自成立以来，选择建模领域一直由理论驱动的建模方法主导。机器学习提供了一种用于建模行为的替代数据驱动方法，越来越越来越欣赏我们的领域。机器学习模型的交叉授粉，技术和实践有助于克服当前理论驱动的建模范式中遇到的问题和限制，例如模型选择的主观劳动密集型搜索过程，无法使用文本和图像数据。然而，尽管使用机器学习的进步来改善选择建模实践的潜在好处，但选择建模领域已经犹豫了拥抱机器学习。本讨论文件旨在巩固用于使用机器学习模型，技术和实践的知识，以获得选择建模，并讨论其潜力。因此，我们希望不仅希望在选择建模中进一步集成机器学习的情况是有益的，而且还可以进一步方便。为此，我们澄清了两个建模范式之间的相似性和差异;我们审查了机器学习选择建模;我们探讨了拥抱机器学习模式和技术的机会领域，以改善我们的实践。要结束本讨论文件，我们提出了一系列的研究问题，必须解决，以更好地了解机器学习如何受益选择建模。

可解释的人工智能和可解释的机器学习是重要性越来越重要的研究领域。然而，潜在的概念仍然难以捉摸，并且缺乏普遍商定的定义。虽然社会科学最近的灵感已经重新分为人类受助人的需求和期望的工作，但该领域仍然错过了具体的概念化。通过审查人类解释性的哲学和社会基础，我们采取措施来解决这一挑战，然后我们转化为技术领域。特别是，我们仔细审查了算法黑匣子的概念，并通过解释过程确定的理解频谱并扩展了背景知识。这种方法允许我们将可解释性（逻辑）推理定义为在某些背景知识下解释的透明洞察（进入黑匣子）的解释 - 这是一个从事在Admoleis中理解的过程。然后，我们采用这种概念化来重新审视透明度和预测权力之间的争议权差异，以及对安特 - 人穴和后宫后解释者的影响，以及可解释性发挥的公平和问责制。我们还讨论机器学习工作流程的组件，可能需要可解释性，从以人为本的可解释性建立一系列思想，重点介绍声明，对比陈述和解释过程。我们的讨论调整并补充目前的研究，以帮助更好地导航开放问题 - 而不是试图解决任何个人问题 - 从而为实现的地面讨论和解释的人工智能和可解释的机器学习的未来进展奠定了坚实的基础。我们结束了我们的研究结果，重新审视了实现所需的算法透明度水平所需的人以人为本的解释过程。

COVID-19的大流行提出了对多个领域决策者的流行预测的重要性，从公共卫生到整个经济。虽然预测流行进展经常被概念化为类似于天气预测，但是它具有一些关键的差异，并且仍然是一项非平凡的任务。疾病的传播受到人类行为，病原体动态，天气和环境条件的多种混杂因素的影响。由于政府公共卫生和资助机构的倡议，捕获以前无法观察到的方面的丰富数据来源的可用性增加了研究的兴趣。这尤其是在“以数据为中心”的解决方案上进行的一系列工作，这些解决方案通过利用非传统数据源以及AI和机器学习的最新创新来增强我们的预测能力的潜力。这项调查研究了各种数据驱动的方法论和实践进步，并介绍了一个概念框架来导航它们。首先，我们列举了与流行病预测相关的大量流行病学数据集和新的数据流，捕获了各种因素，例如有症状的在线调查，零售和商业，流动性，基因组学数据等。接下来，我们将讨论关注最近基于数据驱动的统计和深度学习方法的方法和建模范式，以及将机械模型知识域知识与统计方法的有效性和灵活性相结合的新型混合模型类别。我们还讨论了这些预测系统的现实部署中出现的经验和挑战，包括预测信息。最后，我们重点介绍了整个预测管道中发现的一些挑战和开放问题。

