我们提出了一种自我监督的预培训方法，用于学习手写和印刷历史文档转录的丰富视觉语言表示。监督我们预先调整我们预先培训的编码器表示两种语言的低资源文件转录后，（1）异构手写伊斯兰制稿件图像和（2）早期现代英语印刷文件，我们展现了有意义的认可改善从划痕培训的同一监督模型的准确性，只需30个线图像转录即可训练。我们屏蔽的语言模型式预培训策略，其中模型训练，以便能够识别从同一行中采样的患者的真正蒙面的视觉表示，鼓励学习强大的上下文化语言表示不变于抄写方式和打印噪声横跨文件。

We show for the first time that learning powerful representations from speech audio alone followed by fine-tuning on transcribed speech can outperform the best semi-supervised methods while being conceptually simpler. wav2vec 2.0 masks the speech input in the latent space and solves a contrastive task defined over a quantization of the latent representations which are jointly learned. Experiments using all labeled data of Librispeech achieve 1.8/3.3 WER on the clean/other test sets. When lowering the amount of labeled data to one hour, wav2vec 2.0 outperforms the previous state of the art on the 100 hour subset while using 100 times less labeled data. Using just ten minutes of labeled data and pre-training on 53k hours of unlabeled data still achieves 4.8/8.2 WER. This demonstrates the feasibility of speech recognition with limited amounts of labeled data. 1 1 Code and models are available at https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq Preprint. Under review.

最近的言语和语言技术的方法预先rain非常大型模型，用于特定任务。然而，这种大型模型的好处通常仅限于世界上少数资源丰富的语言。在这项工作中，我们对来自印度次大陆的低资源语言构建ASR系统进行多种贡献。首先，我们从各种领域策划40个印度语言的17,000小时的原始语音数据，包括教育，新闻，技术和金融。其次，使用这种原始语音数据，我们预先存在于40个印度语言的Wav2Vec样式模型的多个变体。第三，我们分析佩带的模型以查找关键特点：码本矢量的类似探测音素在语言中共享，跨层的表示是语言系列的判别，并且注意力头通常会在小型本地窗口中注意。第四，我们微调了9种语言的下游ASR模型，并在3个公共数据集上获得最先进的结果，包括非常低的资源语言，如Sinhala和Nepali。我们的工作建立了多语言预介质是建立ASR系统的有效策略，为印度次大陆的语言上不同的扬声器建立ASR系统。

在本文中，我们提出了一个文本降低不变的自动编码器（Text-Diae），这是一种旨在解决两个任务的自我监督模型，即文本识别（手写或场景文本）和文档图像增强。我们首先采用基于变压器的体系结构，该体系结构将三个借口任务作为学习目标，在预训练期间必须在不使用标签数据的情况下进行优化。每个借口目标都是专门针对最终下游任务量身定制的。我们进行了几项消融实验，以确认所选借口任务的设计选择。重要的是，所提出的模型并未基于对比损失表现出先前最新方法的局限性，而同时需要更少的数据样本来收敛。最后，我们证明我们的方法超过了手写和场景文本识别和文档图像增强的现有监督和自我监督的设置中的最新设置。我们的代码和训练有素的模型将在〜\ url {http：// on_accepters}上公开提供。

本文介绍了基于Wav2VEC 2.0的跨语言语音表示学习的大规模模型。我们在128种语言中培训最多2B个公共讲话音频的近半小时的型号的模型，比公共数据的数量级比最大的已知事先工作。我们的评估涵盖了广泛的任务，域，数据制度和语言，都是高低资源。在Covost-2语音翻译基准测试中，我们将先前的最先进的状态平均为7.4 BLEU超过21个翻译方向进入英语。对于语音识别，XLS-R在Babel，MLS，CommonVoice以及Voxpopuli上的最佳已知工作中提高，降低了相对的误差率14-34％。 XLS-R还在Voxlingua107语言识别上设置了新的技术状态。此外，我们表明，具有足够的模型规模，交叉思维预先预测可以在将英语演讲翻译成其他语言时才能优于英语撇印，这是一个有利于单晶的预借预制的设置。我们希望XLS-R可以帮助改善世界上更多语言的语音处理任务。

Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being finetuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts all text-based language problems into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled data sets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our data set, pre-trained models, and code.

图像变压器最近使用监督（VIT，DEIT等）或自我监督（BEIT，MAE等）预训练技术取得了显着的自然图像理解进展。在本文中，我们提出了\ textbf {dit}，一种自我保护的预训练\ textbf {d} ocument \ textbf {i} mage \ textbf {t} ransformer模型，使用大规模的不尺度的文本图像用于文档AI任务，这是必不可少的，因为由于缺乏人类标记的文档图像，因此没有受到监督的同行。我们将DIT作为骨干网络在各种基于视觉的文档AI任务中，包括文档图像分类，文档布局分析，表检测以及OCR的文本检测。实验结果表明，自我监管的预训练的DIT模型可在这些下游任务上实现新的最新结果，例如文档图像分类（91.11 $ \ rightarrow $ 92.69），文档布局分析（91.0 $ \ rightArow $ 94.9），表检测（94.23 $ \ rightArrow $ 96.55）和OCR的文本检测（93.07 $ \ rightarrow $ 94.29）。代码和预培训模型可在\ url {https://aka.ms/msdit}上公开获得。

Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged by three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input utterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training phase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation. To deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT) approach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an offline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like prediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction loss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined acoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily on the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the intrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple k-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the HuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-ofthe-art wav2vec 2.0 performance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with 10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model, HuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging dev-other and test-other evaluation subsets. 1

语音的视频录制包含相关的音频和视觉信息，为语音表示从扬声器的唇部运动和产生的声音提供了强大的信号。我们介绍了视听隐藏单元BERT（AV-HUBERT），是视听语音的自我监督的代表学习框架，这些屏幕屏蔽了多流视频输入并预测自动发现和迭代地精制多模式隐藏单元。 AV-HUBERT学习强大的视听语音表示，这些语音表示受益于唇读和自动语音识别。在最大的公众唇读基准LRS3（433小时）中，AV-Hubert达到32.5％WER，只有30个小时的标签数据，优于前一种最先进的方法（33.6％）培训，达到了一千次转录的视频数据（31k小时）。当使用来自LRS3的所有433小时的标记数据并结合自培训时，唇读WER进一步降低至26.9％。使用我们在相同的基准测试中使用您的视听表示，用于音频语音识别的相对效率为40％，而最先进的性能（1.3％Vs 2.3％）。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/facebookResearch/av_hubert获得

We present Mu$^{2}$SLAM, a multilingual sequence-to-sequence model pre-trained jointly on unlabeled speech, unlabeled text and supervised data spanning Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Automatic Speech Translation (AST) and Machine Translation (MT), in over 100 languages. By leveraging a quantized representation of speech as a target, Mu$^{2}$SLAM trains the speech-text models with a sequence-to-sequence masked denoising objective similar to T5 on the decoder and a masked language modeling (MLM) objective on the encoder, for both unlabeled speech and text, while utilizing the supervised tasks to improve cross-lingual and cross-modal representation alignment within the model. On CoVoST AST, Mu$^{2}$SLAM establishes a new state-of-the-art for models trained on public datasets, improving on xx-en translation over the previous best by 1.9 BLEU points and on en-xx translation by 1.1 BLEU points. On Voxpopuli ASR, our model matches the performance of an mSLAM model fine-tuned with an RNN-T decoder, despite using a relatively weaker sequence-to-sequence architecture. On text understanding tasks, our model improves by more than 6\% over mSLAM on XNLI, getting closer to the performance of mT5 models of comparable capacity on XNLI and TydiQA, paving the way towards a single model for all speech and text understanding tasks.

This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.

While the Turkish language is listed among low-resource languages, literature on Turkish automatic speech recognition (ASR) is relatively old. In this report, we present our findings on Turkish ASR with speech representation learning using HUBERT. We investigate pre-training HUBERT for Turkish with large-scale data curated from online resources. We pre-train our model using 6,500 hours of speech data from YouTube. The results show that the models are not ready for commercial use since they are not robust against disturbances that typically occur in real-world settings such as variations in accents, slang, background noise and interference. We analyze typical errors and the limitations of the models for use in commercial settings.

We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).

这项研究是有关阿拉伯历史文档的光学特征识别（OCR）的一系列研究的第二阶段，并研究了不同的建模程序如何与问题相互作用。第一项研究研究了变压器对我们定制的阿拉伯数据集的影响。首次研究的弊端之一是训练数据的规模，由于缺乏资源，我们的3000万张图像中仅15000张图像。另外，我们添加了一个图像增强层，时间和空间优化和后校正层，以帮助该模型预测正确的上下文。值得注意的是，我们提出了一种使用视觉变压器作为编码器的端到端文本识别方法，即BEIT和Vanilla Transformer作为解码器，消除了CNNs以进行特征提取并降低模型的复杂性。实验表明，我们的端到端模型优于卷积骨架。该模型的CER为4.46％。

由于其有效的模型架构以及大规模未标记的扫描/数字出生的文件的优势，在各种视觉上丰富的文档理解任务中已经证明了文本和布局的预先培训。我们提出了具有新的预培训任务的Layoutlmv2架构，以在单个多模态框架中模拟文本，布局和图像之间的交互。具体地，对于双流多模态变压器编码器，LayOutLMV2不仅使用现有屏蔽的视觉语言建模任务，还使用新的文本图像对齐和文本图像匹配任务，这使得它更好地捕获跨模块交互在预训练阶段。同时，它还将空间感知的自我注意机制集成到变压器架构中，以便模型可以完全理解不同文本块之间的相对位置关系。实验结果表明，LayoutLMV2优于大幅度的LayOutlm，并在大量下游的下游富有的文件理解任务中实现了新的最先进的结果，包括Funsd（0.7895 $ \至0.8420美元），电源线（0.9493 $ \至0.9601美元），Srie（0.9524 $ \至0.9781美元），Kleister-NDA（0.8340 $ \ 0.8520美元），RVL-CDIP（0.9443 $ \至0.9564美元），DOCVQA（0.7295 $ \至0.8672美元） 。我们使我们的模型和代码公开可用于\ url {https://aka.ms/layoutlmv2}。

