机器学习算法通常假设培训和测试示例是从相同的分布中汲取的。然而,分发转移是现实世界应用中的常见问题,并且可以在测试时间造成模型急剧执行。在本文中,我们特别考虑域移位和亚泊素班次的问题(例如,不平衡数据)。虽然先前的作品通常会寻求明确地将模型的内部表示和预测器进行明确,以成为域不变的,但我们旨在规范整个功能而不限制模型的内部表示。这导致了一种简单的基于混合技术,它通过名为LISA的选择性增强来学习不变函数。 Lisa选择性地用相同的标签而单独地插值样本,但不同的域或具有相同的域但不同的标签。我们分析了线性设置,从理论上展示了LISA如何导致较小的最差组错误。凭经验,我们研究了LISA对从亚本化转变到域移位的九个基准的有效性,我们发现LISA一直以其他最先进的方法表达。
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在许多现实世界中的机器学习应用中,亚种群的转移存在着极大地存在,指的是包含相同亚种群组的培训和测试分布,但在亚种群频率中有所不同。重要性重新加权是通过对训练数据集中每个样本施加恒定或自适应抽样权重来处理亚种群转移问题的正常方法。但是,最近的一些研究已经认识到,这些方法中的大多数无法改善性能,而不是经验风险最小化,尤其是当应用于过度参数化的神经网络时。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个简单而实用的框架,称为“不确定性感知混合”(UMIX),以根据样品不确定性重新加权“混合”样品来减轻过度参数化模型中的过度拟合问题。基于训练 - 注射器的不确定性估计为每个样品的拟议UMIX配备,以灵活地表征亚群分布。我们还提供有见地的理论分析,以验证UMIX是否在先前的工作中实现了更好的概括界限。此外,我们在广泛的任务上进行了广泛的经验研究,以验证我们方法的有效性,既有定性和定量。
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最近,对分布(OOD)数据具有相关性转移的概括引起了极大的关注。相关转移是由与类标签相关的虚假属性引起的,因为它们之间的相关性可能在训练和测试数据中有所不同。对于这样一个问题,我们表明,鉴于类标签,有条件独立的虚假属性模型是可推广的。基于此,提出了控制OOD泛化误差的度量条件伪变异(CSV),以衡量这种条件独立性。为了改善OOD的概括,我们将培训过程正常使用拟议的CSV。在温和的假设下,我们的训练目标可以作为非Convex-Concave Mini-Max问题提出。提出了具有可证明的收敛速率的算法来解决该问题。广泛的经验结果验证了我们算法在改善OOD概括方面的功效。
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Learning models that gracefully handle distribution shifts is central to research on domain generalization, robust optimization, and fairness. A promising formulation is domain-invariant learning, which identifies the key issue of learning which features are domain-specific versus domaininvariant. An important assumption in this area is that the training examples are partitioned into "domains" or "environments". Our focus is on the more common setting where such partitions are not provided. We propose EIIL, a general framework for domain-invariant learning that incorporates Environment Inference to directly infer partitions that are maximally informative for downstream Invariant Learning. We show that EIIL outperforms invariant learning methods on the CMNIST benchmark without using environment labels, and significantly outperforms ERM on worst-group performance in the Waterbirds and CivilComments datasets. Finally, we establish connections between EIIL and algorithmic fairness, which enables EIIL to improve accuracy and calibration in a fair prediction problem.
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Models trained via empirical risk minimization (ERM) are known to rely on spurious correlations between labels and task-independent input features, resulting in poor generalization to distributional shifts. Group distributionally robust optimization (G-DRO) can alleviate this problem by minimizing the worst-case loss over a set of pre-defined groups over training data. G-DRO successfully improves performance of the worst-group, where the correlation does not hold. However, G-DRO assumes that the spurious correlations and associated worst groups are known in advance, making it challenging to apply it to new tasks with potentially multiple unknown spurious correlations. We propose AGRO -- Adversarial Group discovery for Distributionally Robust Optimization -- an end-to-end approach that jointly identifies error-prone groups and improves accuracy on them. AGRO equips G-DRO with an adversarial slicing model to find a group assignment for training examples which maximizes worst-case loss over the discovered groups. On the WILDS benchmark, AGRO results in 8% higher model performance on average on known worst-groups, compared to prior group discovery approaches used with G-DRO. AGRO also improves out-of-distribution performance on SST2, QQP, and MS-COCO -- datasets where potential spurious correlations are as yet uncharacterized. Human evaluation of ARGO groups shows that they contain well-defined, yet previously unstudied spurious correlations that lead to model errors.
