We present a conceptually simple, flexible, and general framework for few-shot learning, where a classifier must learn to recognise new classes given only few examples from each. Our method, called the Relation Network (RN), is trained end-to-end from scratch. During meta-learning, it learns to learn a deep distance metric to compare a small number of images within episodes, each of which is designed to simulate the few-shot setting. Once trained, a RN is able to classify images of new classes by computing relation scores between query images and the few examples of each new class without further updating the network. Besides providing improved performance on few-shot learning, our framework is easily extended to zero-shot learning. Extensive experiments on five benchmarks demonstrate that our simple approach provides a unified and effective approach for both of these two tasks.

We propose prototypical networks for the problem of few-shot classification, where a classifier must generalize to new classes not seen in the training set, given only a small number of examples of each new class. Prototypical networks learn a metric space in which classification can be performed by computing distances to prototype representations of each class. Compared to recent approaches for few-shot learning, they reflect a simpler inductive bias that is beneficial in this limited-data regime, and achieve excellent results. We provide an analysis showing that some simple design decisions can yield substantial improvements over recent approaches involving complicated architectural choices and meta-learning. We further extend prototypical networks to zero-shot learning and achieve state-of-theart results on the CU-Birds dataset.

很少有图像分类是一个具有挑战性的问题，旨在仅基于少量培训图像来达到人类的识别水平。少数图像分类的一种主要解决方案是深度度量学习。这些方法是，通过将看不见的样本根据距离的距离进行分类，可在强大的深神经网络中学到的嵌入空间中看到的样品，可以避免以少数图像分类的少数训练图像过度拟合，并实现了最新的图像表现。在本文中，我们提供了对深度度量学习方法的最新审查，以进行2018年至2022年的少量图像分类，并根据度量学习的三个阶段将它们分为三组，即学习功能嵌入，学习课堂表示和学习距离措施。通过这种分类法，我们确定了他们面临的不同方法和问题的新颖性。我们通过讨论当前的挑战和未来趋势进行了少量图像分类的讨论。

Few-shot classification aims to recognize unlabeled samples from unseen classes given only few labeled samples. The unseen classes and low-data problem make few-shot classification very challenging. Many existing approaches extracted features from labeled and unlabeled samples independently, as a result, the features are not discriminative enough. In this work, we propose a novel Cross Attention Network to address the challenging problems in few-shot classification. Firstly, Cross Attention Module is introduced to deal with the problem of unseen classes. The module generates cross attention maps for each pair of class feature and query sample feature so as to highlight the target object regions, making the extracted feature more discriminative. Secondly, a transductive inference algorithm is proposed to alleviate the low-data problem, which iteratively utilizes the unlabeled query set to augment the support set, thereby making the class features more representative. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks show our method is a simple, effective and computationally efficient framework and outperforms the state-of-the-arts.

很少有视觉识别是指从一些标记实例中识别新颖的视觉概念。通过将查询表示形式与类表征进行比较以预测查询实例的类别，许多少数射击的视觉识别方法采用了基于公制的元学习范式。但是，当前基于度量的方法通常平等地对待所有实例，因此通常会获得有偏见的类表示，考虑到并非所有实例在总结了类级表示的实例级表示时都同样重要。例如，某些实例可能包含无代表性的信息，例如过多的背景和无关概念的信息，这使结果偏差。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一个新型的基于公制的元学习框架，称为实例自适应类别表示网络（ICRL-net），以进行几次视觉识别。具体而言，我们开发了一个自适应实例重新平衡网络，具有在生成班级表示，通过学习和分配自适应权重的不同实例中的自适应权重时，根据其在相应类的支持集中的相对意义来解决偏见的表示问题。此外，我们设计了改进的双线性实例表示，并结合了两个新型的结构损失，即，阶层内实例聚类损失和阶层间表示区分损失，以进一步调节实例重估过程并完善类表示。我们对四个通常采用的几个基准测试：Miniimagenet，Tieredimagenet，Cifar-FS和FC100数据集进行了广泛的实验。与最先进的方法相比，实验结果证明了我们的ICRL-NET的优势。

