We propose a novel deep learning architecture for regressing disparity from a rectified pair of stereo images. We leverage knowledge of the problem's geometry to form a cost volume using deep feature representations. We learn to incorporate contextual information using 3-D convolutions over this volume. Disparity values are regressed from the cost volume using a proposed differentiable soft argmin operation, which allows us to train our method end-to-end to sub-pixel accuracy without any additional post-processing or regularization. We evaluate our method on the Scene Flow and KITTI datasets and on KITTI we set a new stateof-the-art benchmark, while being significantly faster than competing approaches.

Recent work has shown that depth estimation from a stereo pair of images can be formulated as a supervised learning task to be resolved with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, current architectures rely on patch-based Siamese networks, lacking the means to exploit context information for finding correspondence in illposed regions. To tackle this problem, we propose PSM-Net, a pyramid stereo matching network consisting of two main modules: spatial pyramid pooling and 3D CNN. The spatial pyramid pooling module takes advantage of the capacity of global context information by aggregating context in different scales and locations to form a cost volume. The 3D CNN learns to regularize cost volume using stacked multiple hourglass networks in conjunction with intermediate supervision. The proposed approach was evaluated on several benchmark datasets. Our method ranked first in the KITTI 2012 and 2015 leaderboards before March 18, 2018. The codes of PSMNet are available at: https: //github.com/JiaRenChang/PSMNet.

We present an end-to-end deep learning architecture for depth map inference from multi-view images. In the network, we first extract deep visual image features, and then build the 3D cost volume upon the reference camera frustum via the differentiable homography warping. Next, we apply 3D convolutions to regularize and regress the initial depth map, which is then refined with the reference image to generate the final output. Our framework flexibly adapts arbitrary N-view inputs using a variance-based cost metric that maps multiple features into one cost feature. The proposed MVSNet is demonstrated on the large-scale indoor DTU dataset. With simple post-processing, our method not only significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-arts, but also is several times faster in runtime. We also evaluate MVSNet on the complex outdoor Tanks and Temples dataset, where our method ranks first before April 18, 2018 without any fine-tuning, showing the strong generalization ability of MVSNet.

Learning based methods have shown very promising results for the task of depth estimation in single images. However, most existing approaches treat depth prediction as a supervised regression problem and as a result, require vast quantities of corresponding ground truth depth data for training. Just recording quality depth data in a range of environments is a challenging problem. In this paper, we innovate beyond existing approaches, replacing the use of explicit depth data during training with easier-to-obtain binocular stereo footage.We propose a novel training objective that enables our convolutional neural network to learn to perform single image depth estimation, despite the absence of ground truth depth data. Exploiting epipolar geometry constraints, we generate disparity images by training our network with an image reconstruction loss. We show that solving for image reconstruction alone results in poor quality depth images. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel training loss that enforces consistency between the disparities produced relative to both the left and right images, leading to improved performance and robustness compared to existing approaches. Our method produces state of the art results for monocular depth estimation on the KITTI driving dataset, even outperforming supervised methods that have been trained with ground truth depth.

立体声匹配是许多视觉和机器人应用程序的基本构建块。信息性和简洁的成本量表示对于高准确性和效率的立体声匹配至关重要。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的成本量构建方法，该方法从相关线索中产生了注意力，以抑制冗余信息并增强串联量中与匹配相关的信息。为了产生可靠的注意力权重，我们提出了多层次自适应补丁匹配，以提高在不同差异区域以不同差异的匹配成本的独特性。提出的成本量被命名为注意串联量（ACV），可以将其无缝嵌入大多数立体声匹配网络中，结果网络可以使用更轻巧的聚合网络，同时实现更高的精度，例如。仅使用聚合网络的1/25参数可以实现GWCNET的更高精度。此外，我们根据ACV设计了一个高度准确的网络（ACVNET），该网络（ACVNET）在几个基准上实现了最先进的性能。