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。

过去十年已经看到人工智能（AI）的显着进展，这导致了用于解决各种问题的算法。然而，通过增加模型复杂性并采用缺乏透明度的黑匣子AI模型来满足这种成功。为了响应这种需求，已经提出了说明的AI（Xai）以使AI更透明，从而提高关键结构域中的AI。虽然有几个关于Xai主题的Xai主题的评论，但在Xai中发现了挑战和潜在的研究方向，这些挑战和研究方向被分散。因此，本研究为Xai组织的挑战和未来的研究方向提出了系统的挑战和未来研究方向：（1）基于机器学习生命周期的Xai挑战和研究方向，基于机器的挑战和研究方向阶段：设计，开发和部署。我们认为，我们的META调查通过为XAI地区的未来探索指导提供了XAI文学。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.

如今，人工智能（AI）已成为临床和远程医疗保健应用程序的基本组成部分，但是最佳性能的AI系统通常太复杂了，无法自我解释。可解释的AI（XAI）技术被定义为揭示系统的预测和决策背后的推理，并且在处理敏感和个人健康数据时，它们变得更加至关重要。值得注意的是，XAI并未在不同的研究领域和数据类型中引起相同的关注，尤其是在医疗保健领域。特别是，许多临床和远程健康应用程序分别基于表格和时间序列数据，而XAI并未在这些数据类型上进行分析，而计算机视觉和自然语言处理（NLP）是参考应用程序。为了提供最适合医疗领域表格和时间序列数据的XAI方法的概述，本文提供了过去5年中文献的审查，说明了生成的解释的类型以及为评估其相关性所提供的努力和质量。具体而言，我们确定临床验证，一致性评估，客观和标准化质量评估以及以人为本的质量评估作为确保最终用户有效解释的关键特征。最后，我们强调了该领域的主要研究挑战以及现有XAI方法的局限性。

Building an accurate model of travel behaviour based on individuals' characteristics and built environment attributes is of importance for policy-making and transportation planning. Recent experiments with big data and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms toward a better travel behaviour analysis have mainly overlooked socially disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, in this study, we explore the travel behaviour responses of low-income individuals to transit investments in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, Canada, using statistical and ML models. We first investigate how the model choice affects the prediction of transit use by the low-income group. This step includes comparing the predictive performance of traditional and ML algorithms and then evaluating a transit investment policy by contrasting the predicted activities and the spatial distribution of transit trips generated by vulnerable households after improving accessibility. We also empirically investigate the proposed transit investment by each algorithm and compare it with the city of Brampton's future transportation plan. While, unsurprisingly, the ML algorithms outperform classical models, there are still doubts about using them due to interpretability concerns. Hence, we adopt recent local and global model-agnostic interpretation tools to interpret how the model arrives at its predictions. Our findings reveal the great potential of ML algorithms for enhanced travel behaviour predictions for low-income strata without considerably sacrificing interpretability.

预测组合在预测社区中蓬勃发展，近年来，已经成为预测研究和活动主流的一部分。现在，由单个（目标）系列产生的多个预测组合通过整合来自不同来源收集的信息，从而提高准确性，从而减轻了识别单个“最佳”预测的风险。组合方案已从没有估计的简单组合方法演变为涉及时间变化的权重，非线性组合，组件之间的相关性和交叉学习的复杂方法。它们包括结合点预测和结合概率预测。本文提供了有关预测组合的广泛文献的最新评论，并参考可用的开源软件实施。我们讨论了各种方法的潜在和局限性，并突出了这些思想如何随着时间的推移而发展。还调查了有关预测组合实用性的一些重要问题。最后，我们以当前的研究差距和未来研究的潜在见解得出结论。