很少有开放式识别旨在对可见类别的培训数据进行有限的培训数据进行分类和新颖的图像。这项任务的挑战是，该模型不仅需要学习判别性分类器，以用很少的培训数据对预定的类进行分类，而且还要拒绝从未见过的培训时间出现的未见类别的输入。在本文中，我们建议从两个新方面解决问题。首先，我们没有像在标准的封闭设置分类中那样学习看到类之间的决策边界，而是为看不见的类保留空间，因此位于这些区域中的图像被认为是看不见的类。其次，为了有效地学习此类决策边界，我们建议利用所见类的背景功能。由于这些背景区域没有显着促进近距离分类的决定，因此自然地将它们用作分类器学习的伪阶层。我们的广泛实验表明，我们提出的方法不仅要优于多个基线，而且还为三个流行的基准测试（即Tieredimagenet，Miniimagenet和Caltech-uscd Birds-birds-2011-2011（Cub））设定了新的最先进结果。

少量学习是一个基本和挑战性的问题，因为它需要识别只有几个例子的新型类别。识别对象具有多个变体，可以定位图像中的任何位置。直接将查询图像与示例图像进行比较无法处理内容未对准。比较的表示和度量是至关重要的，但由于在几次拍摄学习中的样本的稀缺和广泛变化而挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的语义对齐模型来比较关系，这是对内容未对准的强大。我们建议为现有的几次射门学习框架添加两个关键成分，以获得更好的特征和度量学习能力。首先，我们介绍了语义对齐损失，以对准属于同一类别的样本的功能的关系统计。其次，引入了本地和全局互动信息，允许在图像中的结构位置包含本地一致和类别共享信息的表示。第三，我们通过考虑每个流的同性恋的不确定性来介绍一个原则的方法来称量多重损失功能。我们对几个几次拍摄的学习数据集进行了广泛的实验。实验结果表明，该方法能够比较与语义对准策略的关系，实现最先进的性能。

Few-shot image classification consists of two consecutive learning processes: 1) In the meta-learning stage, the model acquires a knowledge base from a set of training classes. 2) During meta-testing, the acquired knowledge is used to recognize unseen classes from very few examples. Inspired by the compositional representation of objects in humans, we train a neural network architecture that explicitly represents objects as a dictionary of shared components and their spatial composition. In particular, during meta-learning, we train a knowledge base that consists of a dictionary of component representations and a dictionary of component activation maps that encode common spatial activation patterns of components. The elements of both dictionaries are shared among the training classes. During meta-testing, the representation of unseen classes is learned using the component representations and the component activation maps from the knowledge base. Finally, an attention mechanism is used to strengthen those components that are most important for each category. We demonstrate the value of our interpretable compositional learning framework for a few-shot classification using miniImageNet, tieredImageNet, CIFAR-FS, and FC100, where we achieve comparable performance.

Few-shot classification aims to learn a classifier to recognize unseen classes during training with limited labeled examples. While significant progress has been made, the growing complexity of network designs, meta-learning algorithms, and differences in implementation details make a fair comparison difficult. In this paper, we present 1) a consistent comparative analysis of several representative few-shot classification algorithms, with results showing that deeper backbones significantly reduce the performance differences among methods on datasets with limited domain differences, 2) a modified baseline method that surprisingly achieves competitive performance when compared with the state-of-the-art on both the mini-ImageNet and the CUB datasets, and 3) a new experimental setting for evaluating the cross-domain generalization ability for few-shot classification algorithms. Our results reveal that reducing intra-class variation is an important factor when the feature backbone is shallow, but not as critical when using deeper backbones. In a realistic cross-domain evaluation setting, we show that a baseline method with a standard fine-tuning practice compares favorably against other state-of-the-art few-shot learning algorithms.

很少有射击学习（FSL）旨在使用有限标记的示例生成分类器。许多现有的作品采用了元学习方法，构建了一些可以从几个示例中学习以生成分类器的学习者。通常，几次学习者是通过依次对多个几次射击任务进行采样并优化几杆学习者在为这些任务生成分类器时的性能来构建或进行元训练的。性能是通过结果分类器对这些任务的测试（即查询）示例进行分类的程度来衡量的。在本文中，我们指出了这种方法的两个潜在弱点。首先，采样的查询示例可能无法提供足够的监督来进行元训练少数学习者。其次，元学习的有效性随着射击数量的增加而急剧下降。为了解决这些问题，我们为少数学习者提出了一个新颖的元训练目标，这是为了鼓励少数学习者生成像强大分类器一样执行的分类器。具体而言，我们将每个采样的几个弹药任务与强大的分类器相关联，该分类器接受了充分的标记示例。强大的分类器可以看作是目标分类器，我们希望在几乎没有示例的情况下生成的几个学习者，我们使用强大的分类器来监督少数射击学习者。我们提出了一种构建强分类器的有效方法，使我们提出的目标成为现有基于元学习的FSL方法的易于插入的术语。我们与许多代表性的元学习方法相结合验证了我们的方法，Lastshot。在几个基准数据集中，我们的方法可导致各种任务的显着改进。更重要的是，通过我们的方法，基于元学习的FSL方法可以在不同数量的镜头上胜过基于非Meta学习的方法。

