由于缺乏大规模标记的3D数据集,大多数3D神经网络都是从划痕训练。在本文中,我们通过利用来自丰富的2D数据集学习的2D网络来介绍一种新的3D预预测方法。我们提出了通过将像素级和点级别特征映射到同一嵌入空间中的对比度的像素到点知识转移来有效地利用2D信息。由于2D和3D网络之间的异构性质,我们介绍了后投影功能以对准2D和3D之间的功能以使转移成为可能。此外,我们设计了一个上采样功能投影层,以增加高级2D特征图的空间分辨率,这使得能够学习细粒度的3D表示。利用普雷累染的2D网络,所提出的预介绍过程不需要额外的2D或3D标记数据,进一步缓解了昂贵的3D数据注释成本。据我们所知,我们是第一个利用现有的2D培训的权重,以预先rain 3D深度神经网络。我们的密集实验表明,使用2D知识预订的3D模型可以通过各种真实世界3D下游任务进行3D网络的性能。
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Arguably one of the top success stories of deep learning is transfer learning. The finding that pre-training a network on a rich source set (e.g., ImageNet) can help boost performance once fine-tuned on a usually much smaller target set, has been instrumental to many applications in language and vision. Yet, very little is known about its usefulness in 3D point cloud understanding. We see this as an opportunity considering the effort required for annotating data in 3D. In this work, we aim at facilitating research on 3D representation learning. Different from previous works, we focus on high-level scene understanding tasks. To this end, we select a suite of diverse datasets and tasks to measure the effect of unsupervised pre-training on a large source set of 3D scenes. Our findings are extremely encouraging: using a unified triplet of architecture, source dataset, and contrastive loss for pre-training, we achieve improvement over recent best results in segmentation and detection across 6 different benchmarks for indoor and outdoor, real and synthetic datasets -demonstrating that the learned representation can generalize across domains. Furthermore, the improvement was similar to supervised pre-training, suggesting that future efforts should favor scaling data collection over more detailed annotation. We hope these findings will encourage more research on unsupervised pretext task design for 3D deep learning. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/PointContrast
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近年来,3D视觉的自我监督预训练引起了研究的兴趣。为了学习信息的表示,许多以前的作品都利用了3D功能的不向导,\ eg,同一场景的视图之间的透视感,深度和RGB图像之间的模态侵权次数,点云和voxels之间的格式不变。尽管他们取得了令人鼓舞的结果,但以前的研究缺乏对这些不稳定的系统性比较。为了解决这个问题,我们的工作首次引入了一个统一的框架,根据该框架可以研究各种预培训方法。我们进行了广泛的实验,并仔细研究了3D预训练中不同不变的贡献。另外,我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法,该方法可以共同预先培训3D编码器和使用对比度学习的深度图编码器。通过我们的方法进行预训练的模型在下游任务方面具有显着的性能提高。例如,预先训练的投票表现优于Sun RGB-D和扫描对象检测基准的先前方法,并具有明显的利润。
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3D感知最近的进展在了解3DACHAPES甚至场景的几何结构方面表现出令人印象深刻的进展。灵感来自这些进步的几何理解,我们旨在利用几何约束下学到的表示基于图像的感知。我们介绍一种基于多视图RGB-D数据学习View-Invariant的方法,用于网络预训练的网络预训练的几何感知表示,然后可以将其有效地传送到下游2D任务。我们建议在多视图IM-ysge约束和图像 - 几何约束下采用对比学习,以便在学习的2D表示中进行编码。这不仅仅是在几乎非仅对图像的语义分割,实例分段和对象检测的基于图像的基于图像的基于图像的TASK上学习而改进,而且,但是,在低数据方案中提供了显着的改进。我们对全数据的语义细分显示6.0%的显着提高,以及剪刀上的基线20%数据上的11.9%。
