Generalized-icp.
分类:
In this paper we combine the Iterative Closest Point ('ICP') and 'point-to-plane ICP' algorithms into a single probabilistic framework. We then use this framework to model locally planar surface structure from both scans instead of just the "model" scan as is typically done with the point-to-plane method. This can be thought of as 'plane-to-plane'. The new approach is tested with both simulated and real-world data and is shown to outperform both standard ICP and point-to-plane. Furthermore, the new approach is shown to be more robust to incorrect correspondences, and thus makes it easier to tune the maximum match distance parameter present in most variants of ICP. In addition to the demonstrated performance improvement, the proposed model allows for more expressive probabilistic models to be incorporated into the ICP framework. While maintaining the speed and simplicity of ICP, the Generalized-ICP could also allow for the addition of outlier terms, measurement noise, and other probabilistic techniques to increase robustness.
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The ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm is widely used for geometric alignment of three-dimensional models when an initial estimate of the relative pose is known. Many variants of ICP have been proposed, affecting all phases of the algorithm from the selection and matching of points to the minimization strategy. We enumerate and classify many of these variants, and evaluate their effect on the speed with which the correct alignment is reached. In order to improve convergence for nearly-flat meshes with small features, such as inscribed surfaces, we introduce a new variant based on uniform sampling of the space of normals. We conclude by proposing a combination of ICP variants optimized for high speed. We demonstrate an implementation that is able to align two range images in a few tens of milliseconds, assuming a good initial guess. This capability has potential application to real-time 3D model acquisition and model-based tracking.
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在本文中,我们解决了用高各向异性定位噪声损坏的多点云的问题。我们的方法遵循高斯混合模型(GMM)重建的广泛使用的框架,预期最大化(EM)算法。现有方法基于空间不变各向同性高斯噪声的隐含假设。然而,在单分子定位显微镜(SMLM)的应用中,在实践中侵犯了这种假设。为了解决这个问题,我们建议介绍一个明确的定位噪声模型,使用GMM从噪声处理中脱颖而出。我们设计了一种随机EM算法,将无噪声数据视为潜在变量,每个EM步骤在闭合型溶液中。我们的方法的第一个优点是处理具有任意考兰的空间变体和各向异性高斯噪声。第二个优点是利用显式噪声模型来施加关于可以从物理传感器获得的噪声的先验知识。我们在各种模拟数据中展示了我们的噪声处理策略提高了高水平各向异性噪声的鲁棒性。我们还展示了我们对真实SMLM数据的方法的表现。
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尽管常规机器人系统中的每个不同任务都需要专用的场景表示形式,但本文表明,统一表示形式可以直接用于多个关键任务。我们提出了用于映射,进程和计划(LOG-GPIS-MOP)的log-gaussian过程隐式表面:基于统一表示形式的表面重建,本地化和导航的概率框架。我们的框架将对数转换应用于高斯过程隐式表面(GPIS)公式,以恢复全局表示,该表示可以准确地捕获具有梯度的欧几里得距离场,同时又是隐式表面。通过直接估计距离字段及其通过LOG-GPIS推断的梯度,提出的增量进程技术计算出传入帧的最佳比对,并在全球范围内融合以生成MAP。同时,基于优化的计划者使用相同的LOG-GPIS表面表示计算安全的无碰撞路径。我们根据最先进的方法验证了2D和3D和3D和基准测试的模拟和真实数据集的拟议框架。我们的实验表明,LOG-GPIS-MOP在顺序的音程,表面映射和避免障碍物中产生竞争结果。
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We propose a real-time method for odometry and mapping using range measurements from a 2-axis lidar moving in 6-DOF. The problem is hard because the range measurements are received at different times, and errors in motion estimation can cause mis-registration of the resulting point cloud. To date, coherent 3D maps can be built by off-line batch methods, often using loop closure to correct for drift over time. Our method achieves both low-drift and low-computational complexity without the need for high accuracy ranging or inertial measurements.The key idea in obtaining this level of performance is the division of the complex problem of simultaneous localization and mapping, which seeks to optimize a large number of variables simultaneously, by two algorithms. One algorithm performs odometry at a high frequency but low fidelity to estimate velocity of the lidar. Another algorithm runs at a frequency of an order of magnitude lower for fine matching and registration of the point cloud. Combination of the two algorithms allows the method to map in real-time. The method has been evaluated by a large set of experiments as well as on the KITTI odometry benchmark. The results indicate that the method can achieve accuracy at the level of state of the art offline batch methods.
