学习，将经验仿生风险（EVR）最小化，该学习使用标记的集合制成的集合。样品被归类为干净，并提供了一个未标记的样品，该样品被分类为嘈杂。在本文中，我们假设这种2阶段嘈杂标签的学习方法的概括取决于无监督分类器的精度以及训练设置的大小以最大程度地减少EVR。我们从经验上验证了这两个假设，并提出了新的2阶段嘈杂标签训练算法longRemix。我们在嘈杂的标签基准CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100，Webvision，Clotsing1m和Food101-N上测试Longremix。结果表明，我们的Longremix比竞争方法更好，尤其是在高标签噪声问题中。此外，我们的方法在大多数数据集中都能达到最先进的性能。该代码可在https://github.com/filipe-research/longremix上获得。

元学习是一种处理不平衡和嘈杂标签学习的有效方法，但它取决于验证集，其中包含随机选择，手动标记和平衡的分布式样品。该验证集的随机选择和手动标记和平衡不仅是元学习的最佳选择，而且随着类的数量，它的缩放范围也很差。因此，最近的元学习论文提出了临时启发式方法来自动构建和标记此验证集，但是这些启发式方法仍然是元学习的最佳选择。在本文中，我们分析了元学习算法，并提出了新的标准来表征验证集的实用性，基于：1）验证集的信息性； 2）集合的班级分配余额； 3）集合标签的正确性。此外，我们提出了一种新的不平衡的嘈杂标签元学习（INOLML）算法，该算法会自动构建通过上面的标准最大化其实用程序来构建验证。我们的方法比以前的元学习方法显示出显着改进，并在几个基准上设定了新的最新技术。

Learning with noisy labels is one of the hottest problems in weakly-supervised learning. Based on memorization effects of deep neural networks, training on small-loss instances becomes very promising for handling noisy labels. This fosters the state-of-the-art approach "Co-teaching" that cross-trains two deep neural networks using the small-loss trick. However, with the increase of epochs, two networks converge to a consensus and Co-teaching reduces to the self-training MentorNet. To tackle this issue, we propose a robust learning paradigm called Co-teaching+, which bridges the "Update by Disagreement" strategy with the original Co-teaching. First, two networks feed forward and predict all data, but keep prediction disagreement data only. Then, among such disagreement data, each network selects its small-loss data, but back propagates the small-loss data from its peer network and updates its own parameters. Empirical results on benchmark datasets demonstrate that Co-teaching+ is much superior to many state-of-theart methods in the robustness of trained models.

Deep neural networks are known to be annotation-hungry. Numerous efforts have been devoted to reducing the annotation cost when learning with deep networks. Two prominent directions include learning with noisy labels and semi-supervised learning by exploiting unlabeled data. In this work, we propose DivideMix, a novel framework for learning with noisy labels by leveraging semi-supervised learning techniques. In particular, DivideMix models the per-sample loss distribution with a mixture model to dynamically divide the training data into a labeled set with clean samples and an unlabeled set with noisy samples, and trains the model on both the labeled and unlabeled data in a semi-supervised manner. To avoid confirmation bias, we simultaneously train two diverged networks where each network uses the dataset division from the other network. During the semi-supervised training phase, we improve the MixMatch strategy by performing label co-refinement and label co-guessing on labeled and unlabeled samples, respectively. Experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate substantial improvements over state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/LiJunnan1992/DivideMix.

The existence of label noise imposes significant challenges (e.g., poor generalization) on the training process of deep neural networks (DNN). As a remedy, this paper introduces a permutation layer learning approach termed PermLL to dynamically calibrate the training process of the DNN subject to instance-dependent and instance-independent label noise. The proposed method augments the architecture of a conventional DNN by an instance-dependent permutation layer. This layer is essentially a convex combination of permutation matrices that is dynamically calibrated for each sample. The primary objective of the permutation layer is to correct the loss of noisy samples mitigating the effect of label noise. We provide two variants of PermLL in this paper: one applies the permutation layer to the model's prediction, while the other applies it directly to the given noisy label. In addition, we provide a theoretical comparison between the two variants and show that previous methods can be seen as one of the variants. Finally, we validate PermLL experimentally and show that it achieves state-of-the-art performance on both real and synthetic datasets.

