通常,机器学习应用程序必须应对动态环境,其中数据以潜在无限长度和瞬态行为的连续数据流的形式收集。与传统(批量)数据挖掘相比,流处理算法对计算资源和对数据演进的适应性具有额外要求。它们必须逐步处理实例,因为数据的连续流量禁止存储多次通过的数据。合奏学习在这种情况下取​​得了显着的预测性能。实现为一组(几个)个别分类器,合奏是自然可用于任务并行性的。但是,用于捕获概念漂移的增量学习和动态数据结构增加了缓存未命中并阻碍了并行性的好处。本文提出了一种迷你批处理策略,可以改善多核环境中用于流挖掘的多个集合算法的内存访问局部性和性能。借助正式框架,我们证明迷你批量可以显着降低重用距离(以及缓存未命中的数量)。在六种不同的最先进的集合算法上应用四个基准数据集的六种不同特性的实验显示了8个核心处理器上高达5倍的加速。这些效益牺牲了预测性能的少量减少。
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Concept drift primarily refers to an online supervised learning scenario when the relation between the input data and the target variable changes over time. Assuming a general knowledge of supervised learning in this paper we characterize adaptive learning process, categorize existing strategies for handling concept drift, overview the most representative, distinct and popular techniques and algorithms, discuss evaluation methodology of adaptive algorithms, and present a set of illustrative applications. The survey covers the different facets of concept drift in an integrated way to reflect on the existing scattered state-of-the-art. Thus, it aims at providing a comprehensive introduction to the concept drift adaptation for researchers, industry analysts and practitioners.
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Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) has been used successfully in settings where the learning task is assumed to be static. In many real-world scenarios, however, the data distribution will evolve over time, and it is yet to be shown whether AutoML techniques can effectively design online pipelines in dynamic environments. This study aims to automate pipeline design for online learning while continuously adapting to data drift. For this purpose, we design an adaptive Online Automated Machine Learning (OAML) system, searching the complete pipeline configuration space of online learners, including preprocessing algorithms and ensembling techniques. This system combines the inherent adaptation capabilities of online learners with the fast automated pipeline (re)optimization capabilities of AutoML. Focusing on optimization techniques that can adapt to evolving objectives, we evaluate asynchronous genetic programming and asynchronous successive halving to optimize these pipelines continually. We experiment on real and artificial data streams with varying types of concept drift to test the performance and adaptation capabilities of the proposed system. The results confirm the utility of OAML over popular online learning algorithms and underscore the benefits of continuous pipeline redesign in the presence of data drift.
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近年来,随着传感器和智能设备的广泛传播,物联网(IoT)系统的数据生成速度已大大增加。在物联网系统中,必须经常处理,转换和分析大量数据,以实现各种物联网服务和功能。机器学习(ML)方法已显示出其物联网数据分析的能力。但是,将ML模型应用于物联网数据分析任务仍然面临许多困难和挑战,特别是有效的模型选择,设计/调整和更新,这给经验丰富的数据科学家带来了巨大的需求。此外,物联网数据的动态性质可能引入概念漂移问题,从而导致模型性能降解。为了减少人类的努力,自动化机器学习(AUTOML)已成为一个流行的领域,旨在自动选择,构建,调整和更新机器学习模型,以在指定任务上实现最佳性能。在本文中,我们对Automl区域中模型选择,调整和更新过程中的现有方法进行了审查,以识别和总结将ML算法应用于IoT数据分析的每个步骤的最佳解决方案。为了证明我们的发现并帮助工业用户和研究人员更好地实施汽车方法,在这项工作中提出了将汽车应用于IoT异常检测问题的案例研究。最后,我们讨论并分类了该领域的挑战和研究方向。
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流数据分类的重要问题之一是概念漂移的发生,包括分类任务的概率特征的变化。这种现象不稳定了分类模型的性能,并严重降低了其质量。需要抵消这种现象的适当策略来使分类器适应变化的概率特征。实现此类解决方案的一个重要问题是访问数据标签。它通常是昂贵的,从而最大限度地减少与该过程相关的费用,提出了基于半监督学习的学习策略,例如,采用主动学习方法,该方法指示哪些传入对象是有价值的,以便标记为提高分类器的性能。本文提出了一种基于基于分类器集合学习的非静止数据流的基于块的方法,以及考虑可以成功应用于任何数据流分类算法的有限预算的主动学习策略。已经通过使用真实和生成的数据流进行了计算机实验来评估所提出的方法。结果证实了最先进的方法的高质量。