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LIDAR数据可用于生成点云,用于导航自动驾驶汽车或移动机器人平台。扫描匹配是估计最能使两个点云的刚性转换的过程,是LiDAR探射仪的基础,这是一种死亡估算的形式。当没有GPS(例如GPS)(例如GPS)(例如GPS)时,LIDAR的探光仪特别有用。在这里,我们提出了迭代最接近的椭圆形变换(ICET),这是一种扫描匹配算法,可对当前最新的正常分布变换(NDT)进行两种新颖的改进。像NDT一样,ICET将激光雷达数据分解为体素,并将高斯分布拟合到每个体素内的点。 ICET的第一个创新通过沿着这些方向抑制溶液来降低沿着大型平坦表面的几何歧义。 ICET的第二个创新是推断与连续点云之间的位置和方向转换相关的输出误差协方差;当将ICET纳入诸如扩展的卡尔曼滤波器之类的状态估计例程中时,误差协方差特别有用。我们构建了一个模拟,以比较有或没有几何歧义的2D空间中ICET和NDT的性能,并发现ICET产生了出色的估计值,同时可以准确预测溶液的准确性。
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通常,非刚性登记的问题是匹配在两个不同点拍摄的动态对象的两个不同扫描。这些扫描可以进行刚性动作和非刚性变形。由于模型的新部分可能进入视图,而其他部件在两个扫描之间堵塞,则重叠区域是两个扫描的子集。在最常规的设置中,没有给出先前的模板形状,并且没有可用的标记或显式特征点对应关系。因此,这种情况是局部匹配问题,其考虑了随后的扫描在具有大量重叠区域的情况下进行的扫描经历的假设[28]。本文在环境中寻址的问题是同时在环境中映射变形对象和本地化摄像机。
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This paper presents an accurate, highly efficient, and learning-free method for large-scale odometry estimation using spinning radar, empirically found to generalize well across very diverse environments -- outdoors, from urban to woodland, and indoors in warehouses and mines - without changing parameters. Our method integrates motion compensation within a sweep with one-to-many scan registration that minimizes distances between nearby oriented surface points and mitigates outliers with a robust loss function. Extending our previous approach CFEAR, we present an in-depth investigation on a wider range of data sets, quantifying the importance of filtering, resolution, registration cost and loss functions, keyframe history, and motion compensation. We present a new solving strategy and configuration that overcomes previous issues with sparsity and bias, and improves our state-of-the-art by 38%, thus, surprisingly, outperforming radar SLAM and approaching lidar SLAM. The most accurate configuration achieves 1.09% error at 5Hz on the Oxford benchmark, and the fastest achieves 1.79% error at 160Hz.
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注册森林环境的点云是精密林业局部激光雷达应用的必要先决条件。最先进的森林点云登记方法需要提取单个树属性,并且在处理具有致密树的真实森林点云时,它们具有效率的瓶颈。我们提出了一种自动,坚固,高效的方法,用于登记森林点云。我们的方法首先定位树从原料点云茎,然后根据他们的相对空间关系确定准变换茎匹配。相较于现有的方法,我们的算法不需要额外的单株属性,具有线性复杂的环境中的树木数量,允许它的大森林环境对齐点云。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法优于关于登记精度和稳健性的最先进的方法,并且在效率方面显着优于现有技术。此外,我们引入一个新的基准数据集,补充的开发和注册方法评价森林点云的极少数现有的开放的数据集。
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Using geometric landmarks like lines and planes can increase navigation accuracy and decrease map storage requirements compared to commonly-used LiDAR point cloud maps. However, landmark-based registration for applications like loop closure detection is challenging because a reliable initial guess is not available. Global landmark matching has been investigated in the literature, but these methods typically use ad hoc representations of 3D line and plane landmarks that are not invariant to large viewpoint changes, resulting in incorrect matches and high registration error. To address this issue, we adopt the affine Grassmannian manifold to represent 3D lines and planes and prove that the distance between two landmarks is invariant to rotation and translation if a shift operation is performed before applying the Grassmannian metric. This invariance property enables the use of our graph-based data association framework for identifying landmark matches that can subsequently be used for registration in the least-squares sense. Evaluated on a challenging landmark matching and registration task using publicly-available LiDAR datasets, our approach yields a 1.7x and 3.5x improvement in successful registrations compared to methods that use viewpoint-dependent centroid and "closest point" representations, respectively.
