随着诸如播客的长形话语内容的数量，许多平台希望从完整内容中提取短，有意义的和逻辑上相干段。这些段可以通过用户消耗以在潜水前进行采样内容，以及平台使用以推广和推荐内容。然而，很少发布的工作主要集中在话语内容的分割中，其中自动语音识别（ASR）服务生成的成绩单中的错误（噪声）构成了许多挑战。在这里，我们构建了400多个播客剧集的完整转录的新型数据集，其中我们标记了每个集中的介绍的位置。这些介绍包含有关剧集主题，主机和客人的信息，提供了剧集内容的有价值的摘要，因为它由作者创建。我们进一步使用Word替换增强了我们的数据集以增加可用培训数据的数量。我们根据预先训练的BERT和不同的增强策略训练三种变压器模型，与静态嵌入模型相比，实现了明显更好的性能，表明可以从嘈杂，松散组织的演讲中捕获广义的大规模结构信息数据。通过对模型的内部架构的分析进一步证明了这一点。我们的方法和数据集可用于促进未来的工作基于结构的出言内容的分割。

在这项工作中，我们介绍了BBC-oxford英国手语（Bobsl）数据集，这是英国手语的大规模视频集合（BSL）。Bobsl是一个基于以前工作中引入的BSL-1K数据集的扩展和公开发布的数据集。我们描述了数据集的动机，以及统计和可用注释。我们进行实验，为标志识别，手语对齐和手语翻译的任务提供基线。最后，我们从机器学习和语言学的角度描述了数据的几个优势和局限，注意数据集中存在的偏差源，并在手语技术背景下讨论Bobsl的潜在应用。数据集可在https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/bobsl/处获得。

The task of topical segmentation is well studied, but previous work has mostly addressed it in the context of structured, well-defined segments, such as segmentation into paragraphs, chapters, or segmenting text that originated from multiple sources. We tackle the task of segmenting running (spoken) narratives, which poses hitherto unaddressed challenges. As a test case, we address Holocaust survivor testimonies, given in English. Other than the importance of studying these testimonies for Holocaust research, we argue that they provide an interesting test case for topical segmentation, due to their unstructured surface level, relative abundance (tens of thousands of such testimonies were collected), and the relatively confined domain that they cover. We hypothesize that boundary points between segments correspond to low mutual information between the sentences proceeding and following the boundary. Based on this hypothesis, we explore a range of algorithmic approaches to the task, building on previous work on segmentation that uses generative Bayesian modeling and state-of-the-art neural machinery. Compared to manually annotated references, we find that the developed approaches show considerable improvements over previous work.

确保适当的标点符号和字母外壳是朝向应用复杂的自然语言处理算法的关键预处理步骤。这对于缺少标点符号和壳体的文本源，例如自动语音识别系统的原始输出。此外，简短的短信和微博的平台提供不可靠且经常错误的标点符号和套管。本调查概述了历史和最先进的技术，用于恢复标点符号和纠正单词套管。此外，突出了当前的挑战和研究方向。

注释数据是用于培训和评估机器学习模型的自然语言处理中的重要成分。因此，注释具有高质量是非常理想的。但是，最近的工作表明，几个流行的数据集包含令人惊讶的注释错误或不一致之处。为了减轻此问题，多年来已经设计了许多注释错误检测方法。尽管研究人员表明他们的方法在新介绍的数据集上效果很好，但他们很少将其方法与以前的工作或同一数据集进行比较。这引起了人们对方法的一般表现的强烈关注，并且使他们的优势和劣势很难解决。因此，我们重新实现18种检测潜在注释错误的方法，并在9个英语数据集上对其进行评估，以进行文本分类以及令牌和跨度标签。此外，我们定义了统一的评估设置，包括注释错误检测任务，评估协议和一般最佳实践的新形式化。为了促进未来的研究和可重复性，我们将数据集和实施释放到易于使用和开源软件包中。

媒体报道对公众对事件的看法具有重大影响。尽管如此，媒体媒体经常有偏见。偏见新闻文章的一种方法是改变选择一词。通过单词选择对偏见的自动识别是具有挑战性的，这主要是由于缺乏黄金标准数据集和高环境依赖性。本文介绍了Babe，这是由训练有素的专家创建的强大而多样化的数据集，用于媒体偏见研究。我们还分析了为什么专家标签在该域中至关重要。与现有工作相比，我们的数据集提供了更好的注释质量和更高的通知者协议。它由主题和插座之间平衡的3,700个句子组成，其中包含单词和句子级别上的媒体偏见标签。基于我们的数据，我们还引入了一种自动检测新闻文章中偏见的句子的方法。我们最佳性能基于BERT的模型是在由遥远标签组成的较大语料库中进行预训练的。对我们提出的监督数据集进行微调和评估模型，我们达到了0.804的宏F1得分，表现优于现有方法。

