在现实世界的情况下,分布(OOD)数据集可能与培训数据集有很大的分配变化。当训练有素的分类器部署在不同的动态环境中时,这种现象通常发生,这会导致性能显着下降。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了这项工作中端到端的深度多任务网络。观察旋转预测(自我监督)精度和语义分类精度之间的牢固关系,我们在多任务网络中引入了一个附加的辅助分类头,以及语义分类和旋转预测头。为了观察该加法分类器在改善旋转预测头上的影响,我们提出的学习方法被构成双层优化问题,其中训练了上层级别以更新语义分类和旋转预测头的参数。在较低级别的优化中,仅通过固定语义分类头的参数来通过语义分类头进行更新。该方法已通过三个看不见的OOD数据集进行了验证,在该数据集中,它比其他两种基线方法表现出了清晰的语义分类精度。我们的代码可在github \ url {https://github.com/harshita-555/ossl}上获得
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最近,可以证明,部署适当的自学意义是增强监督学习表现的前瞻性方法。然而,由于以前的借口任务专门用于无监督的代表学习,因此并未完全利用自我意识的好处。为此,我们首先为此类辅助任务提供三个理想的属性,以协助监督目标。首先,任务需要指导模型学习丰富的功能。其次,涉及的自我规定的转换不应显着改变训练分布。第三,任务是对先前艺术的高适用性的轻便和通用。随后,为了展示现有的借口任务如何实现这些任务并针对监督学习量身定制,我们提出了一个简单的辅助自学任务,可以预测可本地化的旋转(LOROT)。我们的详尽实验验证了洛洛特(Lorot)的优点,这是根据稳健性和概括能力为监督学习量身定制的借口任务。我们的代码可在https://github.com/wjun0830/localizable-rotation上找到。
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常规监督学习或分类的主要假设是,测试样本是从与训练样本相同的分布中得出的,该样本称为封闭设置学习或分类。在许多实际情况下,事实并非如此,因为测试数据中有未知数或看不见的类样本,这称为“开放式”方案,需要检测到未知数。该问题称为开放式识别问题,在安全至关重要的应用中很重要。我们建议通过学习成对相似性来检测未知数(或看不见的类样本)。提出的方法分为两个步骤。它首先使用培训中出现的所见类学习了一个封闭的集体分类器,然后学习如何将看到的类与伪单人(自动生成的看不见的类样本)进行比较。伪无表情的一代是通过对可见或训练样品进行分配转换增加而进行的。我们称我们的方法OPG(基于伪看不见的数据生成开放式识别)。实验评估表明,基于相似性的功能可以成功区分基准数据集中的未见特征,以进行开放式识别。
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机器学习模型通常会遇到与训练分布不同的样本。无法识别分布(OOD)样本,因此将该样本分配给课堂标签会显着损害模​​型的可靠性。由于其对在开放世界中的安全部署模型的重要性,该问题引起了重大关注。由于对所有可能的未知分布进行建模的棘手性,检测OOD样品是具有挑战性的。迄今为止,一些研究领域解决了检测陌生样本的问题,包括异常检测,新颖性检测,一级学习,开放式识别识别和分布外检测。尽管有相似和共同的概念,但分别分布,开放式检测和异常检测已被独立研究。因此,这些研究途径尚未交叉授粉,创造了研究障碍。尽管某些调查打算概述这些方法,但它们似乎仅关注特定领域,而无需检查不同领域之间的关系。这项调查旨在在确定其共同点的同时,对各个领域的众多著名作品进行跨域和全面的审查。研究人员可以从不同领域的研究进展概述中受益,并协同发展未来的方法。此外,据我们所知,虽然进行异常检测或单级学习进行了调查,但没有关于分布外检测的全面或最新的调查,我们的调查可广泛涵盖。最后,有了统一的跨域视角,我们讨论并阐明了未来的研究线,打算将这些领域更加紧密地融为一体。
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无标签的型号评估或自动化,估计未标记的测试集的模型准确性,并且对于了解各种看不见环境中的模型行为至关重要。在没有图像标签的情况下,基于数据集表示,我们估计与回归自动的模型性能。一方面,图像特征是这种表示的直接选择,但由于非结构化(即某些位置处的组件的特定含义)和大规模,它引起的回归学习。另一方面,以前的方法采用简单的结构化表示(如平均置信度或平均特征),但不足以捕获其有限尺寸的数据特征。在这项工作中,我们从两个世界中获得最佳,并提出了一个新的半结构化数据集表示,这是可管理的回归学习,同时包含丰富的自动信息。基于图像特征,我们为半结构化数据集表示集成分发形状,集群和代表性样本。除了具有分布形状的结构化的整体描述之外,具有集群和代表性样本的非结构化描述包括促进自动任务的额外细粒度信息。在三个现有数据集和25个新介绍的数据集上,我们通过实验表明,拟议的代表实现了竞争结果。代码和数据集可在https://github.com/sxzrt/semi-structured-dataset -representations中获得。
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Self-supervision provides effective representations for downstream tasks without requiring labels. However, existing approaches lag behind fully supervised training and are often not thought beneficial beyond obviating or reducing the need for annotations. We find that self-supervision can benefit robustness in a variety of ways, including robustness to adversarial examples, label corruption, and common input corruptions. Additionally, self-supervision greatly benefits out-of-distribution detection on difficult, near-distribution outliers, so much so that it exceeds the performance of fully supervised methods. These results demonstrate the promise of self-supervision for improving robustness and uncertainty estimation and establish these tasks as new axes of evaluation for future self-supervised learning research.