虽然卷积神经网络的立体声匹配架构取得了令人印象深刻的成就，但仍有一些限制：1）卷积特征（CF）倾向于捕获外观信息，这对于准确匹配是不充分的。 2）由于静态过滤器，基于电流的卷积差异细化模块通常会产生过平滑的结果。在本文中，我们提出了两种计划来解决这些问题，其中一些传统智慧是整合的。首先，我们为Deep Stereo匹配网络引入了一个成对的特征，命名为LSP（本地相似性模式）。通过显式揭示邻居关系，LSP包含丰富的结构信息，可以利用，以帮助CF以获得更多辨别特征描述。其次，我们设计了动态自我重新组装的细化策略，并分别将其应用于成本分布和视差地图。前者可以配备单峰分布约束来缓解过度平滑的问题，后者更加实用。通过将它们纳入两个众所周知的基本架构，GWCNET和Ganet-Deep，通过将其进行证明，证明了所提出的方法的有效性。 SceneFlow和Kitti基准的实验结果表明，我们的模块显着提高了模型的性能。

We present a unified formulation and model for three motion and 3D perception tasks: optical flow, rectified stereo matching and unrectified stereo depth estimation from posed images. Unlike previous specialized architectures for each specific task, we formulate all three tasks as a unified dense correspondence matching problem, which can be solved with a single model by directly comparing feature similarities. Such a formulation calls for discriminative feature representations, which we achieve using a Transformer, in particular the cross-attention mechanism. We demonstrate that cross-attention enables integration of knowledge from another image via cross-view interactions, which greatly improves the quality of the extracted features. Our unified model naturally enables cross-task transfer since the model architecture and parameters are shared across tasks. We outperform RAFT with our unified model on the challenging Sintel dataset, and our final model that uses a few additional task-specific refinement steps outperforms or compares favorably to recent state-of-the-art methods on 10 popular flow, stereo and depth datasets, while being simpler and more efficient in terms of model design and inference speed.

作为许多自主驾驶和机器人活动的基本组成部分，如自我运动估计，障碍避免和场景理解，单眼深度估计（MDE）引起了计算机视觉和机器人社区的极大关注。在过去的几十年中，已经开发了大量方法。然而，据我们所知，对MDE没有全面调查。本文旨在通过审查1970年至2021年之间发布的197个相关条款来弥补这一差距。特别是，我们为涵盖各种方法的MDE提供了全面的调查，介绍了流行的绩效评估指标并汇总公开的数据集。我们还总结了一些代表方法的可用开源实现，并比较了他们的表演。此外，我们在一些重要的机器人任务中审查了MDE的应用。最后，我们通过展示一些有希望的未来研究方向来结束本文。预计本调查有助于读者浏览该研究领域。

We present a compact but effective CNN model for optical flow, called PWC-Net. PWC-Net has been designed according to simple and well-established principles: pyramidal processing, warping, and the use of a cost volume. Cast in a learnable feature pyramid, PWC-Net uses the current optical flow estimate to warp the CNN features of the second image. It then uses the warped features and features of the first image to construct a cost volume, which is processed by a CNN to estimate the optical flow. PWC-Net is 17 times smaller in size and easier to train than the recent FlowNet2 model. Moreover, it outperforms all published optical flow methods on the MPI Sintel final pass and KITTI 2015 benchmarks, running at about 35 fps on Sintel resolution (1024×436) images. Our models are available on https://github.com/NVlabs/PWC-Net.

