目标变量的日志和平方根变换通常用于预测模型中，以预测未来的销售。这些转换通常会导致更好的性能模型。但是，他们还引入了系统的负面偏见（遗产不足）。在本文中，我们证明了这种偏见的存在，深入研究其根本原因，并引入了两种方法以纠正偏见。我们得出的结论是，提出的偏差校正方法提高了模型性能（最多可提高50％），并为将偏置校正纳入建模工作流程而提高。我们还尝试了“ Tweedie”成本功能家族，这些功能通过直接建模销售来规避转换偏见问题。我们得出的结论是，Tweedie回归在建模销售时迄今为止提供了最佳性能，使其成为使用变换的目标变量的强大替代方案。

Time Series Forecasting has been an active area of research due to its many applications ranging from network usage prediction, resource allocation, anomaly detection, and predictive maintenance. Numerous publications published in the last five years have proposed diverse sets of objective loss functions to address cases such as biased data, long-term forecasting, multicollinear features, etc. In this paper, we have summarized 14 well-known regression loss functions commonly used for time series forecasting and listed out the circumstances where their application can aid in faster and better model convergence. We have also demonstrated how certain categories of loss functions perform well across all data sets and can be considered as a baseline objective function in circumstances where the distribution of the data is unknown. Our code is available at GitHub: https://github.com/aryan-jadon/Regression-Loss-Functions-in-Time-Series-Forecasting-Tensorflow.

We consider the problem of dynamic pricing of a product in the presence of feature-dependent price sensitivity. Developing practical algorithms that can estimate price elasticities robustly, especially when information about no purchases (losses) is not available, to drive such automated pricing systems is a challenge faced by many industries. Based on the Poisson semi-parametric approach, we construct a flexible yet interpretable demand model where the price related part is parametric while the remaining (nuisance) part of the model is non-parametric and can be modeled via sophisticated machine learning (ML) techniques. The estimation of price-sensitivity parameters of this model via direct one-stage regression techniques may lead to biased estimates due to regularization. To address this concern, we propose a two-stage estimation methodology which makes the estimation of the price-sensitivity parameters robust to biases in the estimators of the nuisance parameters of the model. In the first-stage we construct estimators of observed purchases and prices given the feature vector using sophisticated ML estimators such as deep neural networks. Utilizing the estimators from the first-stage, in the second-stage we leverage a Bayesian dynamic generalized linear model to estimate the price-sensitivity parameters. We test the performance of the proposed estimation schemes on simulated and real sales transaction data from the Airline industry. Our numerical studies demonstrate that our proposed two-stage approach reduces the estimation error in price-sensitivity parameters from 25\% to 4\% in realistic simulation settings. The two-stage estimation techniques proposed in this work allows practitioners to leverage modern ML techniques to robustly estimate price-sensitivities while still maintaining interpretability and allowing ease of validation of its various constituent parts.

预测组合在预测社区中蓬勃发展，近年来，已经成为预测研究和活动主流的一部分。现在，由单个（目标）系列产生的多个预测组合通过整合来自不同来源收集的信息，从而提高准确性，从而减轻了识别单个“最佳”预测的风险。组合方案已从没有估计的简单组合方法演变为涉及时间变化的权重，非线性组合，组件之间的相关性和交叉学习的复杂方法。它们包括结合点预测和结合概率预测。本文提供了有关预测组合的广泛文献的最新评论，并参考可用的开源软件实施。我们讨论了各种方法的潜在和局限性，并突出了这些思想如何随着时间的推移而发展。还调查了有关预测组合实用性的一些重要问题。最后，我们以当前的研究差距和未来研究的潜在见解得出结论。

