深度神经网络对各种任务取得了出色的性能,但它们具有重要问题:即使对于完全未知的样本,也有过度自信的预测。已经提出了许多研究来成功过滤出这些未知的样本,但它们仅考虑狭窄和特定的任务,称为错误分类检测,开放式识别或分布外检测。在这项工作中,我们认为这些任务应该被视为根本存在相同的问题,因为理想的模型应该具有所有这些任务的检测能力。因此,我们介绍了未知的检测任务,以先前的单独任务的整合,用于严格检查深度神经网络对广谱的广泛未知样品的检测能力。为此,构建了不同尺度上的统一基准数据集,并且存在现有流行方法的未知检测能力进行比较。我们发现深度集合始终如一地优于检测未知的其他方法;但是,所有方法只针对特定类型的未知方式成功。可重复的代码和基准数据集可在https://github.com/daintlab/unknown-detection-benchmarks上获得。
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Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is out-of-distribution (OoD) is crucial to enable a system that can reject such samples or alert users. Recent works have made significant progress on OoD benchmarks consisting of small image datasets. However, many recent methods based on neural networks rely on training or tuning with both in-distribution and out-of-distribution data. The latter is generally hard to define a-priori, and its selection can easily bias the learning. We base our work on a popular method ODIN 1 [21], proposing two strategies for freeing it from the needs of tuning with OoD data, while improving its OoD detection performance. We specifically propose to decompose confidence scoring as well as a modified input pre-processing method. We show that both of these significantly help in detection performance. Our further analysis on a larger scale image dataset shows that the two types of distribution shifts, specifically semantic shift and non-semantic shift, present a significant difference in the difficulty of the problem, providing an analysis of when ODIN-like strategies do or do not work.
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It is important to detect anomalous inputs when deploying machine learning systems. The use of larger and more complex inputs in deep learning magnifies the difficulty of distinguishing between anomalous and in-distribution examples. At the same time, diverse image and text data are available in enormous quantities. We propose leveraging these data to improve deep anomaly detection by training anomaly detectors against an auxiliary dataset of outliers, an approach we call Outlier Exposure (OE). This enables anomaly detectors to generalize and detect unseen anomalies. In extensive experiments on natural language processing and small-and large-scale vision tasks, we find that Outlier Exposure significantly improves detection performance. We also observe that cutting-edge generative models trained on CIFAR-10 may assign higher likelihoods to SVHN images than to CIFAR-10 images; we use OE to mitigate this issue. We also analyze the flexibility and robustness of Outlier Exposure, and identify characteristics of the auxiliary dataset that improve performance.
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机器学习模型通常会遇到与训练分布不同的样本。无法识别分布(OOD)样本,因此将该样本分配给课堂标签会显着损害模​​型的可靠性。由于其对在开放世界中的安全部署模型的重要性,该问题引起了重大关注。由于对所有可能的未知分布进行建模的棘手性,检测OOD样品是具有挑战性的。迄今为止,一些研究领域解决了检测陌生样本的问题,包括异常检测,新颖性检测,一级学习,开放式识别识别和分布外检测。尽管有相似和共同的概念,但分别分布,开放式检测和异常检测已被独立研究。因此,这些研究途径尚未交叉授粉,创造了研究障碍。尽管某些调查打算概述这些方法,但它们似乎仅关注特定领域,而无需检查不同领域之间的关系。这项调查旨在在确定其共同点的同时,对各个领域的众多著名作品进行跨域和全面的审查。研究人员可以从不同领域的研究进展概述中受益,并协同发展未来的方法。此外,据我们所知,虽然进行异常检测或单级学习进行了调查,但没有关于分布外检测的全面或最新的调查,我们的调查可广泛涵盖。最后,有了统一的跨域视角,我们讨论并阐明了未来的研究线,打算将这些领域更加紧密地融为一体。
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已知现代深度神经网络模型将错误地将分布式(OOD)测试数据分类为具有很高信心的分数(ID)培训课程之一。这可能会对关键安全应用产生灾难性的后果。一种流行的缓解策略是训练单独的分类器,该分类器可以在测试时间检测此类OOD样本。在大多数实际设置中,在火车时间尚不清楚OOD的示例,因此,一个关键问题是:如何使用合成OOD样品来增加ID数据以训练这样的OOD检测器?在本文中,我们为称为CNC的OOD数据增强提出了一种新颖的复合腐败技术。 CNC的主要优点之一是,除了培训集外,它不需要任何固定数据。此外,与当前的最新技术(SOTA)技术不同,CNC不需要在测试时间进行反向传播或结合,从而使我们的方法在推断时更快。我们与过去4年中主要会议的20种方法进行了广泛的比较,表明,在OOD检测准确性和推理时间方面,使用基于CNC的数据增强训练的模型都胜过SOTA。我们包括详细的事后分析,以研究我们方法成功的原因,并确定CNC样本的较高相对熵和多样性是可能的原因。我们还通过对二维数据集进行零件分解分析提供理论见解,以揭示(视觉和定量),我们的方法导致ID类别周围的边界更紧密,从而更好地检测了OOD样品。源代码链接:https://github.com/cnc-ood
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Novelty detection, i.e., identifying whether a given sample is drawn from outside the training distribution, is essential for reliable machine learning. To this end, there have been many attempts at learning a representation well-suited for novelty detection and designing a score based on such representation. In this paper, we propose a simple, yet effective method named contrasting shifted instances (CSI), inspired by the recent success on contrastive learning of visual representations. Specifically, in addition to contrasting a given sample with other instances as in conventional contrastive learning methods, our training scheme contrasts the sample with distributionally-shifted augmentations of itself. Based on this, we propose a new detection score that is specific to the proposed training scheme. Our experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method under various novelty detection scenarios, including unlabeled one-class, unlabeled multi-class and labeled multi-class settings, with various image benchmark datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/alinlab/CSI.