立体声匹配是许多视觉和机器人应用程序的基本构建块。信息性和简洁的成本量表示对于高准确性和效率的立体声匹配至关重要。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的成本量构建方法，称为“注意串联量”（ACV），该方法从相关线索中产生了注意力权重，以抑制冗余信息并增强串联体积中与匹配相关的信息。 ACV可以无缝嵌入大多数立体声匹配网络中，所得网络可以使用更轻巧的聚合网络，同时获得更高的精度。我们进一步设计了快速版本的ACV版本以实现实时性能，名为FAST-ACV，它产生了很高的可能性差异假设，以及来自低分辨率相关线索的相应注意力权重，可显着降低计算和记忆成本，同时保持令人满意的精度。我们快速ACV的核心思想是音量注意传播（VAP），它可以自动从上采样相关量中选择准确的相关值，并将这些准确的值传播到周围环境像素具有模棱两可的相关线索。此外，我们分别基于我们的ACV和Fast-ACV设计了高度准确的网络ACVNET和实时网络快速ACVNET，该网络在几个基准上实现了最新性能（即，我们的ACVNET排名第二，第二名在Kitti 2015和场景流以及所有已发布方法中的Kitti 2012和Eth3d的第三次；我们的快速ACVNET几乎优于现场流的所有最新实时方法，Kitti 2012和2015年，与此同时，与此同时更好的概括能力）

Existing deep learning based stereo matching methods either focus on achieving optimal performances on the target dataset while with poor generalization for other datasets or focus on handling the cross-domain generalization by suppressing the domain sensitive features which results in a significant sacrifice on the performance. To tackle these problems, we propose PCW-Net, a Pyramid Combination and Warping cost volume-based network to achieve good performance on both cross-domain generalization and stereo matching accuracy on various benchmarks. In particular, our PCW-Net is designed for two purposes. First, we construct combination volumes on the upper levels of the pyramid and develop a cost volume fusion module to integrate them for initial disparity estimation. Multi-scale receptive fields can be covered by fusing multi-scale combination volumes, thus, domain-invariant features can be extracted. Second, we construct the warping volume at the last level of the pyramid for disparity refinement. The proposed warping volume can narrow down the residue searching range from the initial disparity searching range to a fine-grained one, which can dramatically alleviate the difficulty of the network to find the correct residue in an unconstrained residue searching space. When training on synthetic datasets and generalizing to unseen real datasets, our method shows strong cross-domain generalization and outperforms existing state-of-the-arts with a large margin. After fine-tuning on the real datasets, our method ranks first on KITTI 2012, second on KITTI 2015, and first on the Argoverse among all published methods as of 7, March 2022. The code will be available at https://github.com/gallenszl/PCWNet.

在本文中，我们提出了USEGSCENE，该框架用于使用卷积神经网络对立体声相机图像的深度，光流和自我感动的无监督学习。我们的框架利用语义信息来改善深度和光流图的正则化，多模式融合和遮挡填充考虑动态刚性对象运动作为独立的SE（3）转换。此外，我们与纯照相匹配匹配互补，我们提出了连续图像之间语义特征，像素类别和对象实例边界的匹配。与以前的方法相反，我们提出了一个网络体系结构，该网络体系结构可以使用共享编码器共同预测所有输出，并允许在任务域上传递信息，例如，光流的预测可以从深度的预测中受益。此外，我们明确地了解网络内部的深度和光流遮挡图，这些图被利用，以改善这些区域的预测。我们在流行的Kitti数据集上介绍了结果，并表明我们的方法以大幅度的优于其他方法。

Several leading methods on public benchmarks for depth-from-stereo rely on memory-demanding 4D cost volumes and computationally intensive 3D convolutions for feature matching. We suggest a new way to process the 4D cost volume where we merge two different concepts in one deeply integrated framework to achieve a symbiotic relationship. A feature matching part is responsible for identifying matching pixels pairs along the baseline while a concurrent image volume part is inspired by depth-from-mono CNNs. However, instead of predicting depth directly from image features, it provides additional context to resolve ambiguities during pixel matching. More technically, the processing of the 4D cost volume is separated into a 2D propagation and a 3D propagation part. Starting from feature maps of the left image, the 2D propagation assists the 3D propagation part of the cost volume at different layers by adding visual features to the geometric context. By combining both parts, we can safely reduce the scale of 3D convolution layers in the matching part without sacrificing accuracy. Experiments demonstrate that our end-to-end trained CNN is ranked 2nd on KITTI2012 and ETH3D benchmarks while being significantly faster than the 1st-ranked method. Furthermore, we notice that the coupling of image and matching-volume improves fine-scale details as demonstrated by our qualitative analysis.

