Standard training via empirical risk minimization (ERM) can produce models that achieve high accuracy on average but low accuracy on certain groups, especially in the presence of spurious correlations between the input and label. Prior approaches that achieve high worst-group accuracy, like group distributionally robust optimization (group DRO) require expensive group annotations for each training point, whereas approaches that do not use such group annotations typically achieve unsatisfactory worst-group accuracy. In this paper, we propose a simple two-stage approach, JTT, that first trains a standard ERM model for several epochs, and then trains a second model that upweights the training examples that the first model misclassified. Intuitively, this upweights examples from groups on which standard ERM models perform poorly, leading to improved worst-group performance. Averaged over four image classification and natural language processing tasks with spurious correlations, JTT closes 75% of the gap in worst-group accuracy between standard ERM and group DRO, while only requiring group annotations on a small validation set in order to tune hyperparameters.
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Overparameterized neural networks can be highly accurate on average on an i.i.d.test set yet consistently fail on atypical groups of the data (e.g., by learning spurious correlations that hold on average but not in such groups). Distributionally robust optimization (DRO) allows us to learn models that instead minimize the worst-case training loss over a set of pre-defined groups. However, we find that naively applying group DRO to overparameterized neural networks fails: these models can perfectly fit the training data, and any model with vanishing average training loss also already has vanishing worst-case training loss. Instead, the poor worst-case performance arises from poor generalization on some groups. By coupling group DRO models with increased regularization-a stronger-than-typical 2 penalty or early stopping-we achieve substantially higher worst-group accuracies, with 10-40 percentage point improvements on a natural language inference task and two image tasks, while maintaining high average accuracies. Our results suggest that regularization is important for worst-group generalization in the overparameterized regime, even if it is not needed for average generalization. Finally, we introduce a stochastic optimization algorithm, with convergence guarantees, to efficiently train group DRO models.
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虽然神经网络在平均病例的性能方面对分类任务的成功显着,但它们通常无法在某些数据组上表现良好。这样的组信息可能是昂贵的;因此,即使在培训数据不可用的组标签不可用,较稳健性和公平的最新作品也提出了改善最差组性能的方法。然而,这些方法通常在培训时间使用集团信息的表现不佳。在这项工作中,我们假设没有组标签的较大数据集一起访问少量组标签。我们提出了一个简单的两步框架,利用这个部分组信息来提高最差组性能:训练模型以预测训练数据的丢失组标签,然后在强大的优化目标中使用这些预测的组标签。从理论上讲,我们在最差的组性能方面为我们的方法提供泛化界限,展示了泛化误差如何相对于培训点总数和具有组标签的培训点的数量。凭经验,我们的方法优于不使用群组信息的基线表达,即使只有1-33%的积分都有组标签。我们提供消融研究,以支持我们框架的稳健性和可扩展性。
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Models trained via empirical risk minimization (ERM) are known to rely on spurious correlations between labels and task-independent input features, resulting in poor generalization to distributional shifts. Group distributionally robust optimization (G-DRO) can alleviate this problem by minimizing the worst-case loss over a set of pre-defined groups over training data. G-DRO successfully improves performance of the worst-group, where the correlation does not hold. However, G-DRO assumes that the spurious correlations and associated worst groups are known in advance, making it challenging to apply it to new tasks with potentially multiple unknown spurious correlations. We propose AGRO -- Adversarial Group discovery for Distributionally Robust Optimization -- an end-to-end approach that jointly identifies error-prone groups and improves accuracy on them. AGRO equips G-DRO with an adversarial slicing model to find a group assignment for training examples which maximizes worst-case loss over the discovered groups. On the WILDS benchmark, AGRO results in 8% higher model performance on average on known worst-groups, compared to prior group discovery approaches used with G-DRO. AGRO also improves out-of-distribution performance on SST2, QQP, and MS-COCO -- datasets where potential spurious correlations are as yet uncharacterized. Human evaluation of ARGO groups shows that they contain well-defined, yet previously unstudied spurious correlations that lead to model errors.