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In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised learning problem, on which we update the model parameters before making a prediction. This also extends naturally to data in an online stream. Our simple approach leads to improvements on diverse image classification benchmarks aimed at evaluating robustness to distribution shifts.
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本文研究持续学习(CL)的逐步学习(CIL)。已经提出了许多方法来处理CIL中的灾难性遗忘(CF)。大多数方法都会为单个头网络中所有任务的所有类别构建单个分类器。为了防止CF,一种流行的方法是记住以前任务中的少数样本,并在培训新任务时重播它们。但是,这种方法仍然患有严重的CF,因为在内存中仅使用有限的保存样本数量来更新或调整了先前任务的参数。本文提出了一种完全不同的方法,该方法使用变压器网络为每个任务(称为多头模型)构建一个单独的分类器(头部),称为更多。与其在内存中使用保存的样本在现有方法中更新以前的任务/类的网络,不如利用保存的样本来构建特定任务分类器(添加新的分类头),而无需更新用于先前任务/类的网络。新任务的模型经过培训,可以学习任务的类别,并且还可以检测到不是从相同数据分布(即,均分布(OOD))的样本。这使测试实例属于的任务的分类器能够为正确的类产生高分,而其他任务的分类器可以产生低分,因为测试实例不是来自这些分类器的数据分布。实验结果表明,更多的表现优于最先进的基线,并且自然能够在持续学习环境中进行OOD检测。
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开放式识别使深度神经网络(DNN)能够识别未知类别的样本,同时在已知类别的样本上保持高分类精度。基于自动编码器(AE)和原型学习的现有方法在处理这项具有挑战性的任务方面具有巨大的潜力。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新的方法,称为类别特定的语义重建(CSSR),该方法整合了AE和原型学习的力量。具体而言,CSSR用特定于类的AE表示的歧管替代了原型点。与传统的基于原型的方法不同,CSSR在单个AE歧管上的每个已知类模型,并通过AE的重建误差来测量类归属感。特定于类的AE被插入DNN主链的顶部,并重建DNN而不是原始图像所学的语义表示。通过端到端的学习,DNN和AES互相促进,以学习歧视性和代表性信息。在多个数据集上进行的实验结果表明,所提出的方法在封闭式和开放式识别中都达到了出色的性能,并且非常简单且灵活地将其纳入现有框架中。
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无监督域适应(UDA)旨在将知识从标记的源域传输到未标记的目标域。传统上,基于子空间的方法为此问题形成了一类重要的解决方案。尽管他们的数学优雅和易腐烂性,但这些方法通常被发现在产生具有复杂的现实世界数据集的领域不变的功能时无效。由于近期具有深度网络的代表学习的最新进展,本文重新访问了UDA的子空间对齐,提出了一种新的适应算法,始终如一地导致改进的泛化。与现有的基于对抗培训的DA方法相比,我们的方法隔离了特征学习和分配对准步骤,并利用主要辅助优化策略来有效地平衡域不契约的目标和模型保真度。在提供目标数据和计算要求的显着降低的同时,基于子空间的DA竞争性,有时甚至优于几种标准UDA基准测试的最先进的方法。此外,子空间对准导致本质上定期的模型,即使在具有挑战性的部分DA设置中,也表现出强大的泛化。最后,我们的UDA框架的设计本身支持对测试时间的新目标域的逐步适应,而无需从头开始重新检测模型。总之,由强大的特征学习者和有效的优化策略提供支持,我们将基于子空间的DA建立为可视识别的高效方法。
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Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) is crucial for real-world applications, especially in data-hungry domains such as healthcare and self-driving cars. In addition to a lack of labeled data, these applications also suffer from distributional shifts. Therefore, an SSL method should provide robust generalization and uncertainty estimation in the test dataset to be considered a reliable model in such high-stakes domains. However, existing approaches often focus on generalization, without evaluating the model's uncertainty. The ability to compare SSL techniques for improving these estimates is therefore critical for research on the reliability of self-supervision models. In this paper, we explore variants of SSL methods, including Jigsaw Puzzles, Context, Rotation, Geometric Transformations Prediction for vision, as well as BERT and GPT for language tasks. We train SSL in auxiliary learning for vision and pre-training for language model, then evaluate the generalization (in-out classification accuracy) and uncertainty (expected calibration error) across different distribution covariate shift datasets, including MNIST-C, CIFAR-10-C, CIFAR-10.1, and MNLI. Our goal is to create a benchmark with outputs from experiments, providing a starting point for new SSL methods in Reliable Machine Learning. All source code to reproduce results is available at https://github.com/hamanhbui/reliable_ssl_baselines.