这些年来，展示技术已经发展。开发实用的HDR捕获，处理和显示解决方案以将3D技术提升到一个新的水平至关重要。多曝光立体声图像序列的深度估计是开发成本效益3D HDR视频内容的重要任务。在本文中，我们开发了一种新颖的深度体系结构，以进行多曝光立体声深度估计。拟议的建筑有两个新颖的组成部分。首先，对传统立体声深度估计中使用的立体声匹配技术进行了修改。对于我们体系结构的立体深度估计部分，部署了单一到stereo转移学习方法。拟议的配方规避了成本量构造的要求，该要求由基于重新编码的单码编码器CNN取代，具有不同的重量以进行功能融合。基于有效网络的块用于学习差异。其次，我们使用强大的视差特征融合方法组合了从不同暴露水平上从立体声图像获得的差异图。使用针对不同质量度量计算的重量图合并在不同暴露下获得的差异图。获得的最终预测差异图更强大，并保留保留深度不连续性的最佳功能。提出的CNN具有使用标准动态范围立体声数据或具有多曝光低动态范围立体序列的训练的灵活性。在性能方面，所提出的模型超过了最新的单眼和立体声深度估计方法，无论是定量还是质量地，在具有挑战性的场景流以及暴露的Middlebury立体声数据集上。该体系结构在复杂的自然场景中表现出色，证明了其对不同3D HDR应用的有用性。

A significant weakness of most current deep Convolutional Neural Networks is the need to train them using vast amounts of manually labelled data. In this work we propose a unsupervised framework to learn a deep convolutional neural network for single view depth prediction, without requiring a pre-training stage or annotated ground-truth depths. We achieve this by training the network in a manner analogous to an autoencoder. At training time we consider a pair of images, source and target, with small, known camera motion between the two such as a stereo pair. We train the convolutional encoder for the task of predicting the depth map for the source image. To do so, we explicitly generate an inverse warp of the target image using the predicted depth and known inter-view displacement, to reconstruct the source image; the photometric error in the reconstruction is the reconstruction loss for the encoder. The acquisition of this training data is considerably simpler than for equivalent systems, requiring no manual annotation, nor calibration of depth sensor to camera. We show that our network trained on less than half of the KITTI dataset gives comparable performance to that of the state-of-the-art supervised methods for single view depth estimation. 1 1 Find the model and other imformation on the project github page: https://github. com/Ravi-Garg/Unsupervised_Depth_Estimation

本文提出了一个开放而全面的框架，以系统地评估对自我监督单眼估计的最新贡献。这包括训练，骨干，建筑设计选择和损失功能。该领域的许多论文在建筑设计或损失配方中宣称新颖性。但是，简单地更新历史系统的骨干会导致25％的相对改善，从而使其胜过大多数现有系统。对该领域论文的系统评估并不直接。在以前的论文中比较类似于类似的需要，这意味着评估协议中的长期错误在现场无处不在。许多论文可能不仅针对特定数据集进行了优化，而且还针对数据和评估标准的错误。为了帮助该领域的未来研究，我们发布了模块化代码库，可以轻松评估针对校正的数据和评估标准的替代设计决策。我们重新实施，验证和重新评估16个最先进的贡献，并引入一个新的数据集（SYNS-Patches），其中包含各种自然和城市场景中的密集室外深度地图。这允许计算复杂区域（例如深度边界）的信息指标。