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Concept drift describes unforeseeable changes in the underlying distribution of streaming data over time. Concept drift research involves the development of methodologies and techniques for drift detection, understanding and adaptation. Data analysis has revealed that machine learning in a concept drift environment will result in poor learning results if the drift is not addressed. To help researchers identify which research topics are significant and how to apply related techniques in data analysis tasks, it is necessary that a high quality, instructive review of current research developments and trends in the concept drift field is conducted. In addition, due to the rapid development of concept drift in recent years, the methodologies of learning under concept drift have become noticeably systematic, unveiling a framework which has not been mentioned in literature. This paper reviews over 130 high quality publications in concept drift related research areas, analyzes up-to-date developments in methodologies and techniques, and establishes a framework of learning under concept drift including three main components: concept drift detection, concept drift understanding, and concept drift adaptation. This paper lists and discusses 10 popular synthetic datasets and 14 publicly available benchmark datasets used for evaluating the performance of learning algorithms aiming at handling concept drift. Also, concept drift related research directions are covered and discussed. By providing state-of-the-art knowledge, this survey will directly support researchers in their understanding of research developments in the field of learning under concept drift.
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Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
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The literature on machine learning in the context of data streams is vast and growing. However, many of the defining assumptions regarding data-stream learning tasks are too strong to hold in practice, or are even contradictory such that they cannot be met in the contexts of supervised learning. Algorithms are chosen and designed based on criteria which are often not clearly stated, for problem settings not clearly defined, tested in unrealistic settings, and/or in isolation from related approaches in the wider literature. This puts into question the potential for real-world impact of many approaches conceived in such contexts, and risks propagating a misguided research focus. We propose to tackle these issues by reformulating the fundamental definitions and settings of supervised data-stream learning with regard to contemporary considerations of concept drift and temporal dependence; and we take a fresh look at what constitutes a supervised data-stream learning task, and a reconsideration of algorithms that may be applied to tackle such tasks. Through and in reflection of this formulation and overview, helped by an informal survey of industrial players dealing with real-world data streams, we provide recommendations. Our main emphasis is that learning from data streams does not impose a single-pass or online-learning approach, or any particular learning regime; and any constraints on memory and time are not specific to streaming. Meanwhile, there exist established techniques for dealing with temporal dependence and concept drift, in other areas of the literature. For the data streams community, we thus encourage a shift in research focus, from dealing with often-artificial constraints and assumptions on the learning mode, to issues such as robustness, privacy, and interpretability which are increasingly relevant to learning in data streams in academic and industrial settings.
