Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged by three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input utterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training phase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation. To deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT) approach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an offline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like prediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction loss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined acoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily on the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the intrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple k-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the HuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-ofthe-art wav2vec 2.0 performance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with 10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model, HuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging dev-other and test-other evaluation subsets. 1
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最近,蒙面的预测预训练在自我监督的学习(SSL)方面取得了显着的进展,以进行语音识别。它通常需要以无监督的方式获得的代码簿,从而使其准确和难以解释。我们提出了两种监督指导的代码书生成方法,以提高自动语音识别(ASR)的性能以及预训练效率,要么通过使用混合ASR系统来解码以生成音素级别对准(命名为PBERT),要么通过在上进行集群进行聚类。从端到端CTC模型(命名CTC聚类)提取的监督语音功能。混合动力和CTC模型均经过与微调相同的少量标记语音训练。实验表明,我们的方法对各种SSL和自我训练基准的优势具有显着优势,相对减少了17.0%。我们的预训练模型在非ASR语音任务中还显示出良好的可传递性。
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最近,先驱工作发现,演讲预训练模型可以解决全堆栈语音处理任务,因为该模型利用底层学习扬声器相关信息和顶层以编码与内容相关的信息。由于网络容量有限,我们认为如果模型专用于音频内容信息学习,则可以进一步提高语音识别性能。为此,我们向自我监督学习(ILS-SSL)提出中间层监督,这将模型通过在中间层上添加额外的SSL丢失来尽可能地专注于内容信息。 LibrisPeech测试 - 其他集合的实验表明,我们的方法显着优于Hubert,这实现了基数/大型模型的W / O语言模型设置的相对字错误率降低了23.5%/ 11.6%。详细分析显示我们模型的底层与拼音单元具有更好的相关性,这与我们的直觉一致,并解释了我们对ASR的方法的成功。
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语音的视频录制包含相关的音频和视觉信息,为语音表示从扬声器的唇部运动和产生的声音提供了强大的信号。我们介绍了视听隐藏单元BERT(AV-HUBERT),是视听语音的自我监督的代表学习框架,这些屏幕屏蔽了多流视频输入并预测自动发现和迭代地精制多模式隐藏单元。 AV-HUBERT学习强大的视听语音表示,这些语音表示受益于唇读和自动语音识别。在最大的公众唇读基准LRS3(433小时)中,AV-Hubert达到32.5%WER,只有30个小时的标签数据,优于前一种最先进的方法(33.6%)培训,达到了一千次转录的视频数据(31k小时)。当使用来自LRS3的所有433小时的标记数据并结合自培训时,唇读WER进一步降低至26.9%。使用我们在相同的基准测试中使用您的视听表示,用于音频语音识别的相对效率为40%,而最先进的性能(1.3%Vs 2.3%)。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/facebookResearch/av_hubert获得
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We show for the first time that learning powerful representations from speech audio alone followed by fine-tuning on transcribed speech can outperform the best semi-supervised methods while being conceptually simpler. wav2vec 2.0 masks the speech input in the latent space and solves a contrastive task defined over a quantization of the latent representations which are jointly learned. Experiments using all labeled data of Librispeech achieve 1.8/3.3 WER on the clean/other test sets. When lowering the amount of labeled data to one hour, wav2vec 2.0 outperforms the previous state of the art on the 100 hour subset while using 100 times less labeled data. Using just ten minutes of labeled data and pre-training on 53k hours of unlabeled data still achieves 4.8/8.2 WER. This demonstrates the feasibility of speech recognition with limited amounts of labeled data. 1 1 Code and models are available at https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq Preprint. Under review.
