协同的药物组合为增强治疗功效和减少不良反应提供了巨大的潜力。然而，由于未知的因果疾病信号通路，有效和协同的药物组合预测仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。尽管已经提出了各种深度学习（AI）模型来定量预测药物组合的协同作用。现有深度学习方法的主要局限性是它们本质上是不可解释的，这使得AI模型的结论是对人类专家的非透明度的结论，因此限制了模型结论的鲁棒性和这些模型在现实世界中的实施能力人类医疗保健。在本文中，我们开发了一个可解释的图神经网络（GNN），该神经网络（GNN）揭示了通过挖掘非常重要的亚分子网络来揭示协同（MOS）的基本基本治疗靶标和机制。可解释的GNN预测模型的关键点是一个新颖的图池层，基于自我注意的节点和边缘池（此后为SANEPOOL），可以根据节点特征和图表计算节点和边缘的注意力评分（重要性）拓扑。因此，提出的GNN模型提供了一种系统的方法来预测和解释基于检测到的关键亚分子网络的药物组合协同作用。我们评估了来自NCI Almanac药物组合筛查数据的46个核心癌症信号通路和药物组合的基因制造的分子网络。实验结果表明，1）Sanepool可以在其他流行的图神经网络中实现当前的最新性能； 2）由SANEPOOOL检测到的亚分子网络是可自我解释的，并且可以鉴定协同的药物组合。

生物医学网络是与疾病网络的蛋白质相互作用的普遍描述符，从蛋白质相互作用，一直到医疗保健系统和科学知识。随着代表学习提供强大的预测和洞察的显着成功，我们目睹了表现形式学习技术的快速扩展，进入了这些网络的建模，分析和学习。在这篇综述中，我们提出了一个观察到生物学和医学中的网络长期原则 - 而在机器学习研究中经常出口 - 可以为代表学习提供概念基础，解释其当前的成功和限制，并告知未来进步。我们综合了一系列算法方法，即在其核心利用图形拓扑到将网络嵌入到紧凑的向量空间中，并捕获表示陈述学习证明有用的方式的广度。深远的影响包括鉴定复杂性状的变异性，单细胞的异心行为及其对健康的影响，协助患者的诊断和治疗以及制定安全有效的药物。

多药物（定义为使用多种药物）是一种标准治疗方法，尤其是对于严重和慢性疾病。但是，将多种药物一起使用可能会导致药物之间的相互作用。药物 - 药物相互作用（DDI）是一种与另一种药物结合时的影响发生变化时发生的活性。 DDI可能会阻塞，增加或减少药物的预期作用，或者在最坏情况下，会产生不利的副作用。虽然准时检测DDI至关重要，但由于持续时间短，并且在临床试验中识别它们是时间的，而且昂贵，并且要考虑许多可能的药物对进行测试。结果，需要计算方法来预测DDI。在本文中，我们提出了一种新型的异质图注意模型Han-DDI，以预测药物 - 药物相互作用。我们建立了具有不同生物实体的药物网络。然后，我们开发了一个异质的图形注意网络，以使用药物与其他实体的关系学习DDI。它由一个基于注意力的异质图节点编码器组成，用于获得药物节点表示和用于预测药物相互作用的解码器。此外，我们利用全面的实验来评估我们的模型并将其与最先进的模型进行比较。实验结果表明，我们提出的方法Han-DDI的表现可以显着，准确地预测DDI，即使对于新药也是如此。

在本文中，我们提供了针对深度学习（DL）模型的结构化文献分析，该模型用于支持癌症生物学的推论，并特别强调了多词分析。这项工作着重于现有模型如何通过先验知识，生物学合理性和解释性，生物医学领域的基本特性来解决更好的对话。我们讨论了DL模型的最新进化拱门沿整合先前的生物关系和网络知识的方向，以支持更好的概括（例如途径或蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用网络）和解释性。这代表了向模型的基本功能转变，该模型可以整合机械和统计推断方面。我们讨论了在此类模型中整合域先验知识的代表性方法。该论文还为解释性和解释性的当代方法提供了关键的看法。该分析指向编码先验知识和改善解释性之间的融合方向。

Advanced methods of applying deep learning to structured data such as graphs have been proposed in recent years. In particular, studies have focused on generalizing convolutional neural networks to graph data, which includes redefining the convolution and the downsampling (pooling) operations for graphs. The method of generalizing the convolution operation to graphs has been proven to improve performance and is widely used. However, the method of applying downsampling to graphs is still difficult to perform and has room for improvement. In this paper, we propose a graph pooling method based on selfattention. Self-attention using graph convolution allows our pooling method to consider both node features and graph topology. To ensure a fair comparison, the same training procedures and model architectures were used for the existing pooling methods and our method. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves superior graph classification performance on the benchmark datasets using a reasonable number of parameters.

Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.