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计算机架构和系统已优化了很长时间,以便高效执行机器学习(ML)模型。现在,是时候重新考虑ML和系统之间的关系,并让ML转换计算机架构和系统的设计方式。这有一个双重含义:改善设计师的生产力,以及完成良性周期。在这篇论文中,我们对应用ML进行计算机架构和系统设计的工作进行了全面的审查。首先,我们考虑ML技术在架构/系统设计中的典型作用,即快速预测建模或设计方法,我们执行高级分类学。然后,我们总结了通过ML技术解决的计算机架构/系统设计中的常见问题,并且所用典型的ML技术来解决它们中的每一个。除了在狭义中强调计算机架构外,我们采用数据中心可被认为是仓库规模计算机的概念;粗略的计算机系统中提供粗略讨论,例如代码生成和编译器;我们还注意ML技术如何帮助和改造设计自动化。我们进一步提供了对机会和潜在方向的未来愿景,并设想应用ML的计算机架构和系统将在社区中蓬勃发展。
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挖掘数据流姿势存在许多挑战,包括数据的连续和非静止性质,待处理的大量信息和限制计算资源。虽然在文献中提出了一些针对这个问题的监督解决方案,但大多数人都假定访问地面真理(以类标签的形式)是无限的,并且在更新学习系统时可以立即使用此类信息。这远非现实,因为必须考虑获取标签的基本成本。因此,需要解决流方案中实际真相要求的解决方案。在本文中,通过组合来自主动学习和自我标签的信息,提出了一种用于预算的挖水数据流的新框架。我们介绍了几种策略,可以利用智能实例选择和半监督程序,同时考虑到概念漂移的潜在存在。这种混合方法允许有效的探索和利用在现实标记预算中的流数据结构。由于我们的框架工作为包装器,因此它可以应用于不同的学习算法。实验研究,在具有各种类型的概念漂移的多样化现实数据流中进行的实验研究,证明了在处理对类标签的高度限制时拟议的策略的有用性。当一个人不能增加标签或更换低效分类器的预算时,呈现的混合方法尤其可行。我们为我们的战略提供了一套关于适用性领域的建议。
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概念漂移过程挖掘(PM)是一种挑战,因为古典方法假设进程处于稳态,即事件共享相同的进程版本。我们对这些领域的交叉点进行了系统的文献综述,从而审查了过程采矿中的概念漂移,并提出了用于漂移检测和在线流程挖掘的现有技术的分类,以实现不断发展的环境。现有的作品描绘了(i)PM仍然主要关注离线分析,并且(ii)由于缺乏公共评估协议,数据集和指标,过程中的概念漂移技术的评估是麻烦的。
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近年来,在平衡(超级)图分配算法的设计和评估中取得了重大进展。我们调查了过去十年的实用算法的趋势,用于平衡(超级)图形分区以及未来的研究方向。我们的工作是对先前有关该主题的调查的更新。特别是,该调查还通过涵盖了超图形分区和流算法来扩展先前的调查,并额外关注并行算法。
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大多数机器学习算法由一个或多个超参数配置,必须仔细选择并且通常会影响性能。为避免耗时和不可递销的手动试验和错误过程来查找性能良好的超参数配置,可以采用各种自动超参数优化(HPO)方法,例如,基于监督机器学习的重新采样误差估计。本文介绍了HPO后,本文审查了重要的HPO方法,如网格或随机搜索,进化算法,贝叶斯优化,超带和赛车。它给出了关于进行HPO的重要选择的实用建议,包括HPO算法本身,性能评估,如何将HPO与ML管道,运行时改进和并行化结合起来。这项工作伴随着附录,其中包含关于R和Python的特定软件包的信息,以及用于特定学习算法的信息和推荐的超参数搜索空间。我们还提供笔记本电脑,这些笔记本展示了这项工作的概念作为补充文件。
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基于von-neumann架构的传统计算系统,数据密集型工作负载和应用程序(如机器学习)和应用程序都是基本上限制的。随着数据移动操作和能量消耗成为计算系统设计中的关键瓶颈,对近数据处理(NDP),机器学习和特别是神经网络(NN)的加速器等非传统方法的兴趣显着增加。诸如Reram和3D堆叠的新兴内存技术,这是有效地架构基于NN的基于NN的加速器,因为它们的工作能力是:高密度/低能量存储和近记忆计算/搜索引擎。在本文中,我们提出了一种为NN设计NDP架构的技术调查。通过基于所采用的内存技术对技术进行分类,我们强调了它们的相似之处和差异。最后,我们讨论了需要探索的开放挑战和未来的观点,以便改进和扩展未来计算平台的NDP架构。本文对计算机学习领域的计算机架构师,芯片设计师和研究人员来说是有价值的。