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自我监督学习(SSL)在语音识别方面取得了巨大的成功,而有限的探索已尝试完成其他语音处理任务。由于语音信号包含多方面的信息,包括说话者身份,副语言学,口语内容等,学习所有语音任务的通用表示都具有挑战性。为了解决该问题,我们提出了一个新的预培训模型WAVLM,以解决全堆栈的下游语音任务。 Wavlm共同学习了蒙面的语音预测和预训练。通过这种方式,WAVLM不仅可以通过掩盖的语音预测来保持语音内容建模能力,而且还可以通过语音denoing来提高非ASR任务的潜力。此外,WAVLM还采用封闭式的变压器结构的封闭相对位置偏置,以更好地捕获输入语音的序列排序。我们还将培训数据集从60k小时扩展到94K小时。 WAVLM大型在精湛的基准上实现了最先进的性能,并在其代表性基准上为各种语音处理任务带来了重大改进。代码和预培训模型可在https://aka.ms/wavlm上找到。
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本文研究了一种新型的预训练技术,该技术具有未配对的语音数据Segend2C,用于基于编码器的自动语音识别(ASR)。在一个多任务学习框架内,我们使用声音单元(即伪代码)介绍了编码器 - 编码器网络的两个预训练任务,这些任务来自离线聚类模型。一种是通过在编码器输出中通过掩盖语言建模来预测伪代码,例如Hubert模型,而另一个使解码器学会学会重建伪代码自动加工,而不是生成文本脚本。通过这种方式,解码器学会了在学习生成正确的文本之前先用代码重建原始语音信息。在Librispeech语料库上进行的综合实验表明,在没有解码器预训练的情况下,提出的Speek2C可以相对将单词错误率(WER)降低19.2%,并且在最先进的WAV2VEC 2.0和HUBERT上的表现显着优于微调子集为10h和100h。我们在https://github.com/microsoft/speecht5/tree/main/main/speech2c上发布代码和模型。
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口头语言建模的最新工作表明,可以从原始音频中学习语言的可能性,而无需任何文本标签。该方法首先依赖于将音频转换为一系列离散单元(或伪文本),然后直接在此类伪文本上训练语言模型。这是必要的离散瓶颈,在语音信号的编码中可能引入不可逆转的错误,还是我们可以完全没有离散单位学习语言模型?在这项工作中,我们研究了离散和连续表示在口语建模中的作用。我们表明,离散化对于口语建模的良好结果确实至关重要。我们表明,离散化可以从连续功能中消除语言上无关的信息,从而有助于提高语言建模表演。在这项研究的基础上,我们培训了Hubert功能离散单元的语言模型,达到新的最先进的结果,导致了零资源语音挑战的词汇,句法和语义指标2021(轨道1-仅讲话)。
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最近的言语和语言技术的方法预先rain非常大型模型,用于特定任务。然而,这种大型模型的好处通常仅限于世界上少数资源丰富的语言。在这项工作中,我们对来自印度次大陆的低资源语言构建ASR系统进行多种贡献。首先,我们从各种领域策划40个印度语言的17,000小时的原始语音数据,包括教育,新闻,技术和金融。其次,使用这种原始语音数据,我们预先存在于40个印度语言的Wav2Vec样式模型的多个变体。第三,我们分析佩带的模型以查找关键特点:码本矢量的类似探测音素在语言中共享,跨层的表示是语言系列的判别,并且注意力头通常会在小型本地窗口中注意。第四,我们微调了9种语言的下游ASR模型,并在3个公共数据集上获得最先进的结果,包括非常低的资源语言,如Sinhala和Nepali。我们的工作建立了多语言预介质是建立ASR系统的有效策略,为印度次大陆的语言上不同的扬声器建立ASR系统。
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尽管视听模型与仅限音频模型相比可以产生卓越的性能和鲁棒性,但由于缺乏标记和未标记的视听数据以及每种方式部署一个模型的成本,它们的开发和采用受到阻碍。在本文中,我们提出了U-Hubert,这是一个自制的预训练框架,可以通过统一的蒙版群集预测目标来利用多模式和单峰语音。通过在预训练期间利用模态辍学,我们证明了一个微调模型可以在PAR上取得比较的性能或比最先进的模态特异性模型更好。此外,我们仅在音频上进行微调的模型可以通过视听和视觉语音输入来表现良好,从而实现了零击的模态概括,以实现语音识别和扬声器验证。特别是,我们的单个模型在带有音频/视听/视觉输入的LRS3上产生1.2%/1.4%/27.2%的语音识别单词错误率。
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In this paper, we propose a novel multi-modal multi-task encoder-decoder pre-training framework (MMSpeech) for Mandarin automatic speech recognition (ASR), which employs both unlabeled speech and text data. The main difficulty in speech-text joint pre-training comes from the significant difference between speech and text modalities, especially for Mandarin speech and text. Unlike English and other languages with an alphabetic writing system, Mandarin uses an ideographic writing system where character and sound are not tightly mapped to one another. Therefore, we propose to introduce the phoneme modality into pre-training, which can help capture modality-invariant information between Mandarin speech and text. Specifically, we employ a multi-task learning framework including five self-supervised and supervised tasks with speech and text data. For end-to-end pre-training, we introduce self-supervised speech-to-pseudo-codes (S2C) and phoneme-to-text (P2T) tasks utilizing unlabeled speech and text data, where speech-pseudo-codes pairs and phoneme-text pairs are a supplement to the supervised speech-text pairs. To train the encoder to learn better speech representation, we introduce self-supervised masked speech prediction (MSP) and supervised phoneme prediction (PP) tasks to learn to map speech into phonemes. Besides, we directly add the downstream supervised speech-to-text (S2T) task into the pre-training process, which can further improve the pre-training performance and achieve better recognition results even without fine-tuning. Experiments on AISHELL-1 show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a more than 40% relative improvement compared with other pre-training methods.
