The literature on machine learning in the context of data streams is vast and growing. However, many of the defining assumptions regarding data-stream learning tasks are too strong to hold in practice, or are even contradictory such that they cannot be met in the contexts of supervised learning. Algorithms are chosen and designed based on criteria which are often not clearly stated, for problem settings not clearly defined, tested in unrealistic settings, and/or in isolation from related approaches in the wider literature. This puts into question the potential for real-world impact of many approaches conceived in such contexts, and risks propagating a misguided research focus. We propose to tackle these issues by reformulating the fundamental definitions and settings of supervised data-stream learning with regard to contemporary considerations of concept drift and temporal dependence; and we take a fresh look at what constitutes a supervised data-stream learning task, and a reconsideration of algorithms that may be applied to tackle such tasks. Through and in reflection of this formulation and overview, helped by an informal survey of industrial players dealing with real-world data streams, we provide recommendations. Our main emphasis is that learning from data streams does not impose a single-pass or online-learning approach, or any particular learning regime; and any constraints on memory and time are not specific to streaming. Meanwhile, there exist established techniques for dealing with temporal dependence and concept drift, in other areas of the literature. For the data streams community, we thus encourage a shift in research focus, from dealing with often-artificial constraints and assumptions on the learning mode, to issues such as robustness, privacy, and interpretability which are increasingly relevant to learning in data streams in academic and industrial settings.
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Concept drift primarily refers to an online supervised learning scenario when the relation between the input data and the target variable changes over time. Assuming a general knowledge of supervised learning in this paper we characterize adaptive learning process, categorize existing strategies for handling concept drift, overview the most representative, distinct and popular techniques and algorithms, discuss evaluation methodology of adaptive algorithms, and present a set of illustrative applications. The survey covers the different facets of concept drift in an integrated way to reflect on the existing scattered state-of-the-art. Thus, it aims at providing a comprehensive introduction to the concept drift adaptation for researchers, industry analysts and practitioners.
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在多标签学习中,单个数据点与多个目标标签相关联的多任务学习的特定情况,在文献中广泛假定,为了获得最佳准确性,应明确建模标签之间的依赖性。这个前提导致提供的方法的扩散,以学习和预测标签,例如,一个标签的预测会影响对其他标签的预测。即使现在人们承认,在许多情况下,最佳性能并不需要一种依赖模型,但此类模型在某些情况下继续超越独立模型,这暗示了其对其性能的替代解释以外的标签依赖性,而文献仅是文献才是最近开始解开。利用并扩展了最近的发现,我们将多标签学习的原始前提转移到其头上,并在任务标签之间没有任何可衡量的依赖性的情况下特别处理联合模型的问题;例如,当任务标签来自单独的问题域时。我们将洞察力从这项研究转移到建立转移学习方法,该方法挑战了长期以来的假设,即任务的可转移性来自源和目标域或模型之间相似性的测量。这使我们能够设计和测试一种传输学习方法,该方法是模型驱动的,而不是纯粹的数据驱动,并且它是黑匣子和模型不合时式(可以考虑任何基本模型类)。我们表明,从本质上讲,我们可以根据源模型容量创建任务依赖性。我们获得的结果具有重要的含义,并在多标签和转移学习领域为将来的工作提供了明确的方向。
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近年来,随着传感器和智能设备的广泛传播,物联网(IoT)系统的数据生成速度已大大增加。在物联网系统中,必须经常处理,转换和分析大量数据,以实现各种物联网服务和功能。机器学习(ML)方法已显示出其物联网数据分析的能力。但是,将ML模型应用于物联网数据分析任务仍然面临许多困难和挑战,特别是有效的模型选择,设计/调整和更新,这给经验丰富的数据科学家带来了巨大的需求。此外,物联网数据的动态性质可能引入概念漂移问题,从而导致模型性能降解。为了减少人类的努力,自动化机器学习(AUTOML)已成为一个流行的领域,旨在自动选择,构建,调整和更新机器学习模型,以在指定任务上实现最佳性能。在本文中,我们对Automl区域中模型选择,调整和更新过程中的现有方法进行了审查,以识别和总结将ML算法应用于IoT数据分析的每个步骤的最佳解决方案。为了证明我们的发现并帮助工业用户和研究人员更好地实施汽车方法,在这项工作中提出了将汽车应用于IoT异常检测问题的案例研究。最后,我们讨论并分类了该领域的挑战和研究方向。
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Concept drift describes unforeseeable changes in the underlying distribution of streaming data over time. Concept drift research involves the development of methodologies and techniques for drift detection, understanding and adaptation. Data analysis has revealed that machine learning in a concept drift environment will result in poor learning results if the drift is not addressed. To help researchers identify which research topics are significant and how to apply related techniques in data analysis tasks, it is necessary that a high quality, instructive review of current research developments and trends in the concept drift field is conducted. In addition, due to the rapid development of concept drift in recent years, the methodologies of learning under concept drift have become noticeably systematic, unveiling a framework which has not been mentioned in literature. This paper reviews over 130 high quality publications in concept drift related research areas, analyzes up-to-date developments in methodologies and techniques, and establishes a framework of learning under concept drift including three main components: concept drift detection, concept drift understanding, and concept drift adaptation. This paper lists and discusses 10 popular synthetic datasets and 14 publicly available benchmark datasets used for evaluating the performance of learning algorithms aiming at handling concept drift. Also, concept drift related research directions are covered and discussed. By providing state-of-the-art knowledge, this survey will directly support researchers in their understanding of research developments in the field of learning under concept drift.
