近年来,目睹了概念地图生成技术的快速发展,因为他们提供了从自由文本提供良好的知识综合。传统的无监督方法不会产生面向任务的概念图,而深度生成型号需要大量的培训数据。在这项工作中,我们提出了GT-D2G(基于图形转换的文档到图),这是一种自动概念地图生成框架,它利用广义的NLP管道推导了富含语义的初始图形,并将它们转化为更弱的监督下更简洁的结构文件标签。这些概念地图的质量和可解释性通过对三个真实世界的语料库进行人体评估验证,他们在下游任务中的效用进一步证明了稀缺文件标签的受控实验。
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多文件摘要(MDS)是信息聚合的有效工具,它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是,首先,系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学,总结神经网络的设计策略,并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后,我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。
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The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质,每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查,以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中,该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表,自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的,但直到最近,它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而,即使在今天,尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中,我们进行了一个元研究,从问题制定,数据集收集,方法方法,绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献,以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究,以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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在本文中,我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族,一个家庭用于选区结构,另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位(或神经元)分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法,可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式,即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成,并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如,在不了解地面实际结构的情况下,我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面,依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言,潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图,其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后,我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图,并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为,这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。
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Nowadays, time-stamped web documents related to a general news query floods spread throughout the Internet, and timeline summarization targets concisely summarizing the evolution trajectory of events along the timeline. Unlike traditional document summarization, timeline summarization needs to model the time series information of the input events and summarize important events in chronological order. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a Unified Timeline Summarizer (UTS) that can generate abstractive and extractive timeline summaries in time order. Concretely, in the encoder part, we propose a graph-based event encoder that relates multiple events according to their content dependency and learns a global representation of each event. In the decoder part, to ensure the chronological order of the abstractive summary, we propose to extract the feature of event-level attention in its generation process with sequential information remained and use it to simulate the evolutionary attention of the ground truth summary. The event-level attention can also be used to assist in extracting summary, where the extracted summary also comes in time sequence. We augment the previous Chinese large-scale timeline summarization dataset and collect a new English timeline dataset. Extensive experiments conducted on these datasets and on the out-of-domain Timeline 17 dataset show that UTS achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of both automatic and human evaluations.
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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Text classification is an important and classical problem in natural language processing. There have been a number of studies that applied convolutional neural networks (convolution on regular grid, e.g., sequence) to classification. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the more flexible graph convolutional neural networks (convolution on non-grid, e.g., arbitrary graph) for the task. In this work, we propose to use graph convolutional networks for text classification. We build a single text graph for a corpus based on word co-occurrence and document word relations, then learn a Text Graph Convolutional Network (Text GCN) for the corpus. Our Text GCN is initialized with one-hot representation for word and document, it then jointly learns the embeddings for both words and documents, as supervised by the known class labels for documents. Our experimental results on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that a vanilla Text GCN without any external word embeddings or knowledge outperforms state-of-the-art methods for text classification. On the other hand, Text GCN also learns predictive word and document embeddings. In addition, experimental results show that the improvement of Text GCN over state-of-the-art comparison methods become more prominent as we lower the percentage of training data, suggesting the robustness of Text GCN to less training data in text classification.
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考虑到RDF三元组的集合,RDF到文本生成任务旨在生成文本描述。最先前的方法使用序列到序列模型或使用基于图形的模型来求解此任务以编码RDF三维并生成文本序列。然而,这些方法未能明确模拟RDF三元组之间的本地和全球结构信息。此外,以前的方法也面临了生成文本的低信任问题的不可忽略的问题,这严重影响了这些模型的整体性能。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种组合两个新的图形增强结构神经编码器的模型,共同学习输入的RDF三元组中的本地和全局结构信息。为了进一步改进文本忠诚,我们创新地根据信息提取(即)引进了强化学习(RL)奖励。我们首先使用佩带的IE模型从所生成的文本中提取三元组,并将提取的三级的正确数量视为额外的RL奖励。两个基准数据集上的实验结果表明,我们所提出的模型优于最先进的基线,额外的加强学习奖励确实有助于改善所生成的文本的忠诚度。
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Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.