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We present RAVEn, a self-supervised multi-modal approach to jointly learn visual and auditory speech representations. Our pre-training objective involves encoding masked inputs, and then predicting contextualised targets generated by slowly-evolving momentum encoders. Driven by the inherent differences between video and audio, our design is asymmetric w.r.t. the two modalities' pretext tasks: Whereas the auditory stream predicts both the visual and auditory targets, the visual one predicts only the auditory targets. We observe strong results in low- and high-resource labelled data settings when fine-tuning the visual and auditory encoders resulting from a single pre-training stage, in which the encoders are jointly trained. Notably, RAVEn surpasses all self-supervised methods on visual speech recognition (VSR) on LRS3, and combining RAVEn with self-training using only 30 hours of labelled data even outperforms a recent semi-supervised method trained on 90,000 hours of non-public data. At the same time, we achieve state-of-the-art results in the LRS3 low-resource setting for auditory speech recognition (as well as for VSR). Our findings point to the viability of learning powerful speech representations entirely from raw video and audio, i.e., without relying on handcrafted features. Code and models will be made public.
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我们总结了使用巨大的自动语音识别(ASR)模型的大量努力的结果,该模型使用包含大约一百万小时音频的大型,多样的未标记数据集进行了预训练。我们发现,即使对于拥有数万个小时的标记数据的非常大的任务,预训练,自我培训和扩大模型大小的组合也大大提高了数据效率。特别是,在具有34K小时标记数据的ASR任务上,通过微调80亿个参数预先训练的构象异构体模型,我们可以匹配最先进的(SOTA)性能(SOTA)的性能,只有3%的培训数据和通过完整的训练集可以显着改善SOTA。我们还报告了从使用大型预训练和自我训练的模型来完成一系列下游任务所获得的普遍利益,这些任务涵盖了广泛的语音域,并涵盖了多个数据集大小的大小,包括在许多人中获得SOTA性能公共基准。此外,我们利用预先训练的网络的学会表示,在非ASR任务上实现SOTA结果。
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我们提出了一种简单有效的自我监督学习方法,以供语音识别。该方法以随机预测量化器生成的离散标签的形式学习了一个模型,以预测蒙版的语音信号。尤其是量化器的语音输入带有随机初始化的矩阵,并在随机限制的代码簿中进行最近的邻居查找。在自我监督的学习过程中,矩阵和密码簿均未更新。由于未对随机预测量化器进行训练,并与语音识别模型分开,因此该设计使该方法具有灵活性,并且与通用语音识别体系结构兼容。在LibrisPeech上,我们的方法与以前的工作相比,使用非流式模型获得了与以前的工作相似的单词率,并且比WAV2VEC 2.0和WAP2VEC 2.0和w2v-bert提供了较低的单词率率和延迟。在多语言任务上,该方法还提供了与WAV2VEC 2.0和W2V-bert的显着改进。
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无监督的语音识别表现出了使每种语言都可以访问的自动语音识别(ASR)系统的巨大潜力。但是,现有方法仍然严重依赖手工制作的预处理。与端到端进行监督语音识别的趋势类似,我们介绍了WAV2VEC-U 2.0,它消除了所有音频端的预处理,并通过更好的体系结构提高了准确性。此外,我们引入了一个辅助自我监督的目标,该目标将模型的预测与输入联系起来。实验表明,WAV2VEC-U 2.0在概念上更简单的同时,可以改善不同语言的无监督识别结果。
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本文介绍了基于Wav2VEC 2.0的跨语言语音表示学习的大规模模型。我们在128种语言中培训最多2B个公共讲话音频的近半小时的型号的模型,比公共数据的数量级比最大的已知事先工作。我们的评估涵盖了广泛的任务,域,数据制度和语言,都是高低资源。在Covost-2语音翻译基准测试中,我们将先前的最先进的状态平均为7.4 BLEU超过21个翻译方向进入英语。对于语音识别,XLS-R在Babel,MLS,CommonVoice以及Voxpopuli上的最佳已知工作中提高,降低了相对的误差率14-34%。 XLS-R还在Voxlingua107语言识别上设置了新的技术状态。此外,我们表明,具有足够的模型规模,交叉思维预先预测可以在将英语演讲翻译成其他语言时才能优于英语撇印,这是一个有利于单晶的预借预制的设置。我们希望XLS-R可以帮助改善世界上更多语言的语音处理任务。