最近的高级研究花费了大量的人类努力来优化网络体系结构进行立体声匹配，但几乎无法实现高精度和快速推理速度。为了简化网络设计中的工作量，神经体系结构搜索（NAS）已在各种稀疏预测任务（例如图像分类和对象检测）上获得了巨大成功。但是，现有关于密集预测任务的NAS研究，尤其是立体声匹配，仍然无法在不同计算功能的设备上有效地部署。为此，我们建议对具有不同计算功能的设备上的各种3D体系结构设置进行立体匹配（EASNET）训练弹性和准确的网络，以支持各种3D体系结构设置。考虑到目标设备的部署延迟约束，我们可以在无需额外培训的情况下快速从全部EASNET中提取子网络，而仍可以维护子网的准确性。广泛的实验表明，在模型的准确性和推理速度方面，我们的Easnet优于现场流和MPI Sintel数据集的最先进的人设计和基于NAS的体系结构。特别是，部署在推理GPU上，Easnet在场景流数据集中以100毫秒的价格获得了新的SOTA EPE，比具有更好质量型号的Leastereo快4.5 $ \ times $。

现代光学卫星传感器使高分辨率立体声重建。但是在观察地球从空间推动立体声匹配时挑战成像条件。在实践中，由此产生的数字表面模型（DSM）相当嘈杂，并且通常不会达到3D城市建模等高分辨率应用所需的准确性。可以说，基于低电平图像相似性的立体声对应不足，并且应该互补关于超出基本局部平滑度的预期表面几何的先验知识。为此，我们介绍了Resptepth，这是一个卷积神经网络，其在示例数据之前学习如此表达几何。 Restepth在调节图像上的细化时改进初始原始的立体声DSM。即，它充当了一个智能，学习的后处理过滤器，可以无缝地补充任何立体声匹配管道。在一系列实验中，我们发现所提出的方法始终如一地改善了定量和定性的立体声DSM。我们表明，网络权重中的先前编码捕获了城市设计的有意义的几何特征，这也概括了不同地区，甚至从一个城市到另一个城市。此外，我们证明，通过对各种立体对的训练，RESPTH可以在成像条件和采集几何体中获得足够的不变性。

除了学习基于外观的特征外，多框架深度估计还通过特征匹配利用图像之间的几何关系来改善单帧方法。在本文中，我们重新访问了与自我监督的单眼深度估计的匹配，并提出了一种新颖的变压器体系结构，以生成成本量。我们使用深度污染的表现采样来选择匹配的候选者，并通过一系列自我和跨注意层来完善预测。这些层增强了像素特征之间的匹配概率，改善了容易歧义和局部最小值的标准相似性指标。精制的成本量被解码为深度估计，整个管道仅使用光度目标从视频端到端训练。 Kitti和DDAD数据集的实验表明，我们的深度构建体在自我监督的单眼估计中建立了新的最新技术，甚至具有高度专业的监督单帧体系结构竞争。我们还表明，我们学到的跨意义网络产生可以在数据集中转移的表示形式，从而提高了训练策略的有效性。项目页面：https：//sites.google.com/tri.global/depthformer

立体声视觉最新发展的主要重点是如何在被动立体声视觉中获得准确的密集差异图。与被动立体声相比，主动视觉系统可以更准确地估计致密差异。但是，子像素准确的差异估计仍然是一个空的问题，几乎没有得到关注。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的学习策略，以训练神经网络，以估计半密集的主动立体声视觉的高质量子像素差异图。关键的见解是，如果神经网络能够共同学习如何完善差异图，同时使像素不足以纠正差异估计值，那么它们的准确性就可以翻倍。我们的方法基于贝叶斯建模，在该模型中，经过验证和无效的像素由它们的随机属性定义，从而使模型可以学习如何自行选择哪些像素值得关注。使用主动立体声数据集（例如Active-Passive Simstereo），我们证明了所提出的方法优于当前最新的活动立体声模型。我们还证明，所提出的方法与米德尔伯里数据集上的最新被动立体声模型进行了优惠比较。