图表可以模拟实体之间的复杂交互，它在许多重要的应用程序中自然出现。这些应用程序通常可以投入到标准图形学习任务中，其中关键步骤是学习低维图表示。图形神经网络（GNN）目前是嵌入方法中最受欢迎的模型。然而，邻域聚合范例中的标准GNN患有区分\ EMPH {高阶}图形结构的有限辨别力，而不是\ EMPH {低位}结构。为了捕获高阶结构，研究人员求助于主题和开发的基于主题的GNN。然而，现有的基于主基的GNN仍然仍然遭受较少的辨别力的高阶结构。为了克服上述局限性，我们提出了一个新颖的框架，以更好地捕获高阶结构的新框架，铰接于我们所提出的主题冗余最小化操作员和注射主题组合的新颖框架。首先，MGNN生成一组节点表示W.R.T.每个主题。下一阶段是我们在图案中提出的冗余最小化，该主题在彼此相互比较并蒸馏出每个主题的特征。最后，MGNN通过组合来自不同图案的多个表示来执行节点表示的更新。特别地，为了增强鉴别的功率，MGNN利用重新注射功能来组合表示的函数w.r.t.不同的主题。我们进一步表明，我们的拟议体系结构增加了GNN的表现力，具有理论分析。我们展示了MGNN在节点分类和图形分类任务上的七个公共基准上表现出最先进的方法。

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have revolutionized the field of graph representation learning through effectively learned node embeddings, and achieved state-of-the-art results in tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, current GNN methods are inherently flat and do not learn hierarchical representations of graphs-a limitation that is especially problematic for the task of graph classification, where the goal is to predict the label associated with an entire graph. Here we propose DIFFPOOL, a differentiable graph pooling module that can generate hierarchical representations of graphs and can be combined with various graph neural network architectures in an end-to-end fashion. DIFFPOOL learns a differentiable soft cluster assignment for nodes at each layer of a deep GNN, mapping nodes to a set of clusters, which then form the coarsened input for the next GNN layer. Our experimental results show that combining existing GNN methods with DIFFPOOL yields an average improvement of 5-10% accuracy on graph classification benchmarks, compared to all existing pooling approaches, achieving a new state-of-the-art on four out of five benchmark data sets.

药物 - 药物相互作用（DDIS）可能会阻碍药物的功能，在最坏的情况下，它们可能导致不良药物反应（ADR）。预测所有DDI是一个具有挑战性且关键的问题。大多数现有的计算模型都集成了来自不同来源的药物中心信息，并利用它们作为机器学习分类器中的功能来预测DDIS。但是，这些模型有很大的失败机会，尤其是对于所有信息都没有可用的新药。本文提出了一个新型的HyperGraph神经网络（HYGNN）模型，仅基于用于DDI预测问题的任何药物的微笑串。为了捕获药物的相似性，我们创建了从微笑字符串中提取的药物的化学子结构中创建的超图。然后，我们开发了由新型的基于注意力的超图边缘编码器组成的HYGNN，以使药物的表示形式和解码器，以预测药物对之间的相互作用。此外，我们进行了广泛的实验，以评估我们的模型并将其与几种最新方法进行比较。实验结果表明，我们提出的HYGNN模型有效地预测了DDI，并以最大的ROC-AUC和PR-AUC分别超过基准，分别为97.9％和98.1％。

Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.

尽管图形神经网络（GNNS）已成功地用于节点分类任务并在图中链接预测任务，但学习图级表示仍然是一个挑战。对于图级表示，重要的是要学习相邻节点的表示形式，即聚合和图形结构信息。为此目标开发了许多图形合并方法。但是，大多数现有的合并方法都使用K-HOP社区，而无需考虑图中的明确结构信息。在本文中，我们提出了使用先前的图形结构来克服限制的结构原型指导池（SPGP）。 SPGP将图形结构制定为可学习的原型向量，并计算节点和原型矢量之间的亲和力。这导致了一种新颖的节点评分方案，该方案在封装图形的有用结构的同时优先考虑信息性节点。我们的实验结果表明，SPGP的精度和可扩展性都优于图形分类基准数据集上的最先进的图形合并方法。

Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.

Graphs are ubiquitous in nature and can therefore serve as models for many practical but also theoretical problems. For this purpose, they can be defined as many different types which suitably reflect the individual contexts of the represented problem. To address cutting-edge problems based on graph data, the research field of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has emerged. Despite the field's youth and the speed at which new models are developed, many recent surveys have been published to keep track of them. Nevertheless, it has not yet been gathered which GNN can process what kind of graph types. In this survey, we give a detailed overview of already existing GNNs and, unlike previous surveys, categorize them according to their ability to handle different graph types and properties. We consider GNNs operating on static and dynamic graphs of different structural constitutions, with or without node or edge attributes. Moreover, we distinguish between GNN models for discrete-time or continuous-time dynamic graphs and group the models according to their architecture. We find that there are still graph types that are not or only rarely covered by existing GNN models. We point out where models are missing and give potential reasons for their absence.