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培训和测试监督对象检测模型需要大量带有地面真相标签的图像。标签定义图像中的对象类及其位置,形状以及可能的其他信息,例如姿势。即使存在人力,标签过程也非常耗时。我们引入了一个新的标签工具,用于2D图像以及3D三角网格:3D标记工具(3DLT)。这是一个独立的,功能丰富和跨平台软件,不需要安装,并且可以在Windows,MacOS和基于Linux的发行版上运行。我们不再像当前工具那样在每个图像上分别标记相同的对象,而是使用深度信息从上述图像重建三角形网格,并仅在上述网格上标记一次对象。我们使用注册来简化3D标记,离群值检测来改进2D边界框的计算和表面重建,以将标记可能性扩展到大点云。我们的工具经过最先进的方法测试,并且在保持准确性和易用性的同时,它极大地超过了它们。
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传统的LIDAR射测(LO)系统主要利用从经过的环境获得的几何信息来注册激光扫描并估算Lidar Ego-Motion,而在动态或非结构化环境中可能不可靠。本文提出了Inten-loam,一种低饮用和健壮的激光镜和映射方法,该方法完全利用激光扫描的隐式信息(即几何,强度和时间特征)。扫描点被投影到圆柱形图像上,这些图像有助于促进各种特征的有效和适应性提取,即地面,梁,立面和反射器。我们提出了一种新型基于强度的点登记算法,并将其纳入LIDAR的探光仪,从而使LO系统能够使用几何和强度特征点共同估计LIDAR EGO-MOTION。为了消除动态对象的干扰,我们提出了一种基于时间的动态对象删除方法,以在MAP更新之前过滤它们。此外,使用与时间相关的体素网格滤波器组织并缩减了本地地图,以维持当前扫描和静态局部图之间的相似性。在模拟和实际数据集上进行了广泛的实验。结果表明,所提出的方法在正常驾驶方案中实现了类似或更高的精度W.R.T,在非结构化环境中,最先进的方法优于基于几何的LO。
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凭借在运动扫描系统生产的LIDAR点云注册的目的,我们提出了一种新颖的轨迹调整程序,可以利用重叠点云和关节集成之间所选可靠的3D点对应关系的自动提取。 (调整)与所有原始惯性和GNSS观察一起。这是使用紧密耦合的方式执行的动态网络方法来执行,这通过在传感器处的错误而不是轨迹等级来实现最佳补偿的轨迹。 3D对应关系被制定为该网络内的静态条件,并且利用校正的轨迹和可能在调整内确定的其他参数,以更高的精度生成注册点云。我们首先描述了选择对应关系以及将它们作为新观察模型作为动态网络插入的方法。然后,我们描述了对具有低成本MEMS惯性传感器的实用空气激光扫描场景中提出框架的性能进行评估。在进行的实验中,建议建立3D对应关系的方法在确定各种几何形状的点对点匹配方面是有效的,例如树木,建筑物和汽车。我们的结果表明,该方法提高了点云登记精度,否则在确定的平台姿态或位置(以标称和模拟的GNSS中断条件)中的错误受到强烈影响,并且可能仅使用总计的一小部分确定未知的触觉角度建立的3D对应数量。
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Distribution-to-distribution (D2D) point cloud registration techniques such as the Normal Distributions Transform (NDT) can align point clouds sampled from unstructured scenes and provide accurate bounds of their own solution error covariance-- an important feature for safety-of life navigation tasks. D2D methods rely on the assumption of a static scene and are therefore susceptible to bias from range-shadowing, self-occlusion, moving objects, and distortion artifacts as the recording device moves between frames. Deep Learning-based approaches can achieve higher accuracy in dynamic scenes by relaxing these constraints, however, DNNs produce uninterpratable solutions which can be problematic from a safety perspective. In this paper, we propose a method of down-sampling LIDAR point clouds to exclude voxels that violate the assumption of a static scene and introduce error to the D2D scan matching process. Our approach uses a solution consistency filter, identifying and flagging voxels where D2D contributions disagree with local estimates from a PointNet-based registration network.