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图形神经网络(GNNS),作为一组强大的表示对不规则数据学习的强大工具,在各种下游任务中表现出优越性。具有表示为概念映射的非结构化文本,可以针对文档检索等任务来利用GNN。呼吸GNNS如何帮助文档检索,我们对大型多学科数据集电源线19进行实证研究。结果表明,我们提出的语义导向图函数的基于BM25检索的候选人,而不是杜松子酒和GAT等复杂的结构导向GNN,而不是杜松子酒和GATS,而不是基于BM25检索到的候选者实现更好且更稳定的性能。我们在本案例研究中的见解可以作为未来工作的指导准则,以便为文档检索和分类等文本推理任务提供适当的语义导向的归纳偏差。此案例研究的所有代码都可以在https://github.com/hennyjie/gnn-docrocrocal中获得。
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深度学习技术导致了通用对象检测领域的显着突破,近年来产生了很多场景理解的任务。由于其强大的语义表示和应用于场景理解,场景图一直是研究的焦点。场景图生成(SGG)是指自动将图像映射到语义结构场景图中的任务,这需要正确标记检测到的对象及其关系。虽然这是一项具有挑战性的任务,但社区已经提出了许多SGG方法并取得了良好的效果。在本文中,我们对深度学习技术带来了近期成就的全面调查。我们审查了138个代表作品,涵盖了不同的输入方式,并系统地将现有的基于图像的SGG方法从特征提取和融合的角度进行了综述。我们试图通过全面的方式对现有的视觉关系检测方法进行连接和系统化现有的视觉关系检测方法,概述和解释SGG的机制和策略。最后,我们通过深入讨论当前存在的问题和未来的研究方向来完成这项调查。本调查将帮助读者更好地了解当前的研究状况和想法。
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尽管概念化已经在语义和知识表示中进行了广泛研究,但找到最准确的概念短语来表征在快速增长的社交媒体上表征文本片段的主要思想仍然具有挑战性。这部分归因于以下事实:大多数知识库都包含世界的一般术语,例如树木和汽车,它们没有定义的力量或对社交媒体应用程序用户不够有趣。另一个原因是,自然语言的复杂性允许使用时态,否定和语法改变语言的逻辑或重点,从而传达了完全不同的含义。在本文中,我们提出了标签,这是一个高质量的概念匹配的数据集,该数据集由10,000个标记的精细概念和网络风格的自然语言句子组成,并从开放域社交媒体中挖出。我们考虑的概念代表了在线用户的趋势兴趣。与标签相关的是这些细粒度概念和实体的概念图,以提供结构上下文信息。我们在标签上评估了广泛的流行神经文本匹配模型以及预先训练的语言模型,并指出他们以最合适的概念标记社交媒体内容的不足。我们进一步提出了一种新颖的图形匹配方法,该方法通过更好地利用概念图中的结构上下文和句子中语义单元之间的逻辑相互作用在句子中通过句法依赖性解析来展示出色的抽象和概括性能。我们开源标签数据集和提出进一步研究的建议方法。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.
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随着信息技术的快速发展,在线平台已经产生了巨大的文本资源。作为一种特定形式的信息提取(即),事件提取(EE)由于其自动从人类语言提取事件的能力而增加了普及。但是,事件提取有限的文献调查。现有审查工作要么花费很多努力,用于描述各种方法的细节或专注于特定领域。本研究提供了全面概述了最先进的事件提取方法及其从文本的应用程序,包括闭域和开放式事件提取。这项调查的特点是它提供了适度复杂性的概要,避免涉及特定方法的太多细节。本研究侧重于讨论代表作品的常见角色,应用领域,优势和缺点,忽略各个方法的特殊性。最后,我们总结了常见问题,当前解决方案和未来的研究方向。我们希望这项工作能够帮助研究人员和从业者获得最近的事件提取的快速概述。
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