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背景信息:在过去几年中,机器学习(ML)一直是许多创新的核心。然而,包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中,例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的,因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的:本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战,以及文献中提出的解决方案,以解决它们,回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统?'方法:我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述(SLR),涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题,被认为是ML认证的主要支柱:鲁棒性,不确定性,解释性,验证,安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题,并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果:单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情,以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系,以加深域名研究。最后,它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性,这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论:我们强调了目前部署的努力,以实现ML基于ML的软件系统,并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。
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挖掘数据流姿势存在许多挑战,包括数据的连续和非静止性质,待处理的大量信息和限制计算资源。虽然在文献中提出了一些针对这个问题的监督解决方案,但大多数人都假定访问地面真理(以类标签的形式)是无限的,并且在更新学习系统时可以立即使用此类信息。这远非现实,因为必须考虑获取标签的基本成本。因此,需要解决流方案中实际真相要求的解决方案。在本文中,通过组合来自主动学习和自我标签的信息,提出了一种用于预算的挖水数据流的新框架。我们介绍了几种策略,可以利用智能实例选择和半监督程序,同时考虑到概念漂移的潜在存在。这种混合方法允许有效的探索和利用在现实标记预算中的流数据结构。由于我们的框架工作为包装器,因此它可以应用于不同的学习算法。实验研究,在具有各种类型的概念漂移的多样化现实数据流中进行的实验研究,证明了在处理对类标签的高度限制时拟议的策略的有用性。当一个人不能增加标签或更换低效分类器的预算时,呈现的混合方法尤其可行。我们为我们的战略提供了一套关于适用性领域的建议。
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自成立以来,选择建模领域一直由理论驱动的建模方法主导。机器学习提供了一种用于建模行为的替代数据驱动方法,越来越越来越欣赏我们的领域。机器学习模型的交叉授粉,技术和实践有助于克服当前理论驱动的建模范式中遇到的问题和限制,例如模型选择的主观劳动密集型搜索过程,无法使用文本和图像数据。然而,尽管使用机器学习的进步来改善选择建模实践的潜在好处,但选择建模领域已经犹豫了拥抱机器学习。本讨论文件旨在巩固用于使用机器学习模型,技术和实践的知识,以获得选择建模,并讨论其潜力。因此,我们希望不仅希望在选择建模中进一步集成机器学习的情况是有益的,而且还可以进一步方便。为此,我们澄清了两个建模范式之间的相似性和差异;我们审查了机器学习选择建模;我们探讨了拥抱机器学习模式和技术的机会领域,以改善我们的实践。要结束本讨论文件,我们提出了一系列的研究问题,必须解决,以更好地了解机器学习如何受益选择建模。
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This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.
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流数据分类的重要问题之一是概念漂移的发生,包括分类任务的概率特征的变化。这种现象不稳定了分类模型的性能,并严重降低了其质量。需要抵消这种现象的适当策略来使分类器适应变化的概率特征。实现此类解决方案的一个重要问题是访问数据标签。它通常是昂贵的,从而最大限度地减少与该过程相关的费用,提出了基于半监督学习的学习策略,例如,采用主动学习方法,该方法指示哪些传入对象是有价值的,以便标记为提高分类器的性能。本文提出了一种基于基于分类器集合学习的非静止数据流的基于块的方法,以及考虑可以成功应用于任何数据流分类算法的有限预算的主动学习策略。已经通过使用真实和生成的数据流进行了计算机实验来评估所提出的方法。结果证实了最先进的方法的高质量。
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Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.