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由于范围和几何形状的直接集成,基于激光雷达的本地化和映射是许多现代机器人系统中的核心组件之一,可以实时进行精确的运动估算和​​高质量的高质量图。然而,由于场景中存在不足的环境约束,这种对几何形状的依赖可能导致定位失败,发生在隧道等自对称环境中。这项工作通过提出一种基于神经网络的估计方法来检测机器人操作过程中的(非)本地化性,从而解决了此问题。特别注意扫描到扫描登记的可靠性,因为它是许多激光射击估计管道中的关键组成部分。与以前的主要检测方法相反,该方法通过估算原始传感器测量的可定位性而无需评估基本的注册优化,可以尽早检测失败。此外,由于需要启发式的脱落检测阈值,因此以前的方法在跨环境和传感器类型的概括能力上仍然有限。提出的方法通过从不同环境的集合中学习,从而避免了这个问题,从而使网络在各种情况下运行。此外,该网络专门针对模拟数据进行培训,避免了艰苦的数据收集,以挑战性和退化(通常难以访问)环境。在跨越具有挑战性的环境和两种不同的传感器类型上进行的现场实验中,对所提出的方法进行了测试。观察到的检测性能与特定环境特异性阈值调整后的最新方法相当。
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Graph-Slam是一种建立良好的算法,用于构建环境的拓扑图,同时尝试机器人的定位。它依赖于扫描匹配算法,以沿机器人的动作对齐嘈杂的观察,以计算当前机器人位置的估计。我们提出了一种基本上不同的方法来扫描匹配任务,以改善旋转转换位移的估计,从而提高完整的SLAM算法的性能。 Monte-Carlo方法用于生成两个扫描之间的几何位移的加权假设,然后我们纳入这些假设以计算导致最佳对准的位移。为了应对旋转转换的集群化,我们提出了一种新的聚类方法,通过将旋转翻译组件的内核密度分解内核密度来强大地扩展高斯平均转移到取向。我们在使用合成数据和英特尔研究实验室的基准数据集中展示了我们方法在广泛的实验中的有效性。结果证实,我们的方法在匹配的准确性和运行时计算方面具有卓越的性能,而不是基于最先进的基于迭代点的扫描匹配算法。
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森林中自主冬季导航所固有的挑战包括缺乏可靠的全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)信号,低特征对比度,高照明变化和变化环境。这种类型的越野环境是一个极端的情况,自治车可能会在北部地区遇到。因此,了解对自动导航系统对这种恶劣环境的影响非常重要。为此,我们介绍了一个现场报告分析亚曲率区域中的教导和重复导航,同时受到气象条件的大变化。首先,我们描述了系统,它依赖于点云注册来通过北方林地定位移动机器人,同时构建地图。我们通过在教学和重复模式下在自动导航中进行了在实验中评估了该系统。我们展示了密集的植被扰乱了GNSS信号,使其不适合在森林径中导航。此外,我们突出了在森林走廊中使用点云登记的定位相关的不确定性。我们证明它不是雪降水,而是影响我们系统在环境中定位的能力的积雪。最后,我们从我们的实地运动中揭示了一些经验教训和挑战,以支持在冬季条件下更好的实验工作。
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Figure 1: Example output from our system, generated in real-time with a handheld Kinect depth camera and no other sensing infrastructure. Normal maps (colour) and Phong-shaded renderings (greyscale) from our dense reconstruction system are shown. On the left for comparison is an example of the live, incomplete, and noisy data from the Kinect sensor (used as input to our system).
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点云匹配中不确定性的量化在许多任务中是关键的,例如姿势估计,传感器融合和抓握。迭代最近的点(ICP)是一种常用的姿势估计算法,它提供了两个点云之间的变换的点估计。在该过程中存在许多不确定性来源,这可能由于传感器噪声,含糊不清的环境和遮挡而产生。然而,对于自主驾驶等安全性问题,对于姿势变换的点估计是不足的,因为它不提供关于多解决方案的信息。目前的概率ICP方法通常不会捕获所有不确定性的来源,并且可以提供不可靠的变换估计,这可能在状态估计或使用此信息的任务中具有不利影响。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的算法来对齐两个点云,可以精确估计ICP的变换参数的不确定性。我们开发了基于梯度的ICP成本函数优化的Stein变分推断框架。该方法提供了对变换的非参数估计,可以模拟复杂的多模态分布,并且可以在GPU上有效地平行化。使用3D Kinect数据以及稀疏室内/室外激光雷达数据的实验表明,我们的方法能够有效地生产准确的构成不确定性估计。
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Point Cloud Registration is the problem of aligning the corresponding points of two 3D point clouds referring to the same object. The challenges include dealing with noise and partial match of real-world 3D scans. For non-rigid objects, there is an additional challenge of accounting for deformations in the object shape that happen to the object in between the two 3D scans. In this project, we study the problem of non-rigid point cloud registration for use cases in the Augmented/Mixed Reality domain. We focus our attention on a special class of non-rigid deformations that happen in rigid objects with parts that move relative to one another about joints, for example, robots with hands and machines with hinges. We propose an efficient and robust point-cloud registration workflow for such objects and evaluate it on real-world data collected using Microsoft Hololens 2, a leading Mixed Reality Platform.
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