随着AI系统表现出越来越强烈的预测性能，它们的采用已经在许多域中种植。然而，在刑事司法和医疗保健等高赌场域中，由于安全，道德和法律问题，往往是完全自动化的，但是完全手工方法可能是不准确和耗时的。因此，对研究界的兴趣日益增长，以增加人力决策。除了为此目的开发AI技术之外，人民AI决策的新兴领域必须采用实证方法，以形成对人类如何互动和与AI合作做出决定的基础知识。为了邀请和帮助结构研究努力了解理解和改善人为 - AI决策的研究，我们近期对本课题的实证人体研究的文献。我们总结了在三个重要方面的100多篇论文中的研究设计选择：（1）决定任务，（2）AI模型和AI援助要素，以及（3）评估指标。对于每个方面，我们总结了当前的趋势，讨论了现场当前做法中的差距，并列出了未来研究的建议。我们的调查强调了开发共同框架的需要考虑人类 - AI决策的设计和研究空间，因此研究人员可以在研究设计中进行严格的选择，研究界可以互相构建并产生更广泛的科学知识。我们还希望这项调查将成为HCI和AI社区的桥梁，共同努力，相互塑造人类决策的经验科学和计算技术。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a well-established paradigm for simulating complex systems via interactions between constituent entities. Machine learning (ML) refers to approaches whereby statistical algorithms 'learn' from data on their own, without imposing a priori theories of system behavior. Biological systems -- from molecules, to cells, to entire organisms -- consist of vast numbers of entities, governed by complex webs of interactions that span many spatiotemporal scales and exhibit nonlinearity, stochasticity and intricate coupling between entities. The macroscopic properties and collective dynamics of such systems are difficult to capture via continuum modelling and mean-field formalisms. ABM takes a 'bottom-up' approach that obviates these difficulties by enabling one to easily propose and test a set of well-defined 'rules' to be applied to the individual entities (agents) in a system. Evaluating a system and propagating its state over discrete time-steps effectively simulates the system, allowing observables to be computed and system properties to be analyzed. Because the rules that govern an ABM can be difficult to abstract and formulate from experimental data, there is an opportunity to use ML to help infer optimal, system-specific ABM rules. Once such rule-sets are devised, ABM calculations can generate a wealth of data, and ML can be applied there too -- e.g., to probe statistical measures that meaningfully describe a system's stochastic properties. As an example of synergy in the other direction (from ABM to ML), ABM simulations can generate realistic datasets for training ML algorithms (e.g., for regularization, to mitigate overfitting). In these ways, one can envision various synergistic ABM$\rightleftharpoons$ML loops. This review summarizes how ABM and ML have been integrated in contexts that span spatiotemporal scales, from cellular to population-level epidemiology.

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.

因果关系是理解世界的科学努力的基本组成部分。不幸的是，在心理学和社会科学中，因果关系仍然是禁忌。由于越来越多的建议采用因果方法进行研究的重要性，我们重新制定了心理学研究方法的典型方法，以使不可避免的因果理论与其余的研究渠道协调。我们提出了一个新的过程，该过程始于从因果发现和机器学习的融合中纳入技术的发展，验证和透明的理论形式规范。然后，我们提出将完全指定的理论模型的复杂性降低到与给定目标假设相关的基本子模型中的方法。从这里，我们确定利息量是否可以从数据中估算出来，如果是的，则建议使用半参数机器学习方法来估计因果关系。总体目标是介绍新的研究管道，该管道可以（a）促进与测试因果理论的愿望兼容的科学询问（b）鼓励我们的理论透明代表作为明确的数学对象，（c）将我们的统计模型绑定到我们的统计模型中该理论的特定属性，因此减少了理论到模型间隙通常引起的规范不足问题，以及（d）产生因果关系和可重复性的结果和估计。通过具有现实世界数据的教学示例来证明该过程，我们以摘要和讨论来结论。

随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化，有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是，随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务，值得记住技术可以促进繁荣，福祉，城市居住能力或社会正义，而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时（例如竭尽全力，成熟机构，负责任治理）;这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明，各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义，极化，错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察，解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全，安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题，以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内，有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中，我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全，鲁棒性，可解释性和道德（数据和算法）挑战的关键挑战，特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查，并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制，陷阱和未来研究方向，以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为，这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。

