仅在合成数据上培训的最先进的立体声匹配网络通常无法概括到更具挑战性的真实数据域。在本文中,我们试图展开阻碍网络从跨域推广网络的重要因素:通过快捷学习的镜头。我们证明了立体声匹配网络中的特征表示的学习受合成数据伪影(快捷键属性)的严重影响。为了缓解此问题,我们提出了一种信息 - 理论快捷方式避免〜(ITSA)方法,以自动限制与要素表示的快捷键相关信息。因此,我们的提出方法通过最大限度地减少潜在特征的灵敏度来了解强大而快捷的不变性功能。为避免直接输入灵敏度优化的禁止计算成本,我们提出了一种有效但可行的算法来实现鲁棒性。我们表明,使用这种方法,纯粹对合成数据训练的最先进的立体声匹配网络可以有效地推广到具有挑战性和以前看不见的真实数据场景。重要的是,所提出的方法可以增强合成训练网络的鲁棒性,以至于它们优于他们的微调对应物(在实际数据上)以充分挑战域外立体数据集。
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Existing deep learning based stereo matching methods either focus on achieving optimal performances on the target dataset while with poor generalization for other datasets or focus on handling the cross-domain generalization by suppressing the domain sensitive features which results in a significant sacrifice on the performance. To tackle these problems, we propose PCW-Net, a Pyramid Combination and Warping cost volume-based network to achieve good performance on both cross-domain generalization and stereo matching accuracy on various benchmarks. In particular, our PCW-Net is designed for two purposes. First, we construct combination volumes on the upper levels of the pyramid and develop a cost volume fusion module to integrate them for initial disparity estimation. Multi-scale receptive fields can be covered by fusing multi-scale combination volumes, thus, domain-invariant features can be extracted. Second, we construct the warping volume at the last level of the pyramid for disparity refinement. The proposed warping volume can narrow down the residue searching range from the initial disparity searching range to a fine-grained one, which can dramatically alleviate the difficulty of the network to find the correct residue in an unconstrained residue searching space. When training on synthetic datasets and generalizing to unseen real datasets, our method shows strong cross-domain generalization and outperforms existing state-of-the-arts with a large margin. After fine-tuning on the real datasets, our method ranks first on KITTI 2012, second on KITTI 2015, and first on the Argoverse among all published methods as of 7, March 2022. The code will be available at https://github.com/gallenszl/PCWNet.
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最近,立体声匹配基准的记录由端到端视差网络不断破碎。但是,这些深层模型的域适应能力非常有限。解决此类问题,我们提出了一种名为ADASTEREO的新型域自适应方法,该方法旨在对准深度立体声匹配网络的多级表示。与以前的方法相比,我们的ADASTEREO实现了更标准,完整有效的域适应管道。首先,我们提出了一种用于输入图像级对准的非对抗渐进颜色传输算法。其次,我们设计一个有效的无参数成本归一化层,用于内部特征级别对齐。最后,提出了一种高效的辅助任务,自我监督的遮挡感知重建以缩小输出空间中的间隙。我们进行密集的消融研究和分解比较,以验证每个提出的模块的有效性。没有额外推断开销,只有略微增加训练复杂性,我们的Adastereo模型在多个基准上实现了最先进的跨领域性能,包括Kitti,Middrbury,Eth3D和驾驶员,甚至优于一些状态 - 与目标域的地面真相Fineetuned的差异网络。此外,基于两个额外的评估指标,从更多的观点进一步揭示了我们域 - 自适应立体声匹配管道的优越性。最后,我们证明我们的方法对各种域适配设置具有强大,并且可以轻松地集成到快速适应应用方案和现实世界部署中。
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在线立体声适应解决了由合成(训练)和真实(测试)数据集之间的不同环境引起的域移位问题,以迅速适应动态现实世界应用程序(例如自动驾驶)中的立体声模型。但是,以前的方法通常无法抵消与动态物体有关的特定区域,并具有更严重的环境变化。为了减轻此问题,我们建议将辅助点选择性网络纳入称为PointFix的元学习框架中,以提供对在线立体声适应的立体声模型的强大初始化。简而言之,我们的辅助网络学会通过通过元级别有效地反向传播局部信息来固定局部变体,从而实现基线模型的稳健初始化。该网络是模型 - 不合时宜的,因此可以以任何插件的方式以任何形式的架构使用。我们进行了广泛的实验,以在三个适应设置(例如短期,中和长期序列)下验证我们的方法的有效性。实验结果表明,辅助网络对基本立体声模型的适当初始化使我们的学习范式在推理时达到了最新的性能。
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我们研究了对差距估计任务的深层立体声匹配网络对抗图像对抗的影响。我们介绍了一种方法来制作一组扰动,当添加到数据集中的任何立体声图像对时,可以欺骗立体声网络,从而显着改变感知场景几何形状。我们的扰动图像是“通用”的,因为它们不仅损坏了它们在优化的数据集上的网络上的估计,而且还概括到不同数据集中不同架构的立体网络。我们在多个公共基准数据集中评估我们的方法,并显示我们的扰动可以将最先进的立体网络的D1错误(类似于愚蠢)增加1%至高达87%。我们调查扰动对估计场景几何的影响,并确定最脆弱的对象类。我们对左右图像之间的注册点激活的分析导致我们发现某些架构组件,即可变形卷积和明确匹配,可以增加对对手的鲁棒性。我们证明,通过简单地使用这些组件设计网络,可以将对手的效果降低到60.5%,这竞争于网络的稳健性与昂贵的对抗性数据增强进行了微调。