现实世界的面部表达识别（FER）数据集遭受吵闹的注释，由于众包，表达式的歧义，注释者的主观性和类间的相似性。但是，最近的深层网络具有强大的能力，可以记住嘈杂的注释导致腐蚀功能嵌入和泛化不良的能力。为了处理嘈杂的注释，我们提出了一个动态FER学习框架（DNFER），其中根据训练过程中的动态类特定阈值选择了干净的样品。具体而言，DNFER基于使用选定的干净样品和使用所有样品的无监督培训的监督培训。在训练过程中，每个微型批次的平均后类概率被用作动态类特异性阈值，以选择干净的样品进行监督训练。该阈值与噪声率无关，与其他方法不同，不需要任何干净的数据。此外，要从所有样品中学习，使用无监督的一致性损失对齐弱调节图像和强大图像之间的后验分布。我们证明了DNFER在合成和实际噪声注释的FER数据集（如RaFDB，Ferplus，Sfew和altimpnet）上的鲁棒性。

自数据注释（尤其是对于大型数据集）以来，使用嘈杂的标签学习引起了很大的研究兴趣，这可能不可避免地不可避免。最近的方法通过将培训样本分为清洁和嘈杂的集合来求助于半监督的学习问题。然而，这种范式在重标签噪声下容易出现重大变性，因为干净样品的数量太小，无法进行常规方法。在本文中，我们介绍了一个新颖的框架，称为LC-Booster，以在极端噪音下明确处理学习。 LC-Booster的核心思想是将标签校正纳入样品选择中，以便可以通过可靠的标签校正来培训更纯化的样品，从而减轻确认偏差。实验表明，LC-Booster在几个嘈杂标签的基准测试中提高了最先进的结果，包括CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100，CLASTINGING 1M和WEBVISION。值得注意的是，在极端的90 \％噪声比下，LC-Booster在CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100上获得了92.9 \％和48.4 \％的精度，超过了最终方法，较大的边距就超过了最终方法。

The performance of the Deep Learning (DL) models depends on the quality of labels. In some areas, the involvement of human annotators may lead to noise in the data. When these corrupted labels are blindly regarded as the ground truth (GT), DL models suffer from performance deficiency. This paper presents a method that aims to learn a confident model in the presence of noisy labels. This is done in conjunction with estimating the uncertainty of multiple annotators. We robustly estimate the predictions given only the noisy labels by adding entropy or information-based regularizer to the classifier network. We conduct our experiments on a noisy version of MNIST, CIFAR-10, and FMNIST datasets. Our empirical results demonstrate the robustness of our method as it outperforms or performs comparably to other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. In addition, we evaluated the proposed method on the curated dataset, where the noise type and level of various annotators depend on the input image style. We show that our approach performs well and is adept at learning annotators' confusion. Moreover, we demonstrate how our model is more confident in predicting GT than other baselines. Finally, we assess our approach for segmentation problem and showcase its effectiveness with experiments.

标签噪声显着降低了应用中深度模型的泛化能力。有效的策略和方法，\ Texit {例如}重新加权或损失校正，旨在在训练神经网络时缓解标签噪声的负面影响。这些现有的工作通常依赖于预指定的架构并手动调整附加的超参数。在本文中，我们提出了翘曲的概率推断（WARPI），以便在元学习情景中自适应地整理分类网络的培训程序。与确定性模型相比，WARPI通过学习摊销元网络来制定为分层概率模型，这可以解决样本模糊性，因此对严格的标签噪声更加坚固。与直接生成损耗的重量值的现有近似加权功能不同，我们的元网络被学习以估计从登录和标签的输入来估计整流向量，这具有利用躺在它们中的足够信息的能力。这提供了纠正分类网络的学习过程的有效方法，证明了泛化能力的显着提高。此外，可以将整流载体建模为潜在变量并学习元网络，可以无缝地集成到分类网络的SGD优化中。我们在嘈杂的标签上评估了四个强大学习基准的Warpi，并在变体噪声类型下实现了新的最先进的。广泛的研究和分析还展示了我们模型的有效性。

In this paper, we introduced the novel concept of advisor network to address the problem of noisy labels in image classification. Deep neural networks (DNN) are prone to performance reduction and overfitting problems on training data with noisy annotations. Weighting loss methods aim to mitigate the influence of noisy labels during the training, completely removing their contribution. This discarding process prevents DNNs from learning wrong associations between images and their correct labels but reduces the amount of data used, especially when most of the samples have noisy labels. Differently, our method weighs the feature extracted directly from the classifier without altering the loss value of each data. The advisor helps to focus only on some part of the information present in mislabeled examples, allowing the classifier to leverage that data as well. We trained it with a meta-learning strategy so that it can adapt throughout the training of the main model. We tested our method on CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 with synthetic noise, and on Clothing1M which contains real-world noise, reporting state-of-the-art results.