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机器学习(ML)代表了当前和未来信息系统的关键技术,许多域已经利用了ML的功能。但是,网络安全中ML的部署仍处于早期阶段,揭示了研究和实践之间的显着差异。这种差异在当前的最新目的中具有其根本原因,该原因不允许识别ML在网络安全中的作用。除非广泛的受众理解其利弊,否则ML的全部潜力将永远不会释放。本文是对ML在整个网络安全领域中的作用的首次尝试 - 对任何对此主题感兴趣的潜在读者。我们强调了ML在人类驱动的检测方法方面的优势,以及ML在网络安全方面可以解决的其他任务。此外,我们阐明了影响网络安全部署实际ML部署的各种固有问题。最后,我们介绍了各种利益相关者如何为网络安全中ML的未来发展做出贡献,这对于该领域的进一步进步至关重要。我们的贡献补充了两项实际案例研究,这些案例研究描述了ML作为对网络威胁的辩护的工业应用。
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复杂的事件识别(CER)系统在过去二十年中变得流行,因为它们能够“立即”检测在实时事件流上的模式。然而,缺乏预测模式可能发生在例如由Cer发动机实际检测到这种发生之前的模式。我们提出了一项正式的框架,试图解决复杂事件预测(CEF)的问题。我们的框架结合了两个形式主义:a)用于编码复杂事件模式的符号自动机; b)预测后缀树,可以提供自动机构的行为的简洁概率描述。我们比较我们提出的方法,以防止最先进的方法,并在准确性和效率方面展示其优势。特别地,预测后缀树是可变的马尔可夫模型,可以通过仅记住足够的信息的过去序列来捕获流中的长期依赖性。我们的实验结果表明了能够捕获这种长期依赖性的准确性的益处。这是通过增加我们模型的顺序来实现的,以满足需要执行给定顺序的所有可能的过去序列的所有可能的过去序列的详尽枚举的全阶马尔可夫模型。我们还广泛讨论CEF解决方案如何最佳地评估其预测的质量。
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机器学习(ML)为生物处理工程的发展做出了重大贡献,但其应用仍然有限,阻碍了生物过程自动化的巨大潜力。用于模型构建自动化的ML可以看作是引入另一种抽象水平的一种方式,将专家的人类集中在生物过程开发的最认知任务中。首先,概率编程用于预测模型的自动构建。其次,机器学习会通过计划实验来测试假设并进行调查以收集信息性数据来自动评估替代决策,以收集基于模型预测不确定性的模型选择的信息数据。这篇评论提供了有关生物处理开发中基于ML的自动化的全面概述。一方面,生物技术和生物工程社区应意识到现有ML解决方案在生物技术和生物制药中的应用的限制。另一方面,必须确定缺失的链接,以使ML和人工智能(AI)解决方案轻松实施在有价值的生物社区解决方案中。我们总结了几个重要的生物处理系统的ML实施,并提出了两个至关重要的挑战,这些挑战仍然是生物技术自动化的瓶颈,并减少了生物技术开发的不确定性。没有一个合适的程序;但是,这项综述应有助于确定结合生物技术和ML领域的潜在自动化。
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Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.
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这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识,以在自己的项目中使用机器学习,并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中,我们讨论受监督,无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始,例如原理分析,T-SNE,聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构,例如密集的进料和常规神经网络,经常性的神经网络,受限的玻尔兹曼机器,(变性)自动编码器,生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题,并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习,我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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在过去的几年中,计算机视觉的显着进步总的来说是归因于深度学习,这是由于大量标记数据的可用性所推动的,并与GPU范式的爆炸性增长配对。在订阅这一观点的同时,本书批评了该领域中所谓的科学进步,并在基于信息的自然法则的框架内提出了对愿景的调查。具体而言,目前的作品提出了有关视觉的基本问题,这些问题尚未被理解,引导读者走上了一个由新颖挑战引起的与机器学习基础共鸣的旅程。中心论点是,要深入了解视觉计算过程,有必要超越通用机器学习算法的应用,而要专注于考虑到视觉信号的时空性质的适当学习理论。
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Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.
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基于签名的技术使数学洞察力洞悉不断发展的数据的复杂流之间的相互作用。这些见解可以自然地转化为理解流数据的数值方法,也许是由于它们的数学精度,已被证明在数据不规则而不是固定的情况下分析流的数据以及数据和数据的尺寸很有用样本量均为中等。了解流的多模式数据是指数的:$ d $ d $的字母中的$ n $字母中的一个单词可以是$ d^n $消息之一。签名消除了通过采样不规则性引起的指数级噪声,但仍然存在指数量的信息。这项调查旨在留在可以直接管理指数缩放的域中。在许多问题中,可伸缩性问题是一个重要的挑战,但需要另一篇调查文章和进一步的想法。这项调查描述了一系列环境集足够小以消除大规模机器学习的可能性,并且可以有效地使用一小部分免费上下文和原则性功能。工具的数学性质可以使他们对非数学家的使用恐吓。本文中介绍的示例旨在弥合此通信差距,并提供从机器学习环境中绘制的可进行的工作示例。笔记本可以在线提供这些示例中的一些。这项调查是基于伊利亚·雪佛兰(Ilya Chevryev)和安德烈·科米利津(Andrey Kormilitzin)的早期论文,它们在这种机械开发的较早时刻大致相似。本文说明了签名提供的理论见解是如何在对应用程序数据的分析中简单地实现的,这种方式在很大程度上对数据类型不可知。
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