The widespread of offensive content online, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying, is a global phenomenon. This has sparked interest in the artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) communities, motivating the development of various systems trained to detect potentially harmful content automatically. These systems require annotated datasets to train the machine learning (ML) models. However, with a few notable exceptions, most datasets on this topic have dealt with English and a few other high-resource languages. As a result, the research in offensive language identification has been limited to these languages. This paper addresses this gap by tackling offensive language identification in Sinhala, a low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 17 million people in Sri Lanka. We introduce the Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset (SOLD) and present multiple experiments on this dataset. SOLD is a manually annotated dataset containing 10,000 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive at both sentence-level and token-level, improving the explainability of the ML models. SOLD is the first large publicly available offensive language dataset compiled for Sinhala. We also introduce SemiSOLD, a larger dataset containing more than 145,000 Sinhala tweets, annotated following a semi-supervised approach.

诸如“ uh”或“ um”之类的填充词是人们用来表示他们停下来思考的声音或词。从录音中查找和删除填充单词是媒体编辑中的一项常见和繁琐的任务。自动检测和分类填充单词可以极大地帮助这项任务，但是迄今为止，很少有关于此问题的研究。一个关键原因是缺少带有带注释的填充词的数据集用于模型培训和评估。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一个新颖的语音数据集，PodcastFillers，带有35K注释的填充单词和50k注释，这些声音通常会出现在播客中，例如呼吸，笑声和单词重复。我们提出了一条利用VAD和ASR来检测填充候选物和分类器以区分填充单词类型的管道。我们评估了有关播客填充器的拟议管道，与几个基线相比，并提供了一项详细的消融研究。特别是，我们评估了使用ASR的重要性以及它与类似于关键字发现的无转录方法的比较。我们表明，我们的管道获得了最新的结果，并且利用ASR强烈优于关键字斑点方法。我们公开播放播客，希望我们的工作是未来研究的基准。

Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.

Narrative summarization aims to produce a distilled version of a narrative to describe its most salient events and characters. Summarizing a narrative is challenging as it requires an understanding of event causality and character behaviors. To encourage research in this direction, we propose NarraSum, a large-scale narrative summarization dataset. It contains 122K narrative documents, which are collected from plot descriptions of movies and TV episodes with diverse genres, and their corresponding abstractive summaries. Experiments show that there is a large performance gap between humans and the state-of-the-art summarization models on NarraSum. We hope that this dataset will promote future research in summarization, as well as broader studies of natural language understanding and generation. The dataset is available at https://github.com/zhaochaocs/narrasum.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质，每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查，以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中，该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表，自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的，但直到最近，它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而，即使在今天，尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中，我们进行了一个元研究，从问题制定，数据集收集，方法方法，绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献，以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究，以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。

Personal assistants, automatic speech recognizers and dialogue understanding systems are becoming more critical in our interconnected digital world. A clear example is air traffic control (ATC) communications. ATC aims at guiding aircraft and controlling the airspace in a safe and optimal manner. These voice-based dialogues are carried between an air traffic controller (ATCO) and pilots via very-high frequency radio channels. In order to incorporate these novel technologies into ATC (low-resource domain), large-scale annotated datasets are required to develop the data-driven AI systems. Two examples are automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU). In this paper, we introduce the ATCO2 corpus, a dataset that aims at fostering research on the challenging ATC field, which has lagged behind due to lack of annotated data. The ATCO2 corpus covers 1) data collection and pre-processing, 2) pseudo-annotations of speech data, and 3) extraction of ATC-related named entities. The ATCO2 corpus is split into three subsets. 1) ATCO2-test-set corpus contains 4 hours of ATC speech with manual transcripts and a subset with gold annotations for named-entity recognition (callsign, command, value). 2) The ATCO2-PL-set corpus consists of 5281 hours of unlabeled ATC data enriched with automatic transcripts from an in-domain speech recognizer, contextual information, speaker turn information, signal-to-noise ratio estimate and English language detection score per sample. Both available for purchase through ELDA at http://catalog.elra.info/en-us/repository/browse/ELRA-S0484. 3) The ATCO2-test-set-1h corpus is a one-hour subset from the original test set corpus, that we are offering for free at https://www.atco2.org/data. We expect the ATCO2 corpus will foster research on robust ASR and NLU not only in the field of ATC communications but also in the general research community.