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Self-supervised learning via masked prediction pre-training (MPPT) has shown impressive performance on a range of speech-processing tasks. This paper proposes a method to bias self-supervised learning towards a specific task. The core idea is to slightly finetune the model that is used to obtain the target sequence. This leads to better performance and a substantial increase in training speed. Furthermore, this paper proposes a variant of MPPT that allows low-footprint streaming models to be trained effectively by computing the MPPT loss on masked and unmasked frames. These approaches are evaluated for automatic speech recognition on the Librispeech corpus, where 100 hours of data served as the labelled data and 860 hours as the unlabelled data. The biased training outperforms the unbiased training by 15.5% after 250k updates and 23.8% after 100k updates on test-other. For the streaming models, the pre-training approach yields a reduction in word error rate of 44.1%.
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自我监督的语音表示,如Wav2Vec 2.0和Hubert正在自动语音识别(ASR)中进行革命性进展。但是,未经监督模型没有完全证明在ASR以外的任务中产生更好的性能。在这项工作中,我们探索了Wav2Vec 2.0和Hubert预先训练模型的部分微调和整个微调,适用于三个非ASR语音任务:语音情感识别,发言者验证和口语理解。我们还比较带有/没有ASR微调的预训练型号。通过简单的下游框架,最佳分数对IEMocap上的语音情感识别的加权精度达到79.58%,扬声器验证对voxcereB1的2.36%,意图分类的准确性为87.51%,Slotp的槽填充的75.32%f1,因此为这三个基准设置新的最先进,证明了微调Wave2VEC 2.0和Hubert模型可以更好地学习韵律,语音印刷和语义表示。
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我们利用Libri-Light数据集的未标记音频来获得半监督学习中最新的发展的最新发展,以获得自动语音识别的最新结果。更确切地说,我们使用使用WAV2VEC 2.0预训练的巨型构象模型进行了嘈杂的学生培训,并使用巨型构象模型进行了训练。通过这样做,我们能够在Librispeech测试/测试中获得1.4%/2.6%的单词率率(WERS),而目前的最新设备为1.7%/3.3%。
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Through solving pretext tasks, self-supervised learning leverages unlabeled data to extract useful latent representations replacing traditional input features in the downstream task. In audio/speech signal processing, a wide range of features where engineered through decades of research efforts. As it turns out, learning to predict such features (a.k.a pseudo-labels) has proven to be a particularly relevant pretext task, leading to useful self-supervised representations which prove to be effective for downstream tasks. However, methods and common practices for combining such pretext tasks for better performance on the downstream task have not been explored and understood properly. In fact, the process relies almost exclusively on a computationally heavy experimental procedure, which becomes intractable with the increase of the number of pretext tasks. This paper introduces a method to select a group of pretext tasks among a set of candidates. The method we propose estimates calibrated weights for the partial losses corresponding to the considered pretext tasks during the self-supervised training process. The experiments conducted on automatic speech recognition, speaker and emotion recognition validate our approach, as the groups selected and weighted with our method perform better than classic baselines, thus facilitating the selection and combination of relevant pseudo-labels for self-supervised representation learning.
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