文档AI或Document Intelligence是一个相对较新的研究主题，指的是自动阅读，理解和分析业务文档的技术。它是自然语言处理和计算机视觉的重要研究方向。近年来，深度学习技术的普及已经大大提高了文档AI的发展，如文件布局分析，视觉信息提取，文档视觉问题应答，文档图像分类等。本文简要评论了一些代表性模型，任务和基准数据集。此外，我们还介绍了早期的启发式规则的文档分析，统计机器学习算法，深度学习方法，尤其是预训练方法。最后，我们展望未来的Document AI研究方向。

近年来，在应用预训练的语言模型（例如Bert）上，取得了巨大进展，以获取信息检索（IR）任务。在网页中通常使用的超链接已被利用用于设计预训练目标。例如，超链接的锚文本已用于模拟查询，从而构建了巨大的查询文档对以进行预训练。但是，作为跨越两个网页的桥梁，尚未完全探索超链接的潜力。在这项工作中，我们专注于建模通过超链接连接的两个文档之间的关系，并为临时检索设计一个新的预训练目标。具体而言，我们将文档之间的关系分为四组：无链接，单向链接，对称链接和最相关的对称链接。通过比较从相邻组采样的两个文档，该模型可以逐渐提高其捕获匹配信号的能力。我们提出了一个渐进的超链接预测（{php}）框架，以探索预训练中超链接的利用。对两个大规模临时检索数据集和六个提问数据集的实验结果证明了其优于现有的预训练方法。

In this paper, we propose a novel multi-modal multi-task encoder-decoder pre-training framework (MMSpeech) for Mandarin automatic speech recognition (ASR), which employs both unlabeled speech and text data. The main difficulty in speech-text joint pre-training comes from the significant difference between speech and text modalities, especially for Mandarin speech and text. Unlike English and other languages with an alphabetic writing system, Mandarin uses an ideographic writing system where character and sound are not tightly mapped to one another. Therefore, we propose to introduce the phoneme modality into pre-training, which can help capture modality-invariant information between Mandarin speech and text. Specifically, we employ a multi-task learning framework including five self-supervised and supervised tasks with speech and text data. For end-to-end pre-training, we introduce self-supervised speech-to-pseudo-codes (S2C) and phoneme-to-text (P2T) tasks utilizing unlabeled speech and text data, where speech-pseudo-codes pairs and phoneme-text pairs are a supplement to the supervised speech-text pairs. To train the encoder to learn better speech representation, we introduce self-supervised masked speech prediction (MSP) and supervised phoneme prediction (PP) tasks to learn to map speech into phonemes. Besides, we directly add the downstream supervised speech-to-text (S2T) task into the pre-training process, which can further improve the pre-training performance and achieve better recognition results even without fine-tuning. Experiments on AISHELL-1 show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a more than 40% relative improvement compared with other pre-training methods.

学习高级语音表征的自学学习（SSL）一直是在低资源环境中构建自动语音识别（ASR）系统的一种流行方法。但是，文献中提出的共同假设是，可以使用可用于SSL预训练的相同域或语言的大量未标记数据，我们承认，在现实世界中，这是不可行的。在本文中，作为Interspeech Gram Vaani ASR挑战的一部分，我们尝试研究域，语言，数据集大小和上游训练SSL数据对最终性能下游ASR任务的效果。我们还建立在持续的训练范式的基础上，以研究使用SSL训练的模型所拥有的先验知识的效果。广泛的实验和研究表明，ASR系统的性能易受用于SSL预训练的数据。它们的性能随着相似性和预训练数据量的增加而提高。我们认为，我们的工作将有助于语音社区在低资源环境中建立更好的ASR系统，并引导研究改善基于SSL的语音系统预培训的概括。

许多在世界上的许多语言的语言现有数据的非数字化书籍和文件锁定了。光学字符识别（OCR）可以用来产生数字化的文字，和以前的工作已经证明的是提高认识，精心资源较少语言的通用OCR系统的结果神经后校正方法的实用程序。然而，这些方法依赖于手工辅助校正后的数据，相对于非注释原始图像需要被数字化，其是相对稀少。在本文中，我们提出了一种半监督学习方法，使得它可以利用这些原始图像，以提高性能，特别是通过运用自我训练，其中模型迭代自身输出训练有素的技术。此外，为了执行在识别词汇的一致性，我们引入一个词法感知解码方法，该方法增强了神经后修正模型与从所识别的文本构成的基于计数的语言模型，使用加权有限状态自动机中实现（WFSA）对于高效和有效的解码。四种濒危语言的结果证明了该方法的效用，具有15-29％的相对误差减少，我们在哪里找到的自我培训和实现持续改善词法感知解码所必需的组合。数据和代码可在https://shrutirij.github.io/ocr-el/。