关键术提取是自然语言处理中的基本任务,通常包含两个主要部分:候选关键斑点提取和关键字重要性估计。从人类理解文件的角度来看,我们通常根据其句法准确,信息显着性和概念一致性来衡量短语的重要性。然而,大多数现有的关键酶提取方法仅关注其中的部分,这导致偏置结果。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的方法来估计关键前酶的重要性,从多个视角(称为\ yexit {Kiemp}),并进一步提高关键症提取的性能。具体而言,\ textit {kiemp}估计短语与三个模块的重要性:一个块状模块,以测量其语法精度,一个排名模块,用于检查其信息显着性,以及判断短语之间概念(即,主题)一致性的匹配模块和整个文件。这三个模块通过端到端的多任务学习模型无缝地联合在一起,这有助于三个部分来增强彼此,并平衡三个视角的效果。六个基准数据集上的实验结果表明,在大多数情况下,\ Textit {Kiemp}优于现有的最先进的关键术提取方法。
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多文件摘要(MDS)是信息聚合的有效工具,它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是,首先,系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学,总结神经网络的设计策略,并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后,我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。
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关键词提取是在文本文档中查找几个有趣的短语的任务,它提供了文档中的主要主题列表。大多数现有的基于图形的模型使用共同发生链接作为凝聚指示器来模拟语法元素的关系。但是,单词可能在文档中具有不同形式的表达式,也可能有几个同义词。只需使用共同发生信息无法捕获此信息。在本文中,我们通过利用Word Embeddings作为背景知识来增强基于图形的排名模型,以将语义信息添加到词语图。我们的方法是在既定的基准数据集和经验结果上评估的,表明嵌入邻域信息的单词提高了模型性能。
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Keyphrase generation aims to produce a set of phrases summarizing the essentials of a given document. Conventional methods normally apply an encoder-decoder architecture to generate the output keyphrases for an input document, where they are designed to focus on each current document so they inevitably omit crucial corpus-level information carried by other similar documents, i.e., the cross-document dependency and latent topics. In this paper, we propose CDKGen, a Transformer-based keyphrase generator, which expands the Transformer to global attention with cross-document attention networks to incorporate available documents as references so as to generate better keyphrases with the guidance of topic information. On top of the proposed Transformer + cross-document attention architecture, we also adopt a copy mechanism to enhance our model via selecting appropriate words from documents to deal with out-of-vocabulary words in keyphrases. Experiment results on five benchmark datasets illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our model, which achieves the state-of-the-art performance on all datasets. Further analyses confirm that the proposed model is able to generate keyphrases consistent with references while keeping sufficient diversity. The code of CDKGen is available at https://github.com/SVAIGBA/CDKGen.
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质,每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查,以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中,该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表,自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的,但直到最近,它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而,即使在今天,尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中,我们进行了一个元研究,从问题制定,数据集收集,方法方法,绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献,以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究,以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。
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文档摘要将长期文档融入了一个简短的版本,具有突出的信息和准确的语义描述。主要问题是如何使输出摘要用输入文档进行语义一致。为了达到这一目标,最近,研究人员专注于监督的端到端混合方法,其中包含提取器模块和摘录器模块。其中,提取器识别来自输入文档的突出句子,摘录器从突出句子生成摘要。该模型通过各种策略(例如,强化学习)成功地保持了所生成的摘要和参考摘要之间的一致性。训练混合模型时有两个语义间隙(一个是文档和提取的句子之间,另一个是在提取的句子和摘要之间)。然而,它们在现有方法中未明确考虑它们,这通常会导致摘要的语义偏见。为了减轻上述问题,本文提出了一个新的\ textBF {r}光纤S \ TextBF {e} Mantic-\ TextBF {SY} MMetry Learning \ TextBF {M} odel为文档摘要(\ TextBF {Resym}) )。 Resym在提取器中引入了语义 - 一致性奖励,以弥合第一个间隙。语义双奖励旨在弥合摘录者中的第二个间隙。通过用混合奖励机制(结合上述两个奖励)来实现整个文件摘要过程。此外,呈现了全面的句子表示学习方法以充分捕获来自原始文档的信息。已经在两个疯狂的基准数据集CNN /日邮件和BigPatent上进行了一系列实验。通过将其与各种评估度量的最新的基线进行比较,结果表明了参数的优越性。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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随着互联网技术的发展,信息超载现象变得越来越明显。用户需要花费大量时间来获取所需的信息。但是,汇总文档信息的关键词非常有助于用户快速获取和理解文档。对于学术资源,大多数现有研究通过标题和摘要提取关键纸张。我们发现引用中的标题信息还包含作者分配的密钥次。因此,本文使用参考信息并应用两种典型的无监督的提取方法(TF * IDF和Textrank),两个代表传统监督学习算法(NA \“IVE贝叶斯和条件随机场)和监督的深度学习模型(Bilstm- CRF),分析参考信息对关键症提取的具体性能。从扩大源文本的角度来提高关键术识别的质量。实验结果表明,参考信息可以提高精度,召回和F1自动关键肾上腺瓶在一定程度上提取。这表明了参考信息关于学术论文的关键症提取的有用性,并为以下关于自动关键正萃取的研究提供了新的想法。
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Assigning qualified, unbiased and interested reviewers to paper submissions is vital for maintaining the integrity and quality of the academic publishing system and providing valuable reviews to authors. However, matching thousands of submissions with thousands of potential reviewers within a limited time is a daunting challenge for a conference program committee. Prior efforts based on topic modeling have suffered from losing the specific context that help define the topics in a publication or submission abstract. Moreover, in some cases, topics identified are difficult to interpret. We propose an approach that learns from each abstract published by a potential reviewer the topics studied and the explicit context in which the reviewer studied the topics. Furthermore, we contribute a new dataset for evaluating reviewer matching systems. Our experiments show a significant, consistent improvement in precision when compared with the existing methods. We also use examples to demonstrate why our recommendations are more explainable. The new approach has been deployed successfully at top-tier conferences in the last two years.