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在线学习算法已成为机器学习工具箱中的无处不在的工具,并且经常用于小资源约束环境。在最成功的在线学习方法中,是决策树(DT)合奏。 DT集合提供出色的性能,同时适应数据的变化,但它们不是资源高效。增量树学习者将新节点添加到树中,但从不删除旧的节点随着时间的推移增加内存消耗。另一方面,基于梯度的树学习需要计算整个树上的渐变,这对于甚至是适度尺寸的树木而成本。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的记忆有效的在线分类集合,称为资源约束系统。我们的算法在小窗户上培训到中型决策树,并使用随机近端梯度下降来学习这些`灌木的合奏重量。我们对我们的算法提供了一个理论分析,并包括对在线环境中的方法的行为进行了广泛的讨论。在12个不同的数据集中的一系列2〜959实验中,我们将我们的方法与8种最先进的方法进行比较。我们的灌木合奏即使只有很少的内存都有良好的性能也可以保留出色的性能。我们展示SE在12例中提供了更好的准确性记忆权衡,同时具有比大多数其他方法的统计学显着更好的性能。我们的实现是在https://github.com/sbuschjaeger/se-online下获得的。
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即使机器学习算法已经在数据科学中发挥了重要作用,但许多当前方法对输入数据提出了不现实的假设。由于不兼容的数据格式,或数据集中的异质,分层或完全缺少的数据片段,因此很难应用此类方法。作为解决方案,我们提出了一个用于样本表示,模型定义和培训的多功能,统一的框架,称为“ Hmill”。我们深入审查框架构建和扩展的机器学习的多个范围范式。从理论上讲,为HMILL的关键组件的设计合理,我们将通用近似定理的扩展显示到框架中实现的模型所实现的所有功能的集合。本文还包含有关我们实施中技术和绩效改进的详细讨论,该讨论将在MIT许可下发布供下载。该框架的主要资产是其灵活性,它可以通过相同的工具对不同的现实世界数据源进行建模。除了单独观察到每个对象的一组属性的标准设置外,我们解释了如何在框架中实现表示整个对象系统的图表中的消息推断。为了支持我们的主张,我们使用框架解决了网络安全域的三个不同问题。第一种用例涉及来自原始网络观察结果的IoT设备识别。在第二个问题中,我们研究了如何使用以有向图表示的操作系统的快照可以对恶意二进制文件进行分类。最后提供的示例是通过网络中实体之间建模域黑名单扩展的任务。在所有三个问题中,基于建议的框架的解决方案可实现与专业方法相当的性能。
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基于机器学习的模型最近获得了吸引力,作为通过构建提供快速准确的性能预测的模型来克服FPGA下游实现过程的一种方式。但是,这些模型有两个主要局限性:(1)培训需要大量数据(从FPGA合成和实施报告中提取的功能),这是由于耗时的FPGA设计周期而具有成本范围的; (2)针对特定环境训练的模型无法预测新的未知环境。在云系统中,访问平台通常是昂贵的,ML模型的数据收集可以显着增加系统的总成本所有权(TCO)。为了克服这些限制,我们提出了Leaper,这是一种基于FPGA的基于转移学习的方法,可将现有的基于ML的模型适应新的,未知的环境,以提供快速准确的性能和资源利用预测。实验结果表明,当我们使用转移的模型进行5次学习的云环境中的预测并将设计空间探索时间从天数到几个小时,我们的方法平均提供了85%的精度。
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分类链是一种用于在多标签分类中建模标签依赖性的有效技术。但是,该方法需要标签的固定静态顺序。虽然理论上,任何顺序都足够了,实际上,该订单对最终预测的质量具有大量影响。动态分类链表示每个实例对分类的想法,可以动态选择预测标签的顺序。这种方法的天真实现的复杂性是禁止的,因为它需要训练一系列分类器,以满足标签的每种可能置换。为了有效地解决这个问题,我们提出了一种基于随机决策树的新方法,该方法可以动态地选择每个预测的标签排序。我们凭经验展示了下一个标签的动态选择,通过在否则不变的随机决策树模型下使用静态排序。 %和实验环境。此外,我们还展示了基于极端梯度提升树的替代方法,其允许更具目标的动态分级链训练。我们的结果表明,该变体优于随机决策树和其他基于树的多标签分类方法。更重要的是,动态选择策略允许大大加速培训和预测。
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蒙特卡洛树搜索(MCT)是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样,并存储动作的统计数据,以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而,该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术,但是,在更复杂的游戏(例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏)以及各种实用领域(例如,运输,日程安排或安全性)有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.
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