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We are concerned with a worst-case scenario in model generalization, in the sense that a model aims to perform well on many unseen domains while there is only one single domain available for training. We propose a new method named adversarial domain augmentation to solve this Outof-Distribution (OOD) generalization problem. The key idea is to leverage adversarial training to create "fictitious" yet "challenging" populations, from which a model can learn to generalize with theoretical guarantees. To facilitate fast and desirable domain augmentation, we cast the model training in a meta-learning scheme and use a Wasserstein Auto-Encoder (WAE) to relax the widely used worst-case constraint. Detailed theoretical analysis is provided to testify our formulation, while extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets indicate its superior performance in tackling single domain generalization.
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我们关注模型概括中最坏的情况,因为一个模型旨在在许多看不见的域上表现良好,而只有一个单个域可供训练。我们提出基于元学习的对抗领域的增强,以解决此范围泛化问题。关键思想是利用对抗性训练来创建“虚构的”但“具有挑战性”的人群,模型可以从中学会通过理论保证进行概括。为了促进快速和理想的域增强,我们将模型训练施加在元学习方案中,并使用Wasserstein自动编码器放宽广泛使用的最坏情况的约束。我们通过整合有效域概括的不确定性定量来进一步改善我们的方法。在多个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明其在解决单个领域概括方面的出色性能。
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Recent work has shown that depth estimation from a stereo pair of images can be formulated as a supervised learning task to be resolved with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, current architectures rely on patch-based Siamese networks, lacking the means to exploit context information for finding correspondence in illposed regions. To tackle this problem, we propose PSM-Net, a pyramid stereo matching network consisting of two main modules: spatial pyramid pooling and 3D CNN. The spatial pyramid pooling module takes advantage of the capacity of global context information by aggregating context in different scales and locations to form a cost volume. The 3D CNN learns to regularize cost volume using stacked multiple hourglass networks in conjunction with intermediate supervision. The proposed approach was evaluated on several benchmark datasets. Our method ranked first in the KITTI 2012 and 2015 leaderboards before March 18, 2018. The codes of PSMNet are available at: https: //github.com/JiaRenChang/PSMNet.
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We propose a novel deep learning architecture for regressing disparity from a rectified pair of stereo images. We leverage knowledge of the problem's geometry to form a cost volume using deep feature representations. We learn to incorporate contextual information using 3-D convolutions over this volume. Disparity values are regressed from the cost volume using a proposed differentiable soft argmin operation, which allows us to train our method end-to-end to sub-pixel accuracy without any additional post-processing or regularization. We evaluate our method on the Scene Flow and KITTI datasets and on KITTI we set a new stateof-the-art benchmark, while being significantly faster than competing approaches.