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分数(OOD)学习涉及培训和测试数据遵循不同分布的方案。尽管在机器学习中已经深入研究了一般的OOD问题,但图形OOD只是一个新兴领域。目前,缺少针对图形OOD方法评估的系统基准。在这项工作中,我们旨在为图表开发一个被称为GOOD的OOD基准。我们明确地在协变量和概念变化和设计数据拆分之间进行了区分,以准确反映不同的变化。我们考虑图形和节点预测任务,因为在设计变化时存在关键差异。总体而言,Good包含8个具有14个域选择的数据集。当与协变量,概念和无移位结合使用时,我们获得了42个不同的分裂。我们在7种常见的基线方法上提供了10种随机运行的性能结果。这总共导致294个数据集模型组合。我们的结果表明,分布和OOD设置之间的性能差距很大。我们的结果还阐明了通过不同方法的协变量和概念转移之间的不同性能趋势。我们的良好基准是一个不断增长的项目,并希望随着该地区的发展,数量和种类繁多。可以通过$ \ href {https://github.com/divelab/good/} {\ text {https://github.com/divelab/good/good/}} $访问良好基准。
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Standard training via empirical risk minimization (ERM) can produce models that achieve high accuracy on average but low accuracy on certain groups, especially in the presence of spurious correlations between the input and label. Prior approaches that achieve high worst-group accuracy, like group distributionally robust optimization (group DRO) require expensive group annotations for each training point, whereas approaches that do not use such group annotations typically achieve unsatisfactory worst-group accuracy. In this paper, we propose a simple two-stage approach, JTT, that first trains a standard ERM model for several epochs, and then trains a second model that upweights the training examples that the first model misclassified. Intuitively, this upweights examples from groups on which standard ERM models perform poorly, leading to improved worst-group performance. Averaged over four image classification and natural language processing tasks with spurious correlations, JTT closes 75% of the gap in worst-group accuracy between standard ERM and group DRO, while only requiring group annotations on a small validation set in order to tune hyperparameters.
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虽然神经网络在平均病例的性能方面对分类任务的成功显着,但它们通常无法在某些数据组上表现良好。这样的组信息可能是昂贵的;因此,即使在培训数据不可用的组标签不可用,较稳健性和公平的最新作品也提出了改善最差组性能的方法。然而,这些方法通常在培训时间使用集团信息的表现不佳。在这项工作中,我们假设没有组标签的较大数据集一起访问少量组标签。我们提出了一个简单的两步框架,利用这个部分组信息来提高最差组性能:训练模型以预测训练数据的丢失组标签,然后在强大的优化目标中使用这些预测的组标签。从理论上讲,我们在最差的组性能方面为我们的方法提供泛化界限,展示了泛化误差如何相对于培训点总数和具有组标签的培训点的数量。凭经验,我们的方法优于不使用群组信息的基线表达,即使只有1-33%的积分都有组标签。我们提供消融研究,以支持我们框架的稳健性和可扩展性。
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Empirical studies suggest that machine learning models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) often rely on attributes that may be spuriously correlated with the class labels. Such models typically lead to poor performance during inference for data lacking such correlations. In this work, we explicitly consider a situation where potential spurious correlations are present in the majority of training data. In contrast with existing approaches, which use the ERM model outputs to detect the samples without spurious correlations, and either heuristically upweighting or upsampling those samples; we propose the logit correction (LC) loss, a simple yet effective improvement on the softmax cross-entropy loss, to correct the sample logit. We demonstrate that minimizing the LC loss is equivalent to maximizing the group-balanced accuracy, so the proposed LC could mitigate the negative impacts of spurious correlations. Our extensive experimental results further reveal that the proposed LC loss outperforms the SoTA solutions on multiple popular benchmarks by a large margin, an average 5.5% absolute improvement, without access to spurious attribute labels. LC is also competitive with oracle methods that make use of the attribute labels. Code is available at https://github.com/shengliu66/LC.