很少拍摄的学习解决了学习如何解决不仅仅是有限的监督而且有限的数据的挑战。有吸引力的解决方案是合成数据生成。然而，大多数此类方法过于复杂，专注于输入空间中的高质量现实数据。目前尚不清楚是否将它们适应少次拍摄的制度并使用它们在分类的下游任务中是正确的方法。以前关于综合数据生成的工作，用于几次分类专注于利用复杂模型，例如，具有多个常规方或网络的Wasserstein GaN，可从新颖的课程中传输潜在的分集。我们遵循不同的方法，并调查如何有效地使用简单和简单的合成数据生成方法。我们提出了两个贡献，即我们表明：（1）使用简单的损失函数足以训练几次拍摄设置中的一个特征生成器; （2）学习生成张量特征而不是矢量特征是优越的。在MiniimAgenet，Cub和CiFar-FS数据集上的广泛实验表明，我们的方法设置了新的最新状态，优于更复杂的少量数据增强方法。源代码可以在https://github.com/michalislazarou/tfh_fewshot找到。

少数拍摄识别旨在在低数据制度下识别新型类别。由于图像的稀缺性，机器不能获得足够的有效信息，并且模型的泛化能力极弱。通过使用辅助语义模式​​，基于最近的公制学习的少量学习方法已经取得了有希望的表现。但是，这些方法仅增强了支持类的表示，而查询图像没有语义模态信息以增强表示。相反，我们提出了属性形状的学习（ASL），其可以将可视化表示标准化以预测查询图像的属性。我们进一步设计了一个属性 - 视觉注意力模块（Avam），它利用属性来生成更多辨别特征。我们的方法使视觉表示能够专注于具有属性指导的重要区域。实验表明，我们的方法可以在幼崽和太阳基准上实现竞争结果。我们的代码可用于{https://github.com/chenhaoxing/asl}。

Many meta-learning approaches for few-shot learning rely on simple base learners such as nearest-neighbor classifiers. However, even in the few-shot regime, discriminatively trained linear predictors can offer better generalization. We propose to use these predictors as base learners to learn representations for few-shot learning and show they offer better tradeoffs between feature size and performance across a range of few-shot recognition benchmarks. Our objective is to learn feature embeddings that generalize well under a linear classification rule for novel categories. To efficiently solve the objective, we exploit two properties of linear classifiers: implicit differentiation of the optimality conditions of the convex problem and the dual formulation of the optimization problem. This allows us to use highdimensional embeddings with improved generalization at a modest increase in computational overhead. Our approach, named MetaOptNet, achieves state-of-the-art performance on miniImageNet, tieredImageNet, CIFAR-FS, and FC100 few-shot learning benchmarks. Our code is available online 1 .

Meta-learning has been proposed as a framework to address the challenging few-shot learning setting. The key idea is to leverage a large number of similar few-shot tasks in order to learn how to adapt a base-learner to a new task for which only a few labeled samples are available. As deep neural networks (DNNs) tend to overfit using a few samples only, meta-learning typically uses shallow neural networks (SNNs), thus limiting its effectiveness. In this paper we propose a novel few-shot learning method called meta-transfer learning (MTL) which learns to adapt a deep NN for few shot learning tasks. Specifically, meta refers to training multiple tasks, and transfer is achieved by learning scaling and shifting functions of DNN weights for each task. In addition, we introduce the hard task (HT) meta-batch scheme as an effective learning curriculum for MTL. We conduct experiments using (5-class, 1-shot) and (5-class, 5shot) recognition tasks on two challenging few-shot learning benchmarks: miniImageNet and Fewshot-CIFAR100. Extensive comparisons to related works validate that our meta-transfer learning approach trained with the proposed HT meta-batch scheme achieves top performance. An ablation study also shows that both components contribute to fast convergence and high accuracy 1 .Optimize θ by Eq. 3; 5 end 6 Optimize Φ S {1,2} and θ by Eq. 4 and Eq. 5; 7 while not done do 8 Sample class-k in T (te) ; 9 Compute Acc k for T (te) ; 10 end 11 Return class-m with the lowest accuracy Acc m .