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我们建议在2D域中利用自我监督的技术来实现细粒度的3D形状分割任务。这是受到观察的启发:基于视图的表面表示比基于点云或体素占用率的3D对应物更有效地建模高分辨率表面细节和纹理。具体而言,给定3D形状,我们将其从多个视图中渲染,并在对比度学习框架内建立密集的对应学习任务。结果,与仅在2D或3D中使用自学的替代方案相比,学到的2D表示是视图不变和几何一致的,在对有限的标记形状进行培训时,可以更好地概括概括。对纹理(渲染peple)和未纹理(partnet)3D数据集的实验表明,我们的方法在细粒部分分割中优于最先进的替代方案。当仅一组稀疏的视图可供训练或形状纹理时,对基准的改进就会更大,这表明MVDecor受益于2D处理和3D几何推理。
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大规模点云的注释仍然耗时,并且对于许多真实世界任务不可用。点云预训练是用于获得快速适配的可扩展模型的一个潜在解决方案。因此,在本文中,我们调查了一种新的自我监督学习方法,称为混合和解除戒(MD),用于点云预培训。顾名思义,我们探索如何将原始点云与混合点云分开,并利用这一具有挑战的任务作为模型培训的借口优化目标。考虑到原始数据集中的有限培训数据,这远低于普遍的想象,混合过程可以有效地产生更高质量的样本。我们构建一个基线网络以验证我们的直觉,只包含两个模块,编码器和解码器。给定混合点云,首先预先训练编码器以提取语义嵌入。然后,利用实例 - 自适应解码器根据嵌入来解除点云。尽管简单,编码器本质上是能够在训练后捕获点云关键点,并且可以快速适应下游任务,包括预先训练和微调范例的分类和分割。在两个数据集上的广泛实验表明编码器+我们的(MD)显着超越了从头划痕培训的编码器和快速收敛的编码器。在消融研究中,我们进一步研究了每个部件的效果,并讨论了拟议的自我监督学习策略的优势。我们希望这种自我监督的学习尝试点云可以铺平了减少对大规模标记数据的深度学习模型依赖的方式,并在将来节省了大量的注释成本。
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随着相机和激光雷达传感器捕获用于自主驾驶的互补信息,已经做出了巨大的努力,通过多模式数据融合来开发语义分割算法。但是,基于融合的方法需要配对的数据,即具有严格的点对像素映射的激光点云和相机图像,因为培训和推理的输入都严重阻碍了在实际情况下的应用。因此,在这项工作中,我们建议通过充分利用具有丰富外观的2D图像来提高对点云上的代表性学习的2D先验辅助语义分割(2DPass),以增强对点云的表示。实际上,通过利用辅助模态融合和多尺度融合到单个知识蒸馏(MSFSKD),2DAPS从多模式数据中获取更丰富的语义和结构信息,然后在线蒸馏到纯3D网络。结果,配备了2DAPS,我们的基线仅使用点云输入显示出显着的改进。具体而言,它在两个大规模的基准(即Semantickitti和Nuscenes)上实现了最先进的方法,其中包括TOP-1的semantickitti的单扫描和多次扫描竞赛。
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Masked Modeling (MM) has demonstrated widespread success in various vision challenges, by reconstructing masked visual patches. Yet, applying MM for large-scale 3D scenes remains an open problem due to the data sparsity and scene complexity. The conventional random masking paradigm used in 2D images often causes a high risk of ambiguity when recovering the masked region of 3D scenes. To this end, we propose a novel informative-preserved reconstruction, which explores local statistics to discover and preserve the representative structured points, effectively enhancing the pretext masking task for 3D scene understanding. Integrated with a progressive reconstruction manner, our method can concentrate on modeling regional geometry and enjoy less ambiguity for masked reconstruction. Besides, such scenes with progressive masking ratios can also serve to self-distill their intrinsic spatial consistency, requiring to learn the consistent representations from unmasked areas. By elegantly combining informative-preserved reconstruction on masked areas and consistency self-distillation from unmasked areas, a unified framework called MM-3DScene is yielded. We conduct comprehensive experiments on a host of downstream tasks. The consistent improvement (e.g., +6.1 mAP@0.5 on object detection and +2.2% mIoU on semantic segmentation) demonstrates the superiority of our approach.