本文介绍了一个集成预测方法，通过减少特征和模型选择假设来显示M4Competitiation数据集的强劲结果，称为甜甜圈（不利用人为假设）。我们的假设减少，主要由自动生成的功能和更多样化的集合模型组成，显着优于Montero-Manso等人的统计特征的集合方法FForma。 （2020）。此外，我们用长短期内存网络（LSTM）AutoEncoder调查特征提取，并发现此类特征包含传统统计特征方法未捕获的重要信息。合奏加权模型使用LSTM功能和统计功能准确地结合模型。特征重要性和交互的分析表明，单独的统计数据的LSTM特征略有优势。聚类分析表明，不同的基本LSTM功能与大多数统计特征不同。我们还发现，通过使用新模型增强合奏来增加加权模型的解决方案空间是加权模型学习使用的东西，解释了准确性的一部分。最后，我们为集合的最佳组合和选择提供了正式的前后事实分析，通过M4数据集的线性优化量化差异。我们还包括一个简短的证据，模型组合优于模型选择，后者。

天然气管道中的泄漏检测是石油和天然气行业的一个重要且持续的问题。这尤其重要，因为管道是运输天然气的最常见方法。这项研究旨在研究数据驱动的智能模型使用基本操作参数检测天然气管道的小泄漏的能力，然后使用现有的性能指标比较智能模型。该项目应用观察者设计技术，使用回归分类层次模型来检测天然气管道中的泄漏，其中智能模型充当回归器，并且修改后的逻辑回归模型充当分类器。该项目使用四个星期的管道数据流研究了五个智能模型（梯度提升，决策树，随机森林，支持向量机和人工神经网络）。结果表明，虽然支持向量机和人工神经网络比其他网络更好，但由于其内部复杂性和所使用的数据量，它们并未提供最佳的泄漏检测结果。随机森林和决策树模型是最敏感的，因为它们可以在大约2小时内检测到标称流量的0.1％的泄漏。所有智能模型在测试阶段中具有高可靠性，错误警报率为零。将所有智能模型泄漏检测的平均时间与文献中的实时短暂模型进行了比较。结果表明，智能模型在泄漏检测问题中的表现相对较好。该结果表明，可以与实时瞬态模型一起使用智能模型，以显着改善泄漏检测结果。

Platelet products are both expensive and have very short shelf lives. As usage rates for platelets are highly variable, the effective management of platelet demand and supply is very important yet challenging. The primary goal of this paper is to present an efficient forecasting model for platelet demand at Canadian Blood Services (CBS). To accomplish this goal, four different demand forecasting methods, ARIMA (Auto Regressive Moving Average), Prophet, lasso regression (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) networks are utilized and evaluated. We use a large clinical dataset for a centralized blood distribution centre for four hospitals in Hamilton, Ontario, spanning from 2010 to 2018 and consisting of daily platelet transfusions along with information such as the product specifications, the recipients' characteristics, and the recipients' laboratory test results. This study is the first to utilize different methods from statistical time series models to data-driven regression and a machine learning technique for platelet transfusion using clinical predictors and with different amounts of data. We find that the multivariate approaches have the highest accuracy in general, however, if sufficient data are available, a simpler time series approach such as ARIMA appears to be sufficient. We also comment on the approach to choose clinical indicators (inputs) for the multivariate models.

机器学习渗透到许多行业，这为公司带来了新的利益来源。然而，在人寿保险行业中，机器学习在实践中并未被广泛使用，因为在过去几年中，统计模型表明了它们的风险评估效率。因此，保险公司可能面临评估人工智能价值的困难。随着时间的流逝，专注于人寿保险行业的修改突出了将机器学习用于保险公司的利益以及通过释放数据价值带来的利益。本文回顾了传统的生存建模方法论，并通过机器学习技术扩展了它们。它指出了与常规机器学习模型的差异，并强调了特定实现在与机器学习模型家族中面对审查数据的重要性。在本文的补充中，已经开发了Python库。已经调整了不同的开源机器学习算法，以适应人寿保险数据的特殊性，即检查和截断。此类模型可以轻松地从该SCOR库中应用，以准确地模拟人寿保险风险。

PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where transparency is required, and the trust associated with their predictions may be questioned. To this end, we propose a two stage probabilistic forecasting framework able to generate highly accurate, reliable, and sharp forecasts yet offering full transparency on both the point forecasts and the prediction intervals (PIs). In the first stage, we exploit natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) for yielding probabilistic forecasts, while in the second stage, we calculate the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values in order to fully comprehend why a prediction was made. To highlight the performance and the applicability of the proposed framework, real data from two PV parks located in Southern Germany are employed. Comparative results with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Gaussian process and lower upper bound estimation, manifest a significant increase in the point forecast accuracy and in the overall probabilistic performance. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of the model's complex nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between the various features is presented. This allows interpreting the model, identifying some learned physical properties, explaining individual predictions, reducing the computational requirements for the training without jeopardizing the model accuracy, detecting possible bugs, and gaining trust in the model. Finally, we conclude that the model was able to develop complex nonlinear relationships which follow known physical properties as well as human logic and intuition.

气溶胶颗粒通过吸收和散射辐射并影响云特性在气候系统中起重要作用。它们也是气候建模的最大不确定性来源之一。由于计算限制，许多气候模型不包括足够详细的气溶胶。为了表示关键过程，必须考虑气雾微物理特性和过程。这是在使用M7 Microphysics的Echam-Ham全球气候气溶胶模型中完成的，但是高计算成本使得以更精细的分辨率或更长的时间运行非常昂贵。我们的目标是使用机器学习以足够的准确性模仿微物理学模型，并通过在推理时间快速降低计算成本。原始M7模型用于生成输入输出对的数据以训练其上的神经网络。我们能够学习变量的平均$ r^2 $得分为$ 77.1 \％$ $。我们进一步探讨了用物理知识为神经网络提供信息和限制的方法，以减少群众侵犯并实施质量积极性。与原始型号相比，在GPU上，我们达到了高达64倍的加速。

本文调查了股票回购，特别是分享回购公告。它解决了如何识别此类公告，股票回购的超额回报以及股票回购公告后的回报的预测。我们说明了两种NLP方法，用于自动检测股票回购公告。即使有少量的培训数据，我们也可以达到高达90％的准确性。该论文利用这些NLP方法生成一个由57,155个股票回购公告组成的大数据集。通过分析该数据集，本论文的目的是表明大多数宣布回购的公司的大多数公司都表现不佳。但是，少数公司的表现极大地超过了MSCI世界。当查看所有公司的平均值时，这种重要的表现过高会导致净收益。如果根据公司的规模调整了基准指数，则平均表现过高，并且大多数表现不佳。但是，发现宣布股票回购的公司至少占其市值的1％，即使使用调整后的基准，也平均交付了显着的表现。还发现，在危机时期宣布股票回购的公司比整个市场更好。此外，生成的数据集用于训练72个机器学习模型。通过此，它能够找到许多可以达到高达77％并产生大量超额回报的策略。可以在六个不同的时间范围内改善各种性能指标，并确定明显的表现。这是通过训练多个模型的不同任务和时间范围以及结合这些不同模型的方法来实现的，从而通过融合弱学习者来产生重大改进，以创造一个强大的学习者。

我们提出了一种利用分布人工神经网络的概率电价预测（EPF）的新方法。EPF的新型网络结构基于包含概率层的正则分布多层感知器（DMLP）。使用TensorFlow概率框架，神经网络的输出被定义为一个分布，是正常或可能偏斜且重尾的Johnson的SU（JSU）。在预测研究中，将该方法与最新基准进行了比较。该研究包括预测，涉及德国市场的日常电价。结果显示了对电价建模时较高时刻的重要性的证据。

In many engineering optimization problems, the number of function evaluations is severely limited by time or cost. These problems pose a special challenge to the field of global optimization, since existing methods often require more function evaluations than can be comfortably afforded. One way to address this challenge is to fit response surfaces to data collected by evaluating the objective and constraint functions at a few points. These surfaces can then be used for visualization, tradeoff analysis, and optimization. In this paper, we introduce the reader to a response surface methodology that is especially good at modeling the nonlinear, multimodal functions that often occur in engineering. We then show how these approximating functions can be used to construct an efficient global optimization algorithm with a credible stopping rule. The key to using response surfaces for global optimization lies in balancing the need to exploit the approximating surface (by sampling where it is minimized) with the need to improve the approximation (by sampling where prediction error may be high). Striking this balance requires solving certain auxiliary problems which have previously been considered intractable, but we show how these computational obstacles can be overcome.