图形神经网络（GNN），图数据上深度神经网络的概括已被广泛用于各个领域，从药物发现到推荐系统。但是，当可用样本很少的情况下，这些应用程序的GNN是有限的。元学习一直是解决机器学习中缺乏样品的重要框架，近年来，研究人员已经开始将元学习应用于GNNS。在这项工作中，我们提供了对涉及GNN的不同元学习方法的综合调查，这些方法在各种图表中显示出使用这两种方法的力量。我们根据提出的架构，共享表示和应用程序分类文献。最后，我们讨论了几个激动人心的未来研究方向和打开问题。

保持个人特征和复杂的关系，广泛利用和研究了图表数据。通过更新和聚合节点的表示，能够捕获结构信息，图形神经网络（GNN）模型正在获得普及。在财务背景下，该图是基于实际数据构建的，这导致复杂的图形结构，因此需要复杂的方法。在这项工作中，我们在最近的财务环境中对GNN模型进行了全面的审查。我们首先将普通使用的财务图分类并总结每个节点的功能处理步骤。然后，我们总结了每个地图类型的GNN方法，每个区域的应用，并提出一些潜在的研究领域。

图形神经网络（GNN）已被广泛应用于各种领域，以通过图形结构数据学习。在各种任务（例如节点分类和图形分类）中，他们对传统启发式方法显示了显着改进。但是，由于GNN严重依赖于平滑的节点特征而不是图形结构，因此在链接预测中，它们通常比简单的启发式方法表现出差的性能，例如，结构信息（例如，重叠的社区，学位和最短路径）至关重要。为了解决这一限制，我们建议邻里重叠感知的图形神经网络（NEO-GNNS），这些神经网络（NEO-GNNS）从邻接矩阵中学习有用的结构特征，并估算了重叠的邻域以进行链接预测。我们的Neo-Gnns概括了基于社区重叠的启发式方法，并处理重叠的多跳社区。我们在开放图基准数据集（OGB）上进行的广泛实验表明，NEO-GNNS始终在链接预测中实现最新性能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/seongjunyun/neo_gnns上公开获取。

Deep learning has been shown to be successful in a number of domains, ranging from acoustics, images, to natural language processing. However, applying deep learning to the ubiquitous graph data is non-trivial because of the unique characteristics of graphs. Recently, substantial research efforts have been devoted to applying deep learning methods to graphs, resulting in beneficial advances in graph analysis techniques. In this survey, we comprehensively review the different types of deep learning methods on graphs. We divide the existing methods into five categories based on their model architectures and training strategies: graph recurrent neural networks, graph convolutional networks, graph autoencoders, graph reinforcement learning, and graph adversarial methods. We then provide a comprehensive overview of these methods in a systematic manner mainly by following their development history. We also analyze the differences and compositions of different methods. Finally, we briefly outline the applications in which they have been used and discuss potential future research directions.

刺激：鉴定药物靶标相互作用（DTIS）是药物重新定位的关键步骤。近年来，大量基因组学和药理学数据的积累已经形成了大众药物和目标相关的异构网络（HNS），这提供了开发基于HN的计算模型的新机遇，以准确地预测DTI。 HN意味着许多有关DTI的有用信息，还包含无关的数据，以及如何使最佳的异构网络仍然是一个挑战。结果：在本文中，我们提出了一种基于异构的图形自动元路径学习的DTI预测方法（Hampdti）。 Hampdti从HN自动学习药物和目标之间的重要元路径，并产生元路径图。对于每个元路径图，从药物分子图和靶蛋白序列中学习的特征用作节点属性，然后设计了有效地考虑节点类型信息（药物或目标）的节点类型特定图卷积网络（NSGCN）学习药物和目标的嵌入。最后，组合来自多个元路径图的嵌入式以预测新的DTI。基准数据集的实验表明，与最先进的DTI预测方法相比，我们提出的Hampdti实现了卓越的性能。更重要的是，Hampdti识别DTI预测的重要元路径，这可以解释药物如何与HNS中的目标连接。

由于肿瘤的异质性，在个性化的基础上预测抗癌药物的临床结局在癌症治疗中具有挑战性。已经采取了传统的计算努力来建模药物反应对通过其分子概况描绘的单个样品的影响，但由于OMICS数据的高维度而发生过度拟合，因此阻碍了临床应用的模型。最近的研究表明，深度学习是通过学习药物和样品之间的学习对准模式来建立药物反应模型的一种有前途的方法。但是，现有研究采用了简单的特征融合策略，仅考虑了整个药物特征，同时忽略了在对齐药物和基因时可能起着至关重要的作用的亚基信息。特此在本文中，我们提出了TCR（基于变压器的癌症药物反应网络），以预测抗癌药物反应。通过利用注意机制，TCR能够在我们的研究中有效地学习药物原子/子结构和分子特征之间的相互作用。此外，设计了双重损耗函数和交叉抽样策略，以提高TCR的预测能力。我们表明，TCR在所有评估矩阵上（一些具有显着改进）的各种数据分裂策略下优于所有其他方法。广泛的实验表明，TCR在独立的体外实验和体内实际患者数据上显示出显着提高的概括能力。我们的研究强调了TCR的预测能力及其对癌症药物再利用和精度肿瘤治疗的潜在价值。

Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.