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域泛化(DG)的主要挑战是克服多个训练域和看不见的测试域之间的潜在分布偏移。一类流行的DG算法旨在学习在训练域中具有不变因果关系的表示。但是,某些特征,称为\ emph {伪不变特征},可能是培训域中的不变性,但不是测试域,并且可以大大降低现有算法的性能。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新颖的算法,称为不变信息瓶颈(IIB),该算法学习跨越训练和测试域的最小值的最小值。通过最大限度地减少表示和输入之间的相互信息,IIB可以减轻其对伪不变特征的依赖,这对于DG是期望的。为了验证IIB原则的有效性,我们对大型DG基准进行了广泛的实验。结果表明,在两个评估度量标准中,IIB的IIIb平均超过2.8 \%和3.8 \%的准确性。
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许多数据集被指定:给定任务存在多个同样可行的解决方案。对于学习单个假设的方法,指定的指定可能是有问题的,因为实现低训练损失的不同功能可以集中在不同的预测特征上,从而在分布数据的数据上产生明显变化的预测。我们提出了Divdis,这是一个简单的两阶段框架,首先通过利用测试分布中的未标记数据来学习多种假设,以实现任务。然后,我们通过使用其他标签的形式或检查功能可视化的形式选择最小的其他监督来选择一个发现的假设之一来消除歧义。我们证明了Divdis找到在图像分类中使用强大特征的假设和自然语言处理问题的能力。
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Distributional shift is one of the major obstacles when transferring machine learning prediction systems from the lab to the real world. To tackle this problem, we assume that variation across training domains is representative of the variation we might encounter at test time, but also that shifts at test time may be more extreme in magnitude. In particular, we show that reducing differences in risk across training domains can reduce a model's sensitivity to a wide range of extreme distributional shifts, including the challenging setting where the input contains both causal and anticausal elements. We motivate this approach, Risk Extrapolation (REx), as a form of robust optimization over a perturbation set of extrapolated domains (MM-REx), and propose a penalty on the variance of training risks (V-REx) as a simpler variant. We prove that variants of REx can recover the causal mechanisms of the targets, while also providing some robustness to changes in the input distribution ("covariate shift"). By tradingoff robustness to causally induced distributional shifts and covariate shift, REx is able to outperform alternative methods such as Invariant Risk Minimization in situations where these types of shift co-occur.
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尽管无偏见的机器学习模型对于许多应用程序至关重要,但偏见是一个人为定义的概念,可以在任务中有所不同。只有输入标签对,算法可能缺乏足够的信息来区分稳定(因果)特征和不稳定(虚假)特征。但是,相关任务通常具有类似的偏见 - 我们可以利用在转移环境中开发稳定的分类器的观察结果。在这项工作中,我们明确通知目标分类器有关源任务中不稳定功能的信息。具体而言,我们得出一个表示,该表示通过对比源任务中的不同数据环境来编码不稳定的功能。我们通过根据此表示形式将目标任务的数据聚类来实现鲁棒性,并最大程度地降低这些集群中最坏情况的风险。我们对文本和图像分类进行评估。经验结果表明,我们的算法能够在合成生成的环境和现实环境的目标任务上保持鲁棒性。我们的代码可在https://github.com/yujiabao/tofu上找到。
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域泛化算法使用来自多个域的培训数据来学习概括到未经识别域的模型。虽然最近提出的基准证明大多数现有算法不优于简单的基线,但建立的评估方法未能暴露各种因素的影响,这有助于性能不佳。在本文中,我们提出了一个域泛化算法的评估框架,其允许将误差分解成组件捕获概念的不同方面。通过基于域不变表示学习的思想的算法的普遍性的启发,我们扩展了评估框架,以捕获在实现不变性时捕获各种类型的失败。我们表明,泛化误差的最大贡献者跨越方法,数据集,正则化强度甚至培训长度各不相同。我们遵守与学习域不变表示的策略相关的两个问题。在彩色的MNIST上,大多数域泛化算法失败,因为它们仅在训练域上达到域名不变性。在Camelyon-17上,域名不变性会降低看不见域的表示质量。我们假设专注于在丰富的代表之上调整分类器可以是有希望的方向。
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最近的学习不变(因果)特征(OOD)概括最近引起了广泛的关注,在建议中不变风险最小化(IRM)(Arjovsky等,2019)是一个显着的解决方案。尽管其对线性回归的理论希望,但在线性分类问题中使用IRM的挑战仍然存在(Rosenfeld等,2020; Nagarajan等,2021)。沿着这一行,最近的一项研究(Arjovsky等人,2019年)迈出了第一步,并提出了基于信息瓶颈的不变风险最小化的学习原理(IB-imm)。在本文中,我们首先表明(Arjovsky等人,2019年)使用不变特征的支持重叠的关键假设对于保证OOD泛化是相当强大的,并且在没有这种假设的情况下仍然可以实现最佳解决方案。为了进一步回答IB-IRM是否足以在线性分类问题中学习不变特征的问题,我们表明IB-IRM在两种情况下仍将失败,无论是否不变功能捕获有关标签的所有信息。为了解决此类失败,我们提出了一个\ textit {基于反事实的信息瓶颈(CSIB)}学习算法,该算法可恢复不变的功能。即使从单个环境访问数据时,提出的算法也可以工作,并且在理论上对二进制和多类问题都具有一致的结果。我们对三个合成数据集进行了经验实验,以验证我们提出的方法的功效。