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在偏置数据集中培训时,分类器会偏差。作为一种补救措施,我们建议学习分裂(LS),这是一种用于自动偏置检测的算法。给定一个具有输入标签对的数据集,LS学会了将该数据集分开,以便在训练分训练上训练的预测因素不能推广到测试分配。该性能差距表明,数据集中的测试拆分代表性不足,这是潜在偏差的信号。识别不可替代的分裂是具有挑战性的,因为我们对偏见没有注释。在这项工作中,我们表明,测试拆分中每个示例的预测正确性可以用作弱监督的来源:如果我们移动正确预测的示例,将概括性能下降错误预测。 LS是任务不合时宜的,可以应用于任何监督的学习问题,从自然语言理解和图像分类到分子财产预测。经验结果表明,LS能够产生与人类识别偏见相关的惊人挑战分裂。此外,我们证明,将强大的学习算法(例如群DRO)与LS启用自动偏差确定的拆分相结合。与以前的最先进相比,当训练和验证过程中偏见的来源未知时,我们显着提高了最差的组绩效(平均为23.4%)。
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Learning models that gracefully handle distribution shifts is central to research on domain generalization, robust optimization, and fairness. A promising formulation is domain-invariant learning, which identifies the key issue of learning which features are domain-specific versus domaininvariant. An important assumption in this area is that the training examples are partitioned into "domains" or "environments". Our focus is on the more common setting where such partitions are not provided. We propose EIIL, a general framework for domain-invariant learning that incorporates Environment Inference to directly infer partitions that are maximally informative for downstream Invariant Learning. We show that EIIL outperforms invariant learning methods on the CMNIST benchmark without using environment labels, and significantly outperforms ERM on worst-group performance in the Waterbirds and CivilComments datasets. Finally, we establish connections between EIIL and algorithmic fairness, which enables EIIL to improve accuracy and calibration in a fair prediction problem.
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接受经验风险最小化(ERM)训练的机器学习模型的预测性能可以大大降解分配变化。在训练数据集中存在虚假相关性的存在导致ERM训练的模型在对不存在此类相关性的少数群体评估时表现出很高的损失。已经进行了广泛的尝试来开发改善最差的鲁棒性的方法。但是,他们需要每个培训输入的组信息,或者至少需要一个带有组标签的验证设置来调整其超参数,这可能是昂贵的或未知的。在本文中,我们应对在培训或验证期间没有小组注释的情况下提高组鲁棒性的挑战。为此,我们建议根据``识别''模型提取的特征的革兰氏集矩阵将训练数据集分为组,并根据这些伪组应用强大的优化。在不可用的小组标签的现实情况下,我们的实验表明,我们的方法不仅可以改善对ERM的稳健性,而且还优于所有最近的基线
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显示过次分辨率化,导致在亚组信息的各种设置下在罕见的子组上的测试精度差。为了获得更完整的图片,我们考虑子组信息未知的情况。我们调查模型规模在多种设置的经验风险最小化(ERM)下最差组泛化的影响,不同:1)架构(Reset,VGG或BERT),2)域(视觉或自然语言处理)3)模型尺寸(宽度或深度)和4)初始化(具有预先培训或随机重量)。我们的系统评价显示,模型大小的增加不会受到伤害,并且可以帮助所有设置的ERM下的最差群体测试性能。特别是,增加预先训练的模型大小一致地提高水鸟和多液体的性能。当子组标签未知时,我们建议从业者使用更大的预训练模型。
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Empirical studies suggest that machine learning models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) often rely on attributes that may be spuriously correlated with the class labels. Such models typically lead to poor performance during inference for data lacking such correlations. In this work, we explicitly consider a situation where potential spurious correlations are present in the majority of training data. In contrast with existing approaches, which use the ERM model outputs to detect the samples without spurious correlations, and either heuristically upweighting or upsampling those samples; we propose the logit correction (LC) loss, a simple yet effective improvement on the softmax cross-entropy loss, to correct the sample logit. We demonstrate that minimizing the LC loss is equivalent to maximizing the group-balanced accuracy, so the proposed LC could mitigate the negative impacts of spurious correlations. Our extensive experimental results further reveal that the proposed LC loss outperforms the SoTA solutions on multiple popular benchmarks by a large margin, an average 5.5% absolute improvement, without access to spurious attribute labels. LC is also competitive with oracle methods that make use of the attribute labels. Code is available at https://github.com/shengliu66/LC.