很少有细粒度的分类和人搜索作为独特的任务和文学作品，已经分别对待了它们。但是，仔细观察揭示了重要的相似之处：这两个任务的目标类别只能由特定的对象细节歧视；相关模型应概括为新类别，而在培训期间看不到。我们提出了一个适用于这两个任务的新型统一查询引导网络（QGN）。QGN由一个查询引导的暹罗引文和兴奋子网组成，该子网还重新进行了所有网络层的查询和画廊功能，一个查询实习的区域建议特定于特定于特定的本地化以及查询指导的相似性子网络子网本网络用于公制学习。QGN在最近的一些少数细颗粒数据集上有所改善，在幼崽上的其他技术优于大幅度。QGN还对人搜索Cuhk-Sysu和PRW数据集进行了竞争性执行，我们在其中进行了深入的分析。

Few-shot learning has become essential for producing models that generalize from few examples. In this work, we identify that metric scaling and metric task conditioning are important to improve the performance of few-shot algorithms. Our analysis reveals that simple metric scaling completely changes the nature of few-shot algorithm parameter updates. Metric scaling provides improvements up to 14% in accuracy for certain metrics on the mini-Imagenet 5-way 5-shot classification task. We further propose a simple and effective way of conditioning a learner on the task sample set, resulting in learning a task-dependent metric space. Moreover, we propose and empirically test a practical end-to-end optimization procedure based on auxiliary task co-training to learn a task-dependent metric space. The resulting few-shot learning model based on the task-dependent scaled metric achieves state of the art on mini-Imagenet. We confirm these results on another few-shot dataset that we introduce in this paper based on CIFAR100. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/ElementAI/TADAM.

Learning from a few examples remains a key challenge in machine learning. Despite recent advances in important domains such as vision and language, the standard supervised deep learning paradigm does not offer a satisfactory solution for learning new concepts rapidly from little data. In this work, we employ ideas from metric learning based on deep neural features and from recent advances that augment neural networks with external memories. Our framework learns a network that maps a small labelled support set and an unlabelled example to its label, obviating the need for fine-tuning to adapt to new class types. We then define one-shot learning problems on vision (using Omniglot, ImageNet) and language tasks. Our algorithm improves one-shot accuracy on ImageNet from 87.6% to 93.2% and from 88.0% to 93.8% on Omniglot compared to competing approaches. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the same model on language modeling by introducing a one-shot task on the Penn Treebank.

The focus of recent meta-learning research has been on the development of learning algorithms that can quickly adapt to test time tasks with limited data and low computational cost. Few-shot learning is widely used as one of the standard benchmarks in meta-learning. In this work, we show that a simple baseline: learning a supervised or selfsupervised representation on the meta-training set, followed by training a linear classifier on top of this representation, outperforms state-of-the-art few-shot learning methods. An additional boost can be achieved through the use of selfdistillation. This demonstrates that using a good learned embedding model can be more effective than sophisticated meta-learning algorithms. We believe that our findings motivate a rethinking of few-shot image classification benchmarks and the associated role of meta-learning algorithms.

大多数元学习方法都假设存在于可用于基本知识的情节元学习的一组非常大的标记数据。这与更现实的持续学习范例形成对比，其中数据以包含不相交类的任务的形式逐步到达。在本文中，我们考虑了这个增量元学习（IML）的这个问题，其中类在离散任务中逐步呈现。我们提出了一种方法，我们调用了IML，我们称之为eCISODIC重播蒸馏（ERD），该方法将来自当前任务的类混合到当前任务中，当研究剧集时，来自先前任务的类别示例。然后将这些剧集用于知识蒸馏以最大限度地减少灾难性的遗忘。四个数据集的实验表明ERD超越了最先进的。特别是，在一次挑战的单次次数较挑战，长任务序列增量元学习场景中，我们将IML和联合训练与当前状态的3.5％/ 10.1％/ 13.4％之间的差距降低我们在Diered-ImageNet / Mini-ImageNet / CIFAR100上分别为2.6％/ 2.9％/ 5.0％。

在过去的几年里，几年枪支学习（FSL）引起了极大的关注，以最大限度地减少标有标记的训练示例的依赖。FSL中固有的困难是处理每个课程的培训样本太少的含糊不清的歧义。为了在FSL中解决这一基本挑战，我们的目标是培训可以利用关于新颖类别的先前语义知识来引导分类器合成过程的元学习模型。特别是，我们提出了语义调节的特征注意力和样本注意机制，估计表示尺寸和培训实例的重要性。我们还研究了FSL的样本噪声问题，以便在更现实和不完美的环境中利用Meta-Meverys。我们的实验结果展示了所提出的语义FSL模型的有效性，而没有样品噪声。