深度学习在各种任务中都优于其他机器学习算法，因此，它被广泛使用。但是，像其他机器学习算法，深度学习和卷积神经网络（CNN）一样，当数据集呈现标签噪声时，表现较差。因此，重要的是开发算法来帮助训练深网及其对无噪声测试集的概括。在本文中，我们提出了针对称为Rafni的标签噪声的强大训练策略，可与任何CNN一起使用。该算法过滤器和重新标记培训实例基于训练过程中主干神经网络的预测及其概率。这样，该算法会自行提高CNN的概括能力。拉夫尼（Rafni）由三种机制组成：两种过滤实例的机制和一种重新标记实例的机制。另外，它不认为噪声速率是已知的，也不需要估计。我们使用多种尺寸和特征的不同数据集评估了算法。我们还使用CIFAR10和CIFAR100基准在不同类型和标签噪声的速率下使用CIFAR10和CIFAR100基准进行了比较，发现Rafni在大多数情况下都能取得更好的结果。

对标签噪声的学习是一个至关重要的话题，可以保证深度神经网络的可靠表现。最近的研究通常是指具有模型输出概率和损失值的动态噪声建模，然后分离清洁和嘈杂的样本。这些方法取得了显着的成功。但是，与樱桃挑选的数据不同，现有方法在面对不平衡数据集时通常无法表现良好，这是现实世界中常见的情况。我们彻底研究了这一现象，并指出了两个主要问题，这些问题阻碍了性能，即\ emph {类间损耗分布差异}和\ emph {由于不确定性而引起的误导性预测}。第一个问题是现有方法通常执行类不足的噪声建模。然而，损失分布显示在类失衡下的类别之间存在显着差异，并且类不足的噪声建模很容易与少数族裔类别中的嘈杂样本和样本混淆。第二个问题是指该模型可能会因认知不确定性和不确定性而导致的误导性预测，因此仅依靠输出概率的现有方法可能无法区分自信的样本。受我们的观察启发，我们提出了一个不确定性的标签校正框架〜（ULC）来处理不平衡数据集上的标签噪声。首先，我们执行认识不确定性的班级特异性噪声建模，以识别可信赖的干净样本并精炼/丢弃高度自信的真实/损坏的标签。然后，我们在随后的学习过程中介绍了不确定性，以防止标签噪声建模过程中的噪声积累。我们对几个合成和现实世界数据集进行实验。结果证明了提出的方法的有效性，尤其是在数据集中。

作为标签噪声，最受欢迎的分布变化之一，严重降低了深度神经网络的概括性能，具有嘈杂标签的强大训练正在成为现代深度学习中的重要任务。在本文中，我们提出了我们的框架，在子分类器（ALASCA）上创造了自适应标签平滑，该框架提供了具有理论保证和可忽略的其他计算的可靠特征提取器。首先，我们得出标签平滑（LS）会产生隐式Lipschitz正则化（LR）。此外，基于这些推导，我们将自适应LS（ALS）应用于子分类器架构上，以在中间层上的自适应LR的实际应用。我们对ALASCA进行了广泛的实验，并将其与以前的几个数据集上的噪声燃烧方法相结合，并显示我们的框架始终优于相应的基线。

Modeling noise transition matrix is a kind of promising method for learning with label noise. Based on the estimated noise transition matrix and the noisy posterior probabilities, the clean posterior probabilities, which are jointly called Label Distribution (LD) in this paper, can be calculated as the supervision. To reliably estimate the noise transition matrix, some methods assume that anchor points are available during training. Nonetheless, if anchor points are invalid, the noise transition matrix might be poorly learned, resulting in poor performance. Consequently, other methods treat reliable data points, extracted from training data, as pseudo anchor points. However, from a statistical point of view, the noise transition matrix can be inferred from data with noisy labels under the clean-label-domination assumption. Therefore, we aim to estimate the noise transition matrix without (pseudo) anchor points. There is evidence showing that samples are more likely to be mislabeled as other similar class labels, which means the mislabeling probability is highly correlated with the inter-class correlation. Inspired by this observation, we propose an instance-specific Label Distribution Regularization (LDR), in which the instance-specific LD is estimated as the supervision, to prevent DCNNs from memorizing noisy labels. Specifically, we estimate the noisy posterior under the supervision of noisy labels, and approximate the batch-level noise transition matrix by estimating the inter-class correlation matrix with neither anchor points nor pseudo anchor points. Experimental results on two synthetic noisy datasets and two real-world noisy datasets demonstrate that our LDR outperforms existing methods.