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学习不变表示是在数据集中虚假相关驱动的机器学习模型时的重要要求。这些杂散相关性,在输入样本和目标标签之间,错误地指导了神经网络预测,导致某些组的性能差,尤其是少数群体。针对这些虚假相关性的强大培训需要每个样本的组成员资格。这种要求在少数群体或稀有群体的数据标签努力的情况下是显着费力的,或者包括数据集的个人选择隐藏敏感信息的情况。另一方面,存在这种数据收集的存在力度导致包含部分标记的组信息的数据集。最近的作品解决了完全无监督的场景,没有用于组的标签。因此,我们的目标是通过解决更现实的设置来填补文献中的缺失差距,这可以在培训期间利用部分可用的敏感或群体信息。首先,我们构造一个约束集并导出组分配所属的高概率绑定到该集合。其次,我们提出了一种从约束集中优化了优化最严格的组分配的算法。通过对图像和表格数据集的实验,我们显示少数集团的性能的改进,同时在跨组中保持整体汇总精度。
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通常对机器学习分类器进行培训,以最大程度地减少数据集的平均误差。不幸的是,在实践中,这个过程通常会利用训练数据中亚组不平衡引起的虚假相关性,从而导致高平均性能,但跨亚组的性能高度可变。解决此问题的最新工作提出了使用骆驼进行模型修补。这种先前的方法使用生成的对抗网络来执行类内的群间数据增强,需要(a)训练许多计算昂贵的模型以及(b)给定域模型的合成输出的足够质量。在这项工作中,我们提出了RealPatch,这是一个基于统计匹配的简单,更快,更快的数据增强的框架。我们的框架通过使用真实样本增强数据集来执行模型修补程序,从而减轻了为目标任务训练生成模型的需求。我们证明了RealPatch在三个基准数据集,Celeba,Waterbird和IwildCam的一部分中的有效性,显示了最差的亚组性能和二进制分类中亚组性能差距的改进。此外,我们使用IMSITU数据集进行了211个类的实验,在这种设置中,基于生成模型的修补(例如骆驼)是不切实际的。我们表明,RealPatch可以成功消除数据集泄漏,同时减少模型泄漏并保持高实用程序。可以在https://github.com/wearepal/realpatch上找到RealPatch的代码。
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虽然大型审计的基础模型(FMS)对数据集级别的分布变化显示出显着的零击分类鲁棒性,但它们对亚群或组移动的稳健性相对却相对不受欢迎。我们研究了这个问题,并发现诸如剪辑之类的FMS可能对各种群体转移可能不健壮。在9个稳健性基准中,其嵌入式分类零射击分类导致平均和最差组精度之间的差距高达80.7个百分点(PP)。不幸的是,现有的改善鲁棒性的方法需要重新培训,这在大型基础模型上可能非常昂贵。我们还发现,改善模型推理的有效方法(例如,通过适配器,具有FM嵌入式作为输入的轻量级网络)不会持续改进,有时与零击相比会伤害组鲁棒性(例如,将精度差距提高到50.1 pp on 50.1 pp on On on 50.1 pp on Celeba)。因此,我们制定了一种适配器培训策略,以有效有效地改善FM组的鲁棒性。我们激励的观察是,尽管同一阶级中的群体中较差的鲁棒性在基础模型“嵌入空间”中分开,但标准适配器训练可能不会使这些要点更加紧密。因此,我们提出了对比度的适应,该适应器会通过对比度学习进行训练适配器,以使样品嵌入在同一类中的地面真相类嵌入和其他样品嵌入。在整个9个基准测试中,我们的方法始终提高组鲁棒性,使最差的组精度提高了8.5至56.0 pp。我们的方法也是有效的,这样做的方法也没有任何FM芬太尼,只有一组固定的冷冻FM嵌入。在水鸟和Celeba等基准上,这导致最差的组精度可与最先进的方法相媲美,而最先进的方法可以重新训练整个模型,而仅训练$ \ leq $ 1%的模型参数。
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在许多现实世界中的机器学习应用中,亚种群的转移存在着极大地存在,指的是包含相同亚种群组的培训和测试分布,但在亚种群频率中有所不同。重要性重新加权是通过对训练数据集中每个样本施加恒定或自适应抽样权重来处理亚种群转移问题的正常方法。但是,最近的一些研究已经认识到,这些方法中的大多数无法改善性能,而不是经验风险最小化,尤其是当应用于过度参数化的神经网络时。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个简单而实用的框架,称为“不确定性感知混合”(UMIX),以根据样品不确定性重新加权“混合”样品来减轻过度参数化模型中的过度拟合问题。基于训练 - 注射器的不确定性估计为每个样品的拟议UMIX配备,以灵活地表征亚群分布。我们还提供有见地的理论分析,以验证UMIX是否在先前的工作中实现了更好的概括界限。此外,我们在广泛的任务上进行了广泛的经验研究,以验证我们方法的有效性,既有定性和定量。