In time series forecasting, decomposition-based algorithms break aggregate data into meaningful components and are therefore appreciated for their particular advantages in interpretability. Recent algorithms often combine machine learning (hereafter ML) methodology with decomposition to improve prediction accuracy. However, incorporating ML is generally considered to sacrifice interpretability inevitably. In addition, existing hybrid algorithms usually rely on theoretical models with statistical assumptions and focus only on the accuracy of aggregate predictions, and thus suffer from accuracy problems, especially in component estimates. In response to the above issues, this research explores the possibility of improving accuracy without losing interpretability in time series forecasting. We first quantitatively define interpretability for data-driven forecasts and systematically review the existing forecasting algorithms from the perspective of interpretability. Accordingly, we propose the W-R algorithm, a hybrid algorithm that combines decomposition and ML from a novel perspective. Specifically, the W-R algorithm replaces the standard additive combination function with a weighted variant and uses ML to modify the estimates of all components simultaneously. We mathematically analyze the theoretical basis of the algorithm and validate its performance through extensive numerical experiments. In general, the W-R algorithm outperforms all decomposition-based and ML benchmarks. Based on P50_QL, the algorithm relatively improves by 8.76% in accuracy on the practical sales forecasts of JD.com and 77.99% on a public dataset of electricity loads. This research offers an innovative perspective to combine the statistical and ML algorithms, and JD.com has implemented the W-R algorithm to make accurate sales predictions and guide its marketing activities.

变压器已成为自然语言处理（NLP）字段中的De-Facto标准。他们也在计算机视觉和其他域中获得了势头。变形金刚可以使人工智能（AI）模型能够动态地关注其输入的某些部分，因此更有效地关注某些部分。灵感来自变形金刚的成功，我们采用了这种技术来预测在多个视野中的战略飞行偏离需求。这项工作是为了支持斜切式的移动应用程序，PAIR，将预测的偏离需求显示为通用航空（GA）飞行运营商，因此他们可以更好地了解繁忙时期离开延误潜力的意识。涉及Pacer以前设计的基于规则的预测方法的现场示范表明，离职需求的预测准确性仍然具有改进的空间。本研究致力于提高来自两个关键方面的预测精度：更好的数据源和鲁棒预测算法。我们利用了两个数据来源，航空系统性能指标（ASPM）和系统广播信息管理（游泳）作为我们的输入。然后，我们用时间融合变压器（TFT）接受了预测的预测模型，用于五个不同的机场。案例研究表明，TFT通过大幅度的传统预测方法可以更好地表现优于传统的预测方法，它们可以在各种机场和更好的解释性方面导致更好的预测。

Function estimation/approximation is viewed from the perspective of numerical optimization in function space, rather than parameter space. A connection is made between stagewise additive expansions and steepestdescent minimization. A general gradient descent "boosting" paradigm is developed for additive expansions based on any fitting criterion. Specific algorithms are presented for least-squares, least absolute deviation, and Huber-M loss functions for regression, and multiclass logistic likelihood for classification. Special enhancements are derived for the particular case where the individual additive components are regression trees, and tools for interpreting such "TreeBoost" models are presented. Gradient boosting of regression trees produces competitive, highly robust, interpretable procedures for both regression and classification, especially appropriate for mining less than clean data. Connections between this approach and the boosting methods of Freund and Shapire and Friedman, Hastie and Tibshirani are discussed.