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我们提出了一种新的方法来将4D动态对象前瞻灌输到学习的3D表示,通过无监督的预训练。我们观察到对象通过环境的动态移动提供了关于其对象的重要提示,因此提出了利用这种动态理解的学习学习的3D表示,然后可以有效地传送到下游3D语义场景中的改进性能。我们提出了一种新的数据增强方案,利用静态3D环境中移动的合成3D形状,并在3D-4D约束下采用对比学习,该约束将4D Imormces编码到学习的3D表示中。实验表明,我们无监督的代表学习导致下游3D语义分割,对象检测和实例分割任务的改进,而且,显着提高了数据稀缺方案的性能。
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预训练已成为许多计算机视觉任务中的标准范式。但是,大多数方法通常都设计在RGB图像域上。由于二维图像平面和三维空间之间的差异,这种预先训练的模型无法感知空间信息,并用作3D相关任务的子最优解。为了弥合这种差距,我们的目标是学习可以描述三维空间的空间感知视觉表示,并且对这些任务更适合和有效。为了利用点云,在与图像相比提供空间信息时更有优越,我们提出了一个简单而有效的2D图像和3D点云无监督的预训练策略,称为Simipu。具体而言,我们开发了一种多模态对比学习框架,包括模态空间感知模块,用于从点云和模态特征交互模块中学习空间感知表示,以从点传输感知空间信息的能力云编码器分别到图像编码器。匹配算法和投影矩阵建立了用于对比损耗的正对。整个框架培训以无人监督的端到端时尚。据我们所知,这是第一项探索户外多模态数据集的对比学习训练策略的研究,其中包含配对的相机图像和LIDAR点云。 HTTPS://github.com/zhever/simipu提供代码和模型。
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我们对最近的自我和半监督ML技术进行严格的评估,从而利用未标记的数据来改善下游任务绩效,以河床分割的三个遥感任务,陆地覆盖映射和洪水映射。这些方法对于遥感任务特别有价值,因为易于访问未标记的图像,并获得地面真理标签通常可以昂贵。当未标记的图像(标记数据集之外)提供培训时,我们量化性能改进可以对这些遥感分割任务进行期望。我们还设计实验以测试这些技术的有效性,当测试集相对于训练和验证集具有域移位时。
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深度神经网络的3D语义分割的最新进展已取得了显着的成功,并且可用数据集的性能快速提高。但是,当前的3D语义分割基准仅包含少数类别 - 例如,扫描仪和semantickitti少于30个类别,这些类别不足以反映真实环境的多样性(例如,语义图像涵盖数百到数千个类别的类别)。因此,我们建议研究3D语义分割的较大词汇,并在扫描仪数据上具有新的扩展基准测试,其中有200个类别类别,比以前研究的数量级要多。大量的类别类别也引起了巨大的自然级别不平衡,这两者对于现有的3D语义分割方法都具有挑战性。为了在这种情况下了解更多强大的3D功能,我们提出了一种以语言为导向的预训练方法来鼓励学习的3D功能,该方法可能有限的培训示例以靠近其预训练的文本嵌入。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法始终优于我们所提出的基准测试( +9%相对MIOU)的3D语义分割的最先进的3D预训练,包括仅使用5%的 +25%相对MIOU的有限数据方案注释。
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The recent success of pre-trained 2D vision models is mostly attributable to learning from large-scale datasets. However, compared with 2D image datasets, the current pre-training data of 3D point cloud is limited. To overcome this limitation, we propose a knowledge distillation method for 3D point cloud pre-trained models to acquire knowledge directly from the 2D representation learning model, particularly the image encoder of CLIP, through concept alignment. Specifically, we introduce a cross-attention mechanism to extract concept features from 3D point cloud and compare them with the semantic information from 2D images. In this scheme, the point cloud pre-trained models learn directly from rich information contained in 2D teacher models. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed knowledge distillation scheme achieves higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art 3D pre-training methods for synthetic and real-world datasets on downstream tasks, including object classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and part segmentation.
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许多3D表示(例如,点云)是下面连续3D表面的离散样本。该过程不可避免地介绍了底层的3D形状上的采样变化。在学习3D表示中,应忽略应忽略变化,而应捕获基础3D形状的可转换知识。这成为现有代表学习范式的大挑战。本文在点云上自动编码。标准自动编码范例强制编码器捕获这种采样变体,因为解码器必须重建具有采样变化的原始点云。我们介绍了隐式AutoEncoder(IAE),这是一种简单而有效的方法,通过用隐式解码器替换点云解码器来解决这一挑战。隐式解码器输出与相同模型的不同点云采样之间共享的连续表示。在隐式表示下重建可以优先考虑编码器丢弃采样变体,引入更多空间以学习有用的功能。在一个简单的线性AutoEncoder下,理论上理论地证明这一索赔。此外,隐式解码器提供丰富的空间来为不同的任务设计合适的隐式表示。我们展示了IAE对3D对象和3D场景的各种自我监督学习任务的有用性。实验结果表明,IAE在每项任务中始终如一地优于最先进的。
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The success of deep learning heavily relies on large-scale data with comprehensive labels, which is more expensive and time-consuming to fetch in 3D compared to 2D images or natural languages. This promotes the potential of utilizing models pretrained with data more than 3D as teachers for cross-modal knowledge transferring. In this paper, we revisit masked modeling in a unified fashion of knowledge distillation, and we show that foundational Transformers pretrained with 2D images or natural languages can help self-supervised 3D representation learning through training Autoencoders as Cross-Modal Teachers (ACT). The pretrained Transformers are transferred as cross-modal 3D teachers using discrete variational autoencoding self-supervision, during which the Transformers are frozen with prompt tuning for better knowledge inheritance. The latent features encoded by the 3D teachers are used as the target of masked point modeling, wherein the dark knowledge is distilled to the 3D Transformer students as foundational geometry understanding. Our ACT pretrained 3D learner achieves state-of-the-art generalization capacity across various downstream benchmarks, e.g., 88.21% overall accuracy on ScanObjectNN. Codes will be released at https://github.com/RunpeiDong/ACT.