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Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is out-of-distribution (OoD) is crucial to enable a system that can reject such samples or alert users. Recent works have made significant progress on OoD benchmarks consisting of small image datasets. However, many recent methods based on neural networks rely on training or tuning with both in-distribution and out-of-distribution data. The latter is generally hard to define a-priori, and its selection can easily bias the learning. We base our work on a popular method ODIN 1 [21], proposing two strategies for freeing it from the needs of tuning with OoD data, while improving its OoD detection performance. We specifically propose to decompose confidence scoring as well as a modified input pre-processing method. We show that both of these significantly help in detection performance. Our further analysis on a larger scale image dataset shows that the two types of distribution shifts, specifically semantic shift and non-semantic shift, present a significant difference in the difficulty of the problem, providing an analysis of when ODIN-like strategies do or do not work.
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异常检测任务在AI安全中起着至关重要的作用。处理这项任务存在巨大的挑战。观察结果表明,深度神经网络分类器通常倾向于以高信心将分布(OOD)输入分为分配类别。现有的工作试图通过在培训期间向分类器暴露于分类器时明确对分类器施加不确定性来解决问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种替代概率范式,该范式实际上对OOD检测任务既有用,又可行。特别是,我们在培训过程中施加了近距离和离群数据之间的统计独立性,以确保inlier数据在培训期间向深度估计器显示有关OOD数据的信息很少。具体而言,我们通过Hilbert-Schmidt独立标准(HSIC)估算了Inlier和离群数据之间的统计依赖性,并在培训期间对此类度量进行了惩罚。我们还将方法与推理期间的新型统计测试相关联,加上我们的原则动机。经验结果表明,我们的方法对各种基准测试的OOD检测是有效且可靠的。与SOTA模型相比,我们的方法在FPR95,AUROC和AUPR指标方面取得了重大改进。代码可用:\ url {https://github.com/jylins/hone}。
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Novelty detection, i.e., identifying whether a given sample is drawn from outside the training distribution, is essential for reliable machine learning. To this end, there have been many attempts at learning a representation well-suited for novelty detection and designing a score based on such representation. In this paper, we propose a simple, yet effective method named contrasting shifted instances (CSI), inspired by the recent success on contrastive learning of visual representations. Specifically, in addition to contrasting a given sample with other instances as in conventional contrastive learning methods, our training scheme contrasts the sample with distributionally-shifted augmentations of itself. Based on this, we propose a new detection score that is specific to the proposed training scheme. Our experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method under various novelty detection scenarios, including unlabeled one-class, unlabeled multi-class and labeled multi-class settings, with various image benchmark datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/alinlab/CSI.
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Top-performing deep architectures are trained on massive amounts of labeled data. In the absence of labeled data for a certain task, domain adaptation often provides an attractive option given that labeled data of similar nature but from a different domain (e.g. synthetic images) are available. Here, we propose a new approach to domain adaptation in deep architectures that can be trained on large amount of labeled data from the source domain and large amount of unlabeled data from the target domain (no labeled targetdomain data is necessary).As the training progresses, the approach promotes the emergence of "deep" features that are (i) discriminative for the main learning task on the source domain and (ii) invariant with respect to the shift between the domains. We show that this adaptation behaviour can be achieved in almost any feed-forward model by augmenting it with few standard layers and a simple new gradient reversal layer. The resulting augmented architecture can be trained using standard backpropagation.Overall, the approach can be implemented with little effort using any of the deep-learning packages. The method performs very well in a series of image classification experiments, achieving adaptation effect in the presence of big domain shifts and outperforming previous state-ofthe-art on Office datasets.