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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名人认可是品牌交流中最重要的策略之一。如今,越来越多的公司试图为自己建立生动的特征。因此,他们的品牌身份交流应符合人类和法规的某些特征。但是,以前的作品主要是通过假设停止的,而不是提出一种特定的品牌和名人之间匹配的方式。在本文中,我们建议基于自然语言处理(NLP)技术的品牌名人匹配模型(BCM)。鉴于品牌和名人,我们首先从互联网上获得了一些描述性文档,然后总结了这些文档,最后计算品牌和名人之间的匹配程度,以确定它们是否匹配。根据实验结果,我们提出的模型以0.362 F1得分和精度的6.3%优于最佳基线,这表明我们模型在现实世界中的有效性和应用值。更重要的是,据我们所知,拟议的BCM模型是使用NLP解决认可问题的第一项工作,因此它可以为以下工作提供一些新颖的研究思想和方法。
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Automatic keyword extraction (AKE) has gained more importance with the increasing amount of digital textual data that modern computing systems process. It has various applications in information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP), including text summarisation, topic analysis and document indexing. This paper proposes a simple but effective post-processing-based universal approach to improve the performance of any AKE methods, via an enhanced level of semantic-awareness supported by PoS-tagging. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach, we considered word types retrieved from a PoS-tagging step and two representative sources of semantic information -- specialised terms defined in one or more context-dependent thesauri, and named entities in Wikipedia. The above three steps can be simply added to the end of any AKE methods as part of a post-processor, which simply re-evaluate all candidate keywords following some context-specific and semantic-aware criteria. For five state-of-the-art (SOTA) AKE methods, our experimental results with 17 selected datasets showed that the proposed approach improved their performances both consistently (up to 100\% in terms of improved cases) and significantly (between 10.2\% and 53.8\%, with an average of 25.8\%, in terms of F1-score and across all five methods), especially when all the three enhancement steps are used. Our results have profound implications considering the ease to apply our proposed approach to any AKE methods and to further extend it.
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As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.
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随着越来越多的可用文本数据,能够自动分析,分类和摘要这些数据的算法的开发已成为必需品。在本研究中,我们提出了一种用于关键字识别的新颖算法,即表示给定文档的关键方面的一个或多字短语的提取,称为基于变压器的神经标记器,用于关键字识别(TNT-KID)。通过将变压器架构适用于手头的特定任务并利用域特定语料库上的预先磨损的语言模型,该模型能够通过提供竞争和强大的方式克服监督和无监督的最先进方法的缺陷在各种不同的数据集中的性能,同时仅需要最佳执行系统所需的手动标记的数据。本研究还提供了彻底的错误分析,具有对模型内部运作的有价值的见解和一种消融研究,测量关键字识别工作流程的特定组分对整体性能的影响。
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近年来,目睹了概念地图生成技术的快速发展,因为他们提供了从自由文本提供良好的知识综合。传统的无监督方法不会产生面向任务的概念图,而深度生成型号需要大量的培训数据。在这项工作中,我们提出了GT-D2G(基于图形转换的文档到图),这是一种自动概念地图生成框架,它利用广义的NLP管道推导了富含语义的初始图形,并将它们转化为更弱的监督下更简洁的结构文件标签。这些概念地图的质量和可解释性通过对三个真实世界的语料库进行人体评估验证,他们在下游任务中的效用进一步证明了稀缺文件标签的受控实验。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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由于在线学习和评估平台(例如Coursera,Udemy,Khan Academy等)的兴起,对论文(AES)和自动论文评分的自动评估(AES)已成为一个严重的问题。研究人员最近提出了许多用于自动评估的技术。但是,其中许多技术都使用手工制作的功能,因此从特征表示的角度受到限制。深度学习已成为机器学习中的新范式,可以利用大量数据并确定对论文评估有用的功能。为此,我们提出了一种基于复发网络(RNN)和卷积神经网络(CNN)的新型体系结构。在拟议的体系结构中,多通道卷积层从嵌入矢量和基本语义概念中学习并捕获单词n-gram的上下文特征,并使用max-pooling操作在论文级别形成特征向量。 RNN的变体称为双门复发单元(BGRU),用于访问以前和后续的上下文表示。该实验是对Kaggle上的八个数据集进行的,以实现AES的任务。实验结果表明,我们提出的系统比其他基于深度学习的AES系统以及其他最新AES系统的评分精度明显更高。
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The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.
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当医学研究人员进行系统审查(SR)时,筛查研究是最耗时的过程:研究人员阅读了数千个医学文献,手动标记它们相关或无关紧要。筛选优先级排序(即,文件排名)是通过提供相关文件的排名来协助研究人员的方法,其中相关文件的排名高于无关。种子驱动的文档排名(SDR)使用已知的相关文档(即,种子)作为查询并生成这些排名。以前的SDR工作试图在查询文档中识别不同术语权重,并在检索模型中使用它们来计算排名分数。或者,我们将SDR任务制定为查询文档的类似文档,并根据相似度得分生成排名。我们提出了一个名为Mirror匹配的文件匹配度量,通过结合常见的书写模式来计算医疗摘要文本之间的匹配分数,例如背景,方法,结果和结论。我们对2019年克利夫氏素母电子邮件进行实验2 TAR数据集,并且经验结果表明这种简单的方法比平均精度和精密的度量标准的传统和神经检索模型实现了更高的性能。
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