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在本文中,我们考虑了语义分割中域概括的问题,该问题旨在仅使用标记的合成(源)数据来学习强大的模型。该模型有望在看不见的真实(目标)域上表现良好。我们的研究发现,图像样式的变化在很大程度上可以影响模型的性能,并且样式特征可以通过图像的频率平均值和标准偏差来很好地表示。受此启发,我们提出了一种新颖的对抗性增强(Advstyle)方法,该方法可以在训练过程中动态生成硬性化的图像,因此可以有效防止该模型过度适应源域。具体而言,AdvStyle将样式功能视为可学习的参数,并通过对抗培训对其进行更新。学习的对抗性风格功能用于构建用于健壮模型训练的对抗图像。 AdvStyle易于实现,并且可以轻松地应用于不同的模型。对两个合成到现实的语义分割基准的实验表明,Advstyle可以显着改善看不见的真实域的模型性能,并表明我们可以实现最新技术的状态。此外,可以将AdvStyle用于域通用图像分类,并在考虑的数据集上产生明显的改进。
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我们提出了一个新颖的高分辨率和具有挑战性的立体声数据集框架室内场景,并以致密而准确的地面真相差异注释。我们数据集的特殊是存在几个镜面和透明表面的存在,即最先进的立体声网络失败的主要原因。我们的采集管道利用了一个新颖的深度时空立体声框架,该框架可以轻松准确地使用子像素精度进行标记。我们总共发布了419个样本,这些样本在64个不同的场景中收集,并以致密的地面差异注释。每个样本包括高分辨率对(12 MPX)以及一个不平衡对(左:12 MPX,右:1.1 MPX)。此外,我们提供手动注释的材料分割面具和15K未标记的样品。我们根据我们的数据集评估了最新的深层网络,强调了它们在解决立体声方面的开放挑战方面的局限性,并绘制了未来研究的提示。
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作为许多自主驾驶和机器人活动的基本组成部分,如自我运动估计,障碍避免和场景理解,单眼深度估计(MDE)引起了计算机视觉和机器人社区的极大关注。在过去的几十年中,已经开发了大量方法。然而,据我们所知,对MDE没有全面调查。本文旨在通过审查1970年至2021年之间发布的197个相关条款来弥补这一差距。特别是,我们为涵盖各种方法的MDE提供了全面的调查,介绍了流行的绩效评估指标并汇总公开的数据集。我们还总结了一些代表方法的可用开源实现,并比较了他们的表演。此外,我们在一些重要的机器人任务中审查了MDE的应用。最后,我们通过展示一些有希望的未来研究方向来结束本文。预计本调查有助于读者浏览该研究领域。
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我们建议利用模拟的潜力,以域的概括方式对现实世界自动驾驶场景的语义分割。对分割网络进行了训练,没有任何目标域数据,并在看不见的目标域进行了测试。为此,我们提出了一种新的域随机化和金字塔一致性的方法,以学习具有高推广性的模型。首先,我们建议使用辅助数据集以视觉外观的方式随机将合成图像随机化,以有效地学习域不变表示。其次,我们进一步在不同的“风格化”图像和图像中实施了金字塔一致性,以分别学习域不变和规模不变的特征。关于从GTA和合成对城市景观,BDD和Mapillary的概括进行了广泛的实验;而我们的方法比最新技术取得了卓越的成果。值得注意的是,我们的概括结果与最先进的模拟域适应方法相比甚至更好,甚至比在训练时访问目标域数据的结果。
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Learning based methods have shown very promising results for the task of depth estimation in single images. However, most existing approaches treat depth prediction as a supervised regression problem and as a result, require vast quantities of corresponding ground truth depth data for training. Just recording quality depth data in a range of environments is a challenging problem. In this paper, we innovate beyond existing approaches, replacing the use of explicit depth data during training with easier-to-obtain binocular stereo footage.We propose a novel training objective that enables our convolutional neural network to learn to perform single image depth estimation, despite the absence of ground truth depth data. Exploiting epipolar geometry constraints, we generate disparity images by training our network with an image reconstruction loss. We show that solving for image reconstruction alone results in poor quality depth images. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel training loss that enforces consistency between the disparities produced relative to both the left and right images, leading to improved performance and robustness compared to existing approaches. Our method produces state of the art results for monocular depth estimation on the KITTI driving dataset, even outperforming supervised methods that have been trained with ground truth depth.
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不同的环境对长期自主驾驶的户外强大的视觉感知构成了巨大挑战,以及对不同环境影响的学习算法的概括仍然是一个公开问题。虽然最近单眼深度预测得到了很好的研究,但很少有很多工作,专注于不同环境的强大的基于学习的深度预测,例如,由于缺乏如此多环境的现实世界数据集和基准测试,不断变化照明和季节。为此,基于CMU Visual Location DataSet建立了第一个跨赛季单眼深度预测数据集和基准赛季。为了基准不同环境下的深度估计性能,我们使用几个新配制的指标调查来自Kitti基准的代表性和最近的最先进的开源监督,自我监督和域适应深度预测方法。通过对所提出的数据集进行广泛的实验评估,定性和定量分析了多种环境对性能和鲁棒性的影响,表明即使微调,长期单眼深度预测也仍然具有挑战性。我们进一步提供了承诺的途径,即自我监督的培训和立体声几何约束有助于提高改变环境的鲁棒性。数据集可在https://seasondepth.github.io上找到,并且在https://github.com/seasondepth/seasondepth上提供基准工具包。
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在立体声视觉中,自相似或平淡的区域可能使得很难匹配两个图像之间的补丁。基于主动立体声的方法通过在场景上投射伪随机模式来减轻此问题,以便可以在没有歧义的情况下识别图像对的每个贴片。但是,投影模式显着改变了图像的外观。如果这种模式充当对抗性噪声的一种形式,则可能对基于深度学习的方法的性能产生负面影响,这现在是密集立体声视觉的事实上的标准。在本文中,我们提出了Active-Passive Simstereo数据集和相应的基准测试,以评估立体声匹配算法的被动立体声和活动立体声图像之间的性能差距。使用提出的基准测试和额外的消融研究,我们表明特征提取和匹配的模块选择了20个选择的基于深度学习的立体声匹配方法,可以推广到主动立体声,没有问题。但是,由于二十个体系结构(ACVNet,Cascadestereo和Stereonet)中三个的差异细化模块由于对输入图像的外观的依赖而受到主动立体声模式的负面影响。