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在本文中,我们提出了一种使用域鉴别特征模块的双模块网络架构,以鼓励域不变的特征模块学习更多域不变的功能。该建议的架构可以应用于任何利用域不变功能的任何模型,用于无监督域适应,以提高其提取域不变特征的能力。我们在作为代表性算法的神经网络(DANN)模型的区域 - 对抗训练进行实验。在培训过程中,我们为两个模块提供相同的输入,然后分别提取它们的特征分布和预测结果。我们提出了差异损失,以找到预测结果的差异和两个模块之间的特征分布。通过对抗训练来最大化其特征分布和最小化其预测结果的差异,鼓励两个模块分别学习更多域歧视和域不变特征。进行了广泛的比较评估,拟议的方法在大多数无监督的域适应任务中表现出最先进的。
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半监督学习(SSL)是解决监督学习的注释瓶颈的主要方法之一。最近的SSL方法可以有效利用大量未标记数据的存储库来提高性能,同时依靠一小部分标记数据。在大多数SSL方法中,一个常见的假设是,标记和未标记的数据来自同一基础数据分布。但是,在许多实际情况下,情况并非如此,这限制了其适用性。相反,在这项工作中,我们试图解决最近提出的挑战性的开放世界SSL问题,这些问题并非如此。在开放世界的SSL问题中,目的是识别已知类别的样本,并同时检测和群集样品属于未标记数据中的新型类别。这项工作引入了OpenLDN,该OpenLDN利用成对的相似性损失来发现新颖的类别。使用双层优化规则,此成对相似性损失利用了标记的设置中可用的信息,以隐式群集新颖的类样本,同时识别来自已知类别的样本。在发现新颖的类别后,OpenLDN将Open-World SSL问题转换为标准SSL问题,以使用现有的SSL方法实现额外的性能提高。我们的广泛实验表明,OpenLDN在多个流行的分类基准上胜过当前的最新方法,同时提供了更好的准确性/培训时间权衡。
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Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally. There are two popular CL settings, class incremental learning (CIL) and task incremental learning (TIL). A major challenge of CL is catastrophic forgetting (CF). While a number of techniques are already available to effectively overcome CF for TIL, CIL remains to be highly challenging. So far, little theoretical study has been done to provide a principled guidance on how to solve the CIL problem. This paper performs such a study. It first shows that probabilistically, the CIL problem can be decomposed into two sub-problems: Within-task Prediction (WP) and Task-id Prediction (TP). It further proves that TP is correlated with out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which connects CIL and OOD detection. The key conclusion of this study is that regardless of whether WP and TP or OOD detection are defined explicitly or implicitly by a CIL algorithm, good WP and good TP or OOD detection are necessary and sufficient for good CIL performances. Additionally, TIL is simply WP. Based on the theoretical result, new CIL methods are also designed, which outperform strong baselines in both CIL and TIL settings by a large margin.
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异常检测旨在识别数据点,这些数据点显示了未标记数据集中大多数数据的系统偏差。一个普遍的假设是,可以使用干净的培训数据(没有异常),这在实践中通常会违反。我们提出了一种在存在与广泛模型兼容的未标记异常的情况下训练异常检测器的策略。这个想法是在更新模型参数时将二进制标签共同推断为每个基准(正常与异常)。受到异常暴露的启发(Hendrycks等人,2018年),该暴露考虑合成创建,标记为异常,我们因此使用了两个共享参数的损失的组合:一个用于正常参数,一个用于异常数据。然后,我们对参数和最可能(潜在)标签进行块坐标更新。我们在三个图像数据集,30个表格数据集和视频异常检测基准上使用几个主链模型进行了实验,对基线显示了一致且显着的改进。
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深度神经网络对各种任务取得了出色的性能,但它们具有重要问题:即使对于完全未知的样本,也有过度自信的预测。已经提出了许多研究来成功过滤出这些未知的样本,但它们仅考虑狭窄和特定的任务,称为错误分类检测,开放式识别或分布外检测。在这项工作中,我们认为这些任务应该被视为根本存在相同的问题,因为理想的模型应该具有所有这些任务的检测能力。因此,我们介绍了未知的检测任务,以先前的单独任务的整合,用于严格检查深度神经网络对广谱的广泛未知样品的检测能力。为此,构建了不同尺度上的统一基准数据集,并且存在现有流行方法的未知检测能力进行比较。我们发现深度集合始终如一地优于检测未知的其他方法;但是,所有方法只针对特定类型的未知方式成功。可重复的代码和基准数据集可在https://github.com/daintlab/unknown-detection-benchmarks上获得。
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