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尽管无偏见的机器学习模型对于许多应用程序至关重要,但偏见是一个人为定义的概念,可以在任务中有所不同。只有输入标签对,算法可能缺乏足够的信息来区分稳定(因果)特征和不稳定(虚假)特征。但是,相关任务通常具有类似的偏见 - 我们可以利用在转移环境中开发稳定的分类器的观察结果。在这项工作中,我们明确通知目标分类器有关源任务中不稳定功能的信息。具体而言,我们得出一个表示,该表示通过对比源任务中的不同数据环境来编码不稳定的功能。我们通过根据此表示形式将目标任务的数据聚类来实现鲁棒性,并最大程度地降低这些集群中最坏情况的风险。我们对文本和图像分类进行评估。经验结果表明,我们的算法能够在合成生成的环境和现实环境的目标任务上保持鲁棒性。我们的代码可在https://github.com/yujiabao/tofu上找到。
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机器学习算法通常假设培训和测试示例是从相同的分布中汲取的。然而,分发转移是现实世界应用中的常见问题,并且可以在测试时间造成模型急剧执行。在本文中,我们特别考虑域移位和亚泊素班次的问题(例如,不平衡数据)。虽然先前的作品通常会寻求明确地将模型的内部表示和预测器进行明确,以成为域不变的,但我们旨在规范整个功能而不限制模型的内部表示。这导致了一种简单的基于混合技术,它通过名为LISA的选择性增强来学习不变函数。 Lisa选择性地用相同的标签而单独地插值样本,但不同的域或具有相同的域但不同的标签。我们分析了线性设置,从理论上展示了LISA如何导致较小的最差组错误。凭经验,我们研究了LISA对从亚本化转变到域移位的九个基准的有效性,我们发现LISA一直以其他最先进的方法表达。
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The standard empirical risk minimization (ERM) can underperform on certain minority groups (i.e., waterbirds in lands or landbirds in water) due to the spurious correlation between the input and its label. Several studies have improved the worst-group accuracy by focusing on the high-loss samples. The hypothesis behind this is that such high-loss samples are \textit{spurious-cue-free} (SCF) samples. However, these approaches can be problematic since the high-loss samples may also be samples with noisy labels in the real-world scenarios. To resolve this issue, we utilize the predictive uncertainty of a model to improve the worst-group accuracy under noisy labels. To motivate this, we theoretically show that the high-uncertainty samples are the SCF samples in the binary classification problem. This theoretical result implies that the predictive uncertainty is an adequate indicator to identify SCF samples in a noisy label setting. Motivated from this, we propose a novel ENtropy based Debiasing (END) framework that prevents models from learning the spurious cues while being robust to the noisy labels. In the END framework, we first train the \textit{identification model} to obtain the SCF samples from a training set using its predictive uncertainty. Then, another model is trained on the dataset augmented with an oversampled SCF set. The experimental results show that our END framework outperforms other strong baselines on several real-world benchmarks that consider both the noisy labels and the spurious-cues.