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检测到分布(OOD)数据是一项任务,它正在接受计算机视觉的深度学习领域越来越多的研究注意力。但是,通常在隔离任务上评估检测方法的性能,而不是考虑串联中的潜在下游任务。在这项工作中,我们检查了存在OOD数据(SCOD)的选择性分类。也就是说,检测OOD样本的动机是拒绝它们,以便降低它们对预测质量的影响。我们在此任务规范下表明,与仅在OOD检测时进行评估时,现有的事后方法的性能大不相同。这是因为如果ID数据被错误分类,将分布分配(ID)数据与OOD数据混合在一起的问题不再是一个问题。但是,正确和不正确的预测的ID数据中的汇合变得不受欢迎。我们还提出了一种新颖的SCOD,SoftMax信息保留(SIRC)的方法,该方法通过功能不足信息来增强基于软疗法的置信度得分,以便在不牺牲正确和错误的ID预测之间的分离的情况下,可以提高其识别OOD样品的能力。在各种成像网尺度数据集和卷积神经网络体系结构上进行的实验表明,SIRC能够始终如一地匹配或胜过SCOD的基线,而现有的OOD检测方法则无法做到。
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在图像分类中,在检测分布(OOD)数据时发生了许多发展。但是,大多数OOD检测方法是在一组标准数据集上评估的,该数据集与培训数据任意不同。没有明确的定义``好的''ood数据集。此外,最先进的OOD检测方法已经在这些标准基准上取得了几乎完美的结果。在本文中,我们定义了2类OOD数据使用与分布(ID)数据的感知/视觉和语义相似性的微妙概念。我们将附近的OOD样本定义为感知上相似但语义上与ID样本的不同,并将样本转移为视觉上不同但在语义上与ID相似的点数据。然后,我们提出了一个基于GAN的框架,用于从这两个类别中生成OOD样品,给定一个ID数据集。通过有关MNIST,CIFAR-10/100和Imagenet的广泛实验,我们表明A)在常规基准上表现出色的ART OOD检测方法对我们提出的基准测试的稳健性明显较小。 N基准测试,反之亦然,因此表明甚至可能不需要单独的OOD集来可靠地评估OOD检测中的性能。
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在值得信赖的机器学习中,这是一个重要的问题,可以识别与分配任务无关的输入的分布(OOD)输入。近年来,已经提出了许多分布式检测方法。本文的目的是识别共同的目标以及确定不同OOD检测方法的隐式评分函数。我们专注于在培训期间使用替代OOD数据的方法,以学习在测试时概括为新的未见外部分布的OOD检测分数。我们表明,内部和(不同)外部分布之间的二元歧视等同于OOD检测问题的几种不同的公式。当与标准分类器以共同的方式接受培训时,该二进制判别器达到了类似于离群暴露的OOD检测性能。此外,我们表明,异常暴露所使用的置信损失具有隐式评分函数,在训练和测试外部分配相同的情况下,以非平凡的方式与理论上最佳评分功能有所不同,这又是类似于训练基于能量的OOD检测器或添加背景类时使用的一种。在实践中,当以完全相同的方式培训时,所有这些方法的性能类似。
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异常检测任务在AI安全中起着至关重要的作用。处理这项任务存在巨大的挑战。观察结果表明,深度神经网络分类器通常倾向于以高信心将分布(OOD)输入分为分配类别。现有的工作试图通过在培训期间向分类器暴露于分类器时明确对分类器施加不确定性来解决问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种替代概率范式,该范式实际上对OOD检测任务既有用,又可行。特别是,我们在培训过程中施加了近距离和离群数据之间的统计独立性,以确保inlier数据在培训期间向深度估计器显示有关OOD数据的信息很少。具体而言,我们通过Hilbert-Schmidt独立标准(HSIC)估算了Inlier和离群数据之间的统计依赖性,并在培训期间对此类度量进行了惩罚。我们还将方法与推理期间的新型统计测试相关联,加上我们的原则动机。经验结果表明,我们的方法对各种基准测试的OOD检测是有效且可靠的。与SOTA模型相比,我们的方法在FPR95,AUROC和AUPR指标方面取得了重大改进。代码可用:\ url {https://github.com/jylins/hone}。
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Reliable application of machine learning-based decision systems in the wild is one of the major challenges currently investigated by the field. A large portion of established approaches aims to detect erroneous predictions by means of assigning confidence scores. This confidence may be obtained by either quantifying the model's predictive uncertainty, learning explicit scoring functions, or assessing whether the input is in line with the training distribution. Curiously, while these approaches all state to address the same eventual goal of detecting failures of a classifier upon real-life application, they currently constitute largely separated research