自论证挖掘领域成立以来，在法律话语中识别，分类和分析的论点一直是研究的重要领域。但是，自然语言处理（NLP）研究人员的模型模型与法院决策中的注释论点与法律专家理解和分析法律论证的方式之间存在重大差异。尽管计算方法通常将论点简化为通用的前提和主张，但法律研究中的论点通常表现出丰富的类型，对于获得一般法律的特定案例和应用很重要。我们解决了这个问题，并做出了一些实质性的贡献，以推动该领域的前进。首先，我们在欧洲人权法院（ECHR）诉讼中为法律论点设计了新的注释计划，该计划深深植根于法律论证研究的理论和实践中。其次，我们编译和注释了373项法院判决（230万令牌和15K注释的论点跨度）的大量语料库。最后，我们训练一个论证挖掘模型，该模型胜过法律NLP领域中最先进的模型，并提供了彻底的基于专家的评估。所有数据集和源代码均可在https://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments的开放lincenses下获得。

深度学习的最新进展，尤其是编码器架构的发明，已大大改善了抽象性摘要系统的性能。尽管大多数研究都集中在书面文件上，但我们观察到过去几年对对话和多方对话的总结越来越兴趣。一个可以可靠地将人类对话的音频或笔录转换为删节版本的系统，该版本在讨论中最重要的一点上可以在各种现实世界中，从商务会议到医疗咨询再到客户都有价值服务电话。本文着重于多党会议的抽象性摘要，对与此任务相关的挑战，数据集和系统进行了调查，并讨论了未来研究的有希望的方向。

通过将搜索任务框架作为解释跨度检测来绘制语义搜索问题，即给定文本作为查询短语的段，任务是在给定文档中识别其释放，与通常相同的建模设置用于提取问题的回答。在Turku释放语料库中的100,000手动提取芬兰语释义对，包括其原始文档上下文，我们发现我们的扫描跨度检测模型分别优于31.9pp和22.4pp的两个强烈的检索基线（词汇相似性和BERT句子嵌入）。匹配，达到22.3pp和12.9pp的令牌级F分数。这展示了在跨度检索而不是句子相似性方面建模任务的强大优点。此外，我们介绍了一种通过背部翻译创建人工释义数据的方法，适用于手动注释用于训练的跨度检测模型的剖析资源。

Spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks have been studied for many decades in the speech research community, but have not received as much attention as lower-level tasks like speech and speaker recognition. In particular, there are not nearly as many SLU task benchmarks, and many of the existing ones use data that is not freely available to all researchers. Recent work has begun to introduce such benchmark datasets for several tasks. In this work, we introduce several new annotated SLU benchmark tasks based on freely available speech data, which complement existing benchmarks and address gaps in the SLU evaluation landscape. We contribute four tasks: question answering and summarization involve inference over longer speech sequences; named entity localization addresses the speech-specific task of locating the targeted content in the signal; dialog act classification identifies the function of a given speech utterance. We follow the blueprint of the Spoken Language Understanding Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark suite. In order to facilitate the development of SLU models that leverage the success of pre-trained speech representations, we will be publishing for each task (i) annotations for a relatively small fine-tuning set, (ii) annotated development and test sets, and (iii) baseline models for easy reproducibility and comparisons. In this work, we present the details of data collection and annotation and the performance of the baseline models. We also perform sensitivity analysis of pipeline models' performance (speech recognizer + text model) to the speech recognition accuracy, using more than 20 state-of-the-art speech recognition models.

对于自然语言处理应用可能是有问题的，因为它们的含义不能从其构成词语推断出来。缺乏成功的方法方法和足够大的数据集防止了用于检测成语的机器学习方法的开发，特别是对于在训练集中不发生的表达式。我们提出了一种叫做小鼠的方法，它使用上下文嵌入来实现此目的。我们展示了一个新的多字表达式数据集，具有文字和惯用含义，并使用它根据两个最先进的上下文单词嵌入式培训分类器：Elmo和Bert。我们表明，使用两个嵌入式的深度神经网络比现有方法更好地执行，并且能够检测惯用词使用，即使对于训练集中不存在的表达式。我们展示了开发模型的交叉传输，并分析了所需数据集的大小。