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许多数据集被指定:给定任务存在多个同样可行的解决方案。对于学习单个假设的方法,指定的指定可能是有问题的,因为实现低训练损失的不同功能可以集中在不同的预测特征上,从而在分布数据的数据上产生明显变化的预测。我们提出了Divdis,这是一个简单的两阶段框架,首先通过利用测试分布中的未标记数据来学习多种假设,以实现任务。然后,我们通过使用其他标签的形式或检查功能可视化的形式选择最小的其他监督来选择一个发现的假设之一来消除歧义。我们证明了Divdis找到在图像分类中使用强大特征的假设和自然语言处理问题的能力。
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当获取新数据或开发新的架构时,更新机器学习模型。这些更新通常会增加模型性能,但可能会引入向后兼容性错误,其中单个用户或用户组在更新的模型上看到其性能受到不利影响。当培训数据集没有准确反映整体人口人口统计数据时,也可以出现这个问题,其中一些群体具有整体参与数据收集过程,构成了重大的公平问题。我们分析了分配稳健性和最低限度公平的思想如何有助于在这种情况下向后兼容性,并提出两种方法直接解决此问题。我们的理论分析由CIFAR-10,Celeba和Waterbirds的实验结果支持,三个标准图像分类数据集。github.com/natalialmg/groupbc可用的代码
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Trying to capture the sample-label relationship, conditional generative models often end up inheriting the spurious correlation in the training dataset, giving label-conditional distributions that are severely imbalanced in another latent attribute. To mitigate such undesirable correlations engraved into generative models, which we call spurious causality, we propose a general two-step strategy. (a) Fairness Intervention (FI): Emphasize the minority samples that are hard to be generated due to the spurious correlation in the training dataset. (b) Corrective Sampling (CS): Filter the generated samples explicitly to follow the desired label-conditional latent attribute distribution. We design the fairness intervention for various degrees of supervision on the spurious attribute, including unsupervised, weakly-supervised, and semi-supervised scenarios. Our experimental results show that the proposed FICS can successfully resolve the spurious correlation in generated samples on various datasets.
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部署在野外的机器学习系统通常在源分布上培训,但部署在不同的目标分布上。未标记的数据可以是用于缓解这些分布班次的强大的利用点,因为它通常比标记数据更具可用。然而,未标记数据的现有分配转换基准不反映现实世界应用中出现的方案的广度。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Wilds 2.0更新,该更新在分发转移的野外基准中扩展了10个数据集中的8个,以包括将在部署中逼真获得的策划未标记数据。为了保持一致性,标记的培训,验证和测试集以及评估度量与原始野外基准中的标记与评估度量完全相同。这些数据集涵盖了广泛的应用程序(从组织学到野生动物保护),任务(分类,回归和检测)和方式(照片,卫星图像,显微镜载玻片,文本,分子图)。我们系统地基准测试最先进的方法,可以利用未标记的数据,包括域不变,自我培训和自我监督方法,并表明他们在野外的成功2.0是有限的。为了方便方法开发和评估,我们提供了一个自动化数据加载的开源包,并包含本文中使用的所有模型架构和方法。代码和排行榜可在https://wilds.stanford.edu获得。
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