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立体声匹配是许多视觉和机器人应用程序的基本构建块。信息性和简洁的成本量表示对于高准确性和效率的立体声匹配至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的成本量构建方法,称为“注意串联量”(ACV),该方法从相关线索中产生了注意力权重,以抑制冗余信息并增强串联体积中与匹配相关的信息。 ACV可以无缝嵌入大多数立体声匹配网络中,所得网络可以使用更轻巧的聚合网络,同时获得更高的精度。我们进一步设计了快速版本的ACV版本以实现实时性能,名为FAST-ACV,它产生了很高的可能性差异假设,以及来自低分辨率相关线索的相应注意力权重,可显着降低计算和记忆成本,同时保持令人满意的精度。我们快速ACV的核心思想是音量注意传播(VAP),它可以自动从上采样相关量中选择准确的相关值,并将这些准确的值传播到周围环境像素具有模棱两可的相关线索。此外,我们分别基于我们的ACV和Fast-ACV设计了高度准确的网络ACVNET和实时网络快速ACVNET,该网络在几个基准上实现了最新性能(即,我们的ACVNET排名第二,第二名在Kitti 2015和场景流以及所有已发布方法中的Kitti 2012和Eth3d的第三次;我们的快速ACVNET几乎优于现场流的所有最新实时方法,Kitti 2012和2015年,与此同时,与此同时更好的概括能力)
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深度估计是需要对环境的3D评估的广大应用程序的基石,例如机器人,增强现实和自主驱动来命名几个。深度估计的一个突出技术是立体声匹配,其具有多种优点:它被认为比其他深度传感技术更容易进入,可以实时产生密集的深度估计,并从近年来深度学习的进步中受益匪浅。然而,用于立体图像的深度估计的当前技术仍然遭受内置缺点。为了重建深度,立体声匹配算法首先在应用几何三角测量之前估计左图像和右图像之间的视差图。一个简单的分析表明,深度误差与对象距离相当成比例。因此,恒定的差异误差被转换为远离相机的物体的大深度误差。为了缓解这种二次关系,我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法,使用细化网络进行深度估计。我们展示了分析和经验结果表明所提出的学习程序减少了这种二次关系。我们评估了众所周知的基准和数据集的提出的细化程序,如演唱者和基提数据集,并在深度精度度量中展示了显着的改进。
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Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) is a fundamental problem in computer vision with numerous applications. Recently, LIDAR-supervised methods have achieved remarkable per-pixel depth accuracy in outdoor scenes. However, significant errors are typically found in the proximity of depth discontinuities, i.e., depth edges, which often hinder the performance of depth-dependent applications that are sensitive to such inaccuracies, e.g., novel view synthesis and augmented reality. Since direct supervision for the location of depth edges is typically unavailable in sparse LIDAR-based scenes, encouraging the MDE model to produce correct depth edges is not straightforward. In this work we propose to learn to detect the location of depth edges from densely-supervised synthetic data, and use it to generate supervision for the depth edges in the MDE training. %Despite the 'domain gap' between synthetic and real data, we show that depth edges that are estimated directly are significantly more accurate than the ones that emerge indirectly from the MDE training. To quantitatively evaluate our approach, and due to the lack of depth edges ground truth in LIDAR-based scenes, we manually annotated subsets of the KITTI and the DDAD datasets with depth edges ground truth. We demonstrate significant gains in the accuracy of the depth edges with comparable per-pixel depth accuracy on several challenging datasets.
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The success of monocular depth estimation relies on large and diverse training sets. Due to the challenges associated with acquiring dense ground-truth depth across different environments at scale, a number of datasets with distinct characteristics and biases have emerged. We develop tools that enable mixing multiple datasets during training, even if their annotations are incompatible.In particular, we propose a robust training objective that is invariant to changes in depth range and scale, advocate the use of principled multi-objective learning to combine data from different sources, and highlight the importance of pretraining encoders on auxiliary tasks. Armed with these tools, we experiment with five diverse training datasets, including a new, massive data source: 3D films. To demonstrate the generalization power of our approach we use zero-shot cross-dataset transfer, i.e. we evaluate on datasets that were not seen during training. The experiments confirm that mixing data from complementary sources greatly improves monocular depth estimation. Our approach clearly outperforms competing methods across diverse datasets, setting a new state of the art for monocular depth estimation.
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