fields with individual evaluation protocols, which either exclude a substantial part of relevant methods or ignore large parts of relevant failure sources. In this work, we systematically reveal current pitfalls caused by these inconsistencies and derive requirements for a holistic and realistic evaluation of failure detection. To demonstrate the relevance of this unified perspective, we present a large-scale empirical study for the first time enabling benchmarking confidence scoring functions w.r.t all relevant methods and failure sources. The revelation of a simple softmax response baseline as the overall best performing method underlines the drastic shortcomings of current evaluation in the abundance of publicized research on confidence scoring. Code and trained models are at https://github.com/IML-DKFZ/fd-shifts.
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本文我们的目标是利用异质的温度缩放作为校准策略(OOD)检测。此处的异质性是指每个样品的最佳温度参数可能不同,而不是传统的方法对整个分布使用相同的值。为了实现这一目标,我们提出了一种称为锚定的新培训策略,可以估算每个样品的适当温度值,从而导致几个基准的最新OOD检测性能。使用NTK理论,我们表明该温度函数估计与分类器的认知不确定性紧密相关,这解释了其行为。与某些表现最佳的OOD检测方法相反,我们的方法不需要暴露于其他离群数据集,自定义校准目标或模型结合。通过具有不同OOD检测设置的经验研究 - 远处,OOD附近和语义相干OOD - 我们建立了一种高效的OOD检测方法。可以在此处访问代码和模型-https://github.com/rushilanirudh/amp
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Discriminative neural networks offer little or no performance guarantees when deployed on data not generated by the same process as the training distribution. On such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, the prediction may not only be erroneous, but confidently so, limiting the safe deployment of classifiers in real-world applications. One such challenging application is bacteria identification based on genomic sequences, which holds the promise of early detection of diseases, but requires a model that can output low confidence predictions on OOD genomic sequences from new bacteria that were not present in the training data. We introduce a genomics dataset for OOD detection that allows other researchers to benchmark progress on this important problem. We investigate deep generative model based approaches for OOD detection and observe that the likelihood score is heavily affected by population level background statistics. We propose a likelihood ratio method for deep generative models which effectively corrects for these confounding background statistics. We benchmark the OOD detection performance of the proposed method against existing approaches on the genomics dataset and show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed method by showing that it significantly improves OOD detection when applied to deep generative models of images.