我们向Facebook先知推出了一位继任者，为可解释，可扩展和用户友好的预测框架制定了一个行业标准。随着时间序列数据的扩散，可说明的预测仍然是企业和运营决策的具有挑战性的任务。需要混合解决方案来弥合可解释的古典方法与可扩展深层学习模型之间的差距。我们将先知视为这样一个解决方案的前兆。然而，先知缺乏本地背景，这对于预测近期未来至关重要，并且由于其斯坦坦后代而挑战。 NeultProphet是一种基于Pytorch的混合预测框架，并用标准的深度学习方法培训，开发人员可以轻松扩展框架。本地上下文使用自动回归和协变量模块引入，可以配置为经典线性回归或作为神经网络。否则，NeultProphet保留了先知的设计理念，提供了相同的基本模型组件。我们的结果表明，NeultProcrophet在一组生成的时间序列上产生了相当或优质的质量的可解释的预测组件。 NeultProphet在各种各样的现实数据集合中占先知。对于中期预测，NeultProclecrophet将预测精度提高55％至92％。

Statistical learning is the process of estimating an unknown probabilistic input-output relationship of a system using a limited number of observations. A statistical learning machine (SLM) is the algorithm, function, model, or rule, that learns such a process; and machine learning (ML) is the conventional name of this field. ML and its applications are ubiquitous in the modern world. Systems such as Automatic target recognition (ATR) in military applications, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) in medical imaging, DNA microarrays in genomics, optical character recognition (OCR), speech recognition (SR), spam email filtering, stock market prediction, etc., are few examples and applications for ML; diverse fields but one theory. In particular, ML has gained a lot of attention in the field of cyberphysical security, especially in the last decade. It is of great importance to this field to design detection algorithms that have the capability of learning from security data to be able to hunt threats, achieve better monitoring, master the complexity of the threat intelligence feeds, and achieve timely remediation of security incidents. The field of ML can be decomposed into two basic subfields: \textit{construction} and \textit{assessment}. We mean by \textit{construction} designing or inventing an appropriate algorithm that learns from the input data and achieves a good performance according to some optimality criterion. We mean by \textit{assessment} attributing some performance measures to the constructed ML algorithm, along with their estimators, to objectively assess this algorithm. \textit{Construction} and \textit{assessment} of a ML algorithm require familiarity with different other fields: probability, statistics, matrix theory, optimization, algorithms, and programming, among others.f

关于日益增长的直播媒介的一种普遍信念是，其价值在于其“实时”组成部分。我们通过比较实时事件需求的价格弹性如何在直播中和之后的生活中进行了比较，从而研究了这种信念。我们使用来自大型直播平台的独特且丰富的数据来做到这一点，该数据使消费者可以在流中期后购买录制版本的直播版本。在我们背景下的一个挑战是，存在高维混杂因素，其与治疗政策（即价格）和兴趣结果（即需求）的关系是复杂的，并且仅部分知道。我们通过使用广义正交随机森林框架来解决这一挑战，以进行异质治疗效果估计。我们发现在整个事件生命周期中，需求价格弹性的时间弹性都显着。具体而言，随着时间的流逝，需求变得越来越敏感，直到直播一天，那天就变成了无弹性。在生活后的时期，对录制版本的需求仍然对价格敏感，但远低于在播放前的时期。我们进一步表明，价格弹性的这种时间变化是由此类事件固有的质量不确定性以及在直播过程中与内容创建者进行实时互动的机会所驱动的。

即使有效，模型的使用也必须伴随着转换数据的各个级别的理解（上游和下游）。因此，需求增加以定义单个数据与算法可以根据其分析可以做出的选择（例如，一种产品或一种促销报价的建议，或代表风险的保险费率）。模型用户必须确保模型不会区分，并且也可以解释其结果。本文介绍了模型解释的重要性，并解决了模型透明度的概念。在保险环境中，它专门说明了如何使用某些工具来强制执行当今可以利用机器学习的精算模型的控制。在一个简单的汽车保险中损失频率估计的示例中，我们展示了一些解释性方法的兴趣，以适应目标受众的解释。