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域名(ood)概括是机器学习模型的重大挑战。已经提出了许多技术来克服这一挑战,通常专注于具有某些不变性属性的学习模型。在这项工作中,我们绘制了ood性能和模型校准之间的链接,争论跨多个域的校准可以被视为一个特殊的表达,导致更好的EOD泛化。具体而言,我们表明,在某些条件下,实现\ EMPH {多域校准}的模型可被证明无杂散相关性。这导致我们提出多域校准作为分类器的性能的可测量和可训练的代理。因此,我们介绍了易于申请的方法,并允许从业者通过训练或修改现有模型来改善多域校准,从而更好地在看不见的域上的性能。使用最近提出的野外的四个数据集以及彩色的MNIST数据集,我们证明了训练或调整模型,以便在多个域中校准它们导致在看不见的测试域中显着提高性能。我们认为,校准和革建化之间的这种有趣联系是从一个实际和理论的观点出发的。
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Overparameterized neural networks can be highly accurate on average on an i.i.d.test set yet consistently fail on atypical groups of the data (e.g., by learning spurious correlations that hold on average but not in such groups). Distributionally robust optimization (DRO) allows us to learn models that instead minimize the worst-case training loss over a set of pre-defined groups. However, we find that naively applying group DRO to overparameterized neural networks fails: these models can perfectly fit the training data, and any model with vanishing average training loss also already has vanishing worst-case training loss. Instead, the poor worst-case performance arises from poor generalization on some groups. By coupling group DRO models with increased regularization-a stronger-than-typical 2 penalty or early stopping-we achieve substantially higher worst-group accuracies, with 10-40 percentage point improvements on a natural language inference task and two image tasks, while maintaining high average accuracies. Our results suggest that regularization is important for worst-group generalization in the overparameterized regime, even if it is not needed for average generalization. Finally, we introduce a stochastic optimization algorithm, with convergence guarantees, to efficiently train group DRO models.
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从多个域收集的现实世界数据可以在多个属性上具有多个不同的分布变化。但是,域概括(DG)算法的最新进展仅关注对单个属性的特定变化。我们介绍了具有多属性分布变化的数据集,并发现现有的DG算法无法概括。为了解释这一点,我们使用因果图来根据虚假属性与分类标签之间的关系来表征不同类型的变化。每个多属性因果图都需要对观察到的变量进行不同的约束,因此,基于单个固定独立性约束的任何算法都不能在所有变化中正常工作。我们提出了因果自适应约束最小化(CACM),这是一种用于识别正则化的正确独立性约束的新算法。完全合成,MNIST和小型NORB数据集的结果,涵盖了二进制和多价值属性和标签,确认我们的理论主张:正确的独立性约束导致未见域的最高准确性,而不正确的约束则无法做到这一点。我们的结果表明,建模数据生成过程中固有的因果关系的重要性:在许多情况下,如果没有此信息,就不可能知道正确的正规化约束。
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尽管机器学习模型迅速推进了各种现实世界任务的最先进,但鉴于这些模型对虚假相关性的脆弱性,跨域(OOD)的概括仍然是一个挑战性的问题。尽管当前的域概括方法通常着重于通过新的损耗函数设计在不同域上实施某些不变性属性,但我们提出了一种平衡的迷你批次采样策略,以减少观察到的训练分布中域特异性的虚假相关性。更具体地说,我们提出了一种两步方法,该方法1)识别虚假相关性的来源,以及2)通过在确定的来源上匹配,构建平衡的迷你批次而没有虚假相关性。我们提供了伪造来源的可识别性保证,并表明我们提出的方法是从所有培训环境中平衡,无虚拟分布的样本。实验是在三个具有伪造相关性的计算机视觉数据集上进行的,从经验上证明,与随机的迷你批次采样策略相比,我们平衡的微型批次采样策略可改善四个不同建立的域泛化模型基线的性能。
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We propose a Target Conditioned Representation Independence (TCRI) objective for domain generalization. TCRI addresses the limitations of existing domain generalization methods due to incomplete constraints. Specifically, TCRI implements regularizers motivated by conditional independence constraints that are sufficient to strictly learn complete sets of invariant mechanisms, which we show are necessary and sufficient for domain generalization. Empirically, we show that TCRI is effective on both synthetic and real-world data. TCRI is competitive with baselines in average accuracy while outperforming them in worst-domain accuracy, indicating desired cross-domain stability.
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