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开放式识别使深度神经网络(DNN)能够识别未知类别的样本,同时在已知类别的样本上保持高分类精度。基于自动编码器(AE)和原型学习的现有方法在处理这项具有挑战性的任务方面具有巨大的潜力。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新的方法,称为类别特定的语义重建(CSSR),该方法整合了AE和原型学习的力量。具体而言,CSSR用特定于类的AE表示的歧管替代了原型点。与传统的基于原型的方法不同,CSSR在单个AE歧管上的每个已知类模型,并通过AE的重建误差来测量类归属感。特定于类的AE被插入DNN主链的顶部,并重建DNN而不是原始图像所学的语义表示。通过端到端的学习,DNN和AES互相促进,以学习歧视性和代表性信息。在多个数据集上进行的实验结果表明,所提出的方法在封闭式和开放式识别中都达到了出色的性能,并且非常简单且灵活地将其纳入现有框架中。
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由于其实际重要性,在提高神经网络安全部署方面的实际重要性,最近经济分配(OOD)检测最近受到了很大的关注。其中一个主要挑战是模型往往会对OOD数据产生高度自信的预测,这在ood检测中破坏了驾驶原理,即该模型应该仅对分布式样品充满信心。在这项工作中,我们提出了反应 - 一种简单有效的技术,用于减少对数据数据的模型过度限制。我们的方法是通过关于神经网络内部激活的新型分析,其为OOD分布显示出高度独特的签名模式。我们的方法可以有效地拓展到不同的网络架构和不同的OOD检测分数。我们经验证明,反应在全面的基准数据集套件上实现了竞争检测性能,并为我们的方法进行了理论解释。与以前的最佳方法相比,在ImageNet基准测试中,反应将假阳性率(FPR95)降低25.05%。
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本文提出了一个新颖的分布(OOD)检测框架,名为MoodCat用于图像分类器。MoodCat掩盖了输入图像的随机部分,并使用生成模型将蒙版图像合成为在分类结果条件下的新图像中。然后,它计算原始图像与合成图像之间的语义差异。与现有的解决方案相比,MoodCat自然会使用拟议的面具和条件合成策略来学习分布数据的语义信息,这对于识别OOD至关重要。实验结果表明,MoodCat的表现优于最先进的OOD检测解决方案。
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分布(OOD)检测对于确保机器学习系统的可靠性和安全性至关重要。例如,在自动驾驶中,我们希望驾驶系统在发现在训练时间中从未见过的异常​​场景或对象时,发出警报并将控件移交给人类,并且无法做出安全的决定。该术语《 OOD检测》于2017年首次出现,此后引起了研究界的越来越多的关注,从而导致了大量开发的方法,从基于分类到基于密度到基于距离的方法。同时,其他几个问题,包括异常检测(AD),新颖性检测(ND),开放式识别(OSR)和离群检测(OD)(OD),在动机和方法方面与OOD检测密切相关。尽管有共同的目标,但这些主题是孤立发展的,它们在定义和问题设定方面的细微差异通常会使读者和从业者感到困惑。在这项调查中,我们首先提出一个称为广义OOD检测的统一框架,该框架涵盖了上述五个问题,即AD,ND,OSR,OOD检测和OD。在我们的框架下,这五个问题可以看作是特殊情况或子任务,并且更容易区分。然后,我们通过总结了他们最近的技术发展来审查这五个领域中的每一个,特别关注OOD检测方法。我们以公开挑战和潜在的研究方向结束了这项调查。
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We consider the problem of detecting out-of-distribution images in neural networks. We propose ODIN, a simple and effective method that does not require any change to a pre-trained neural network. Our method is based on the observation that using temperature scaling and adding small perturbations to the input can separate the softmax score distributions between in-and out-of-distribution images, allowing for more effective detection. We show in a series of experiments that ODIN is compatible with diverse network architectures and datasets. It consistently outperforms the baseline approach (Hendrycks & Gimpel, 2017) by a large margin, establishing a new state-of-the-art performance on this task. For example, ODIN reduces the false positive rate from the baseline 34.7% to 4.3% on the DenseNet (applied to CIFAR-10 and Tiny-ImageNet) when the true positive rate is 95%.
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Determining whether inputs are out-of-distribution (OOD) is an essential building block for safely deploying machine learning models in the open world. However, previous methods relying on the softmax confidence score suffer from overconfident posterior distributions for OOD data. We propose a unified framework for OOD detection that uses an energy score. We show that energy scores better distinguish in-and out-of-distribution samples than the traditional approach using the softmax scores. Unlike softmax confidence scores, energy scores are theoretically aligned with the probability density of the inputs and are less susceptible to the overconfidence issue. Within this framework, energy can be flexibly used as a scoring function for any pre-trained neural classifier as well as a trainable cost function to shape the energy surface explicitly for OOD detection. On a CIFAR-10 pre-trained WideResNet, using the energy score reduces the average FPR (at TPR 95%) by 18.03% compared to the softmax confidence score. With energy-based training, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art on common benchmarks.
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检测分配(OOD)输入对于安全部署现实世界的深度学习模型至关重要。在评估良性分布和OOD样品时,检测OOD示例的现有方法很好。然而,在本文中,我们表明,当在分发的分布和OOD输入时,现有的检测机制可以极其脆弱,其具有最小的对抗扰动,这不会改变其语义。正式地,我们广泛地研究了对共同的检测方法的强大分布检测问题,并表明最先进的OOD探测器可以通过对分布和ood投入增加小扰动来容易地欺骗。为了抵消这些威胁,我们提出了一种称为芦荟的有效算法,它通过将模型暴露于对抗性inlier和异常值示例来执行鲁棒训练。我们的方法可以灵活地结合使用,并使现有方法稳健。在共同的基准数据集上,我们表明芦荟大大提高了最新的ood检测的稳健性,对CiFar-10和46.59%的CiFar-100改善了58.4%的Auroc改善。
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