异构表格数据是最常用的数据形式，对于众多关键和计算要求的应用程序至关重要。在同质数据集上，深度神经网络反复显示出卓越的性能，因此被广泛采用。但是，它们适应了推理或数据生成任务的表格数据仍然具有挑战性。为了促进该领域的进一步进展，这项工作概述了表格数据的最新深度学习方法。我们将这些方法分为三组：数据转换，专业体系结构和正则化模型。对于每个小组，我们的工作提供了主要方法的全面概述。此外，我们讨论了生成表格数据的深度学习方法，并且还提供了有关解释对表格数据的深层模型的策略的概述。因此，我们的第一个贡献是解决上述领域中的主要研究流和现有方法，同时强调相关的挑战和开放研究问题。我们的第二个贡献是在传统的机器学习方法中提供经验比较，并在五个流行的现实世界中的十种深度学习方法中，具有不同规模和不同的学习目标的经验比较。我们已将作为竞争性基准公开提供的结果表明，基于梯度增强的树合奏的算法仍然大多在监督学习任务上超过了深度学习模型，这表明对表格数据的竞争性深度学习模型的研究进度停滞不前。据我们所知，这是对表格数据深度学习方法的第一个深入概述。因此，这项工作可以成为有价值的起点，以指导对使用表格数据深入学习感兴趣的研究人员和从业人员。

The optimal liability framework for AI systems remains an unsolved problem across the globe. In a much-anticipated move, the European Commission advanced two proposals outlining the European approach to AI liability in September 2022: a novel AI Liability Directive and a revision of the Product Liability Directive. They constitute the final, and much-anticipated, cornerstone of AI regulation in the EU. Crucially, the liability proposals and the EU AI Act are inherently intertwined: the latter does not contain any individual rights of affected persons, and the former lack specific, substantive rules on AI development and deployment. Taken together, these acts may well trigger a Brussels effect in AI regulation, with significant consequences for the US and other countries. This paper makes three novel contributions. First, it examines in detail the Commission proposals and shows that, while making steps in the right direction, they ultimately represent a half-hearted approach: if enacted as foreseen, AI liability in the EU will primarily rest on disclosure of evidence mechanisms and a set of narrowly defined presumptions concerning fault, defectiveness and causality. Hence, second, the article suggests amendments, which are collected in an Annex at the end of the paper. Third, based on an analysis of the key risks AI poses, the final part of the paper maps out a road for the future of AI liability and regulation, in the EU and beyond. This includes: a comprehensive framework for AI liability; provisions to support innovation; an extension to non-discrimination/algorithmic fairness, as well as explainable AI; and sustainability. I propose to jump-start sustainable AI regulation via sustainability impact assessments in the AI Act and sustainable design defects in the liability regime. In this way, the law may help spur not only fair AI and XAI, but potentially also sustainable AI (SAI).

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.

机器学习目前对世界产生了巨大的影响，越来越多地影响机构实践并影响了社区。因此，至关重要的是，我们质疑该领域的模糊概念是价值中性或普遍有益的，并研究该领域正在发展的特定价值。在本文中，我们首先介绍了一种研究文档中编码的值的方法和注释方案，例如研究论文。采用该方案，我们分析了100个高度引用的机器学习论文，该论文在Premier机器学习会议，ICML和Neurips上发表。我们注释论文的关键特征，这些特征揭示了其价值观：他们选择项目的理由，这些项目的归因于他们提升的项目，对潜在的负面后果的考虑以及机构的隶属关系和资金来源。我们发现，很少有论文证明其项目如何与社会需求联系起来（15 \％），而讨论负潜力（1 \％）的讨论更少。通过逐行的内容分析，我们确定了59个在ML研究中得到提升的值，其中，我们发现论文最常根据绩效，概括，定量证据，效率，基于过去的绩效，定量证据，效率来证明和评估自己的合理性和评估工作和新颖。我们提供了广泛的文本证据，并在这些价值观的定义和操作中确定了关键主题。值得注意的是，我们发现系统的文本证据表明，这些最高价值是通过假设和含义来定义和应用的，通常支持权力的集中化。在本文中，我们发现这些高度引用的论文与科技公司和精英大学之间的关系越来越紧密。