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作为3D对象的两个基本表示方式,2D多视图图像和3D点云反映了来自视觉外观和几何结构各个方面的形状信息。与基于深度学习的2D多视图图像建模不同,该模型在各种3D形状分析任务中展示了领先的性能,基于3D点云的几何建模仍然遭受学习能力不足。在本文中,我们创新地构建了一个统一的跨模式知识转移框架,该框架将2D图像的歧视性视觉描述器提炼成3D点云的几何描述符。从技术上讲,在经典的教师学习范式下,我们提出了多视觉愿景到几何的蒸馏,由深入的2D图像编码器作为老师和深层的3D点云编码器组成。为了实现异质特征对齐,我们进一步提出了可见性感知的特征投影,通过该投影可以通过该投影将每个点嵌入可以汇总到多视图几何描述符中。对3D形状分类,部分分割和无监督学习的广泛实验验证了我们方法的优势。我们将公开提供代码和数据。
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Recent work on 4D point cloud sequences has attracted a lot of attention. However, obtaining exhaustively labeled 4D datasets is often very expensive and laborious, so it is especially important to investigate how to utilize raw unlabeled data. However, most existing self-supervised point cloud representation learning methods only consider geometry from a static snapshot omitting the fact that sequential observations of dynamic scenes could reveal more comprehensive geometric details. And the video representation learning frameworks mostly model motion as image space flows, let alone being 3D-geometric-aware. To overcome such issues, this paper proposes a new 4D self-supervised pre-training method called Complete-to-Partial 4D Distillation. Our key idea is to formulate 4D self-supervised representation learning as a teacher-student knowledge distillation framework and let the student learn useful 4D representations with the guidance of the teacher. Experiments show that this approach significantly outperforms previous pre-training approaches on a wide range of 4D point cloud sequence understanding tasks including indoor and outdoor scenarios.
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We propose a novel approach to self-supervised learning of point cloud representations by differentiable neural rendering. Motivated by the fact that informative point cloud features should be able to encode rich geometry and appearance cues and render realistic images, we train a point-cloud encoder within a devised point-based neural renderer by comparing the rendered images with real images on massive RGB-D data. The learned point-cloud encoder can be easily integrated into various downstream tasks, including not only high-level tasks like 3D detection and segmentation, but low-level tasks like 3D reconstruction and image synthesis. Extensive experiments on various tasks demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared to existing pre-training methods.
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Deep learning has attained remarkable success in many 3D visual recognition tasks, including shape classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. However, many of these results rely on manually collecting densely annotated real-world 3D data, which is highly time-consuming and expensive to obtain, limiting the scalability of 3D recognition tasks. Thus, we study unsupervised 3D recognition and propose a Self-supervised-Self-Labeled 3D Recognition (SL3D) framework. SL3D simultaneously solves two coupled objectives, i.e., clustering and learning feature representation to generate pseudo-labeled data for unsupervised 3D recognition. SL3D is a generic framework and can be applied to solve different 3D recognition tasks, including classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. Extensive experiments demonstrate its effectiveness. Code is available at https://github.com/fcendra/sl3d.
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来自LIDAR或相机传感器的3D对象检测任务对于自动驾驶至关重要。先锋尝试多模式融合的尝试补充了稀疏的激光雷达点云,其中包括图像的丰富语义纹理信息,以额外的网络设计和开销为代价。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个名为SPNET的新型语义传递框架,以通过丰富的上下文绘画的指导来提高现有基于激光雷达的3D检测模型的性能,在推理过程中没有额外的计算成本。我们的关键设计是首先通过训练语义绘制的教师模型来利用地面真实标签中潜在的指导性语义知识,然后引导纯LIDAR网络通过不同的粒度传播模块来学习语义绘制的表示:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别:类别: - 通过,像素的传递和实例传递。实验结果表明,所提出的SPNET可以与大多数现有的3D检测框架无缝合作,其中AP增益为1〜5%,甚至在KITTI测试基准上实现了新的最新3D检测性能。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/jb892/sp​​net。
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