我们在本文中解决了增量无监督域适应(IDA)的新问题。我们假设标记的源域和不同的未标记的目标域通过约束逐步观察到与当前域的数据仅一次可用。目标是为当前域概括为所有过去域的准确性。 IDA设置因域之间的突然差异以及包括源域内的过去数据的不可用。受到生成功能重放的概念的启发,我们提出了一种名为特征重放的增量域适应(Frida)的新颖框架,它利用了一个名为域 - 通用辅助分类GaN(DGAC-GaN)的新的增量生成对抗性网络(GAN)来生产域明确的特征表示无缝。对于域对齐,我们提出了一种简单的扩展名为Dann-Ib的流行域对抗神经网络(Dann),鼓励歧视域 - 不变和任务相关的特征学习。 Office-Home,Office-Caltech和Domainnet数据集的实验结果证实,FIDA维护了卓越的稳定性可塑性权衡,而不是文献。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据,但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是,在现实世界的应用中,不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限,手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是,模型性能因域之间的差异(域移位或数据集偏差)而劣化。为了克服注释的负担,域适应(DA)旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA(UDA)处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异,并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中,我们首先定义UDA问题。其次,我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后,我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。
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无监督域适应(UDA)旨在将知识从相关但不同的良好标记的源域转移到新的未标记的目标域。大多数现有的UDA方法需要访问源数据,因此当数据保密而不相配在隐私问题时,不适用。本文旨在仅使用培训的分类模型来解决现实设置,而不是访问源数据。为了有效地利用适应源模型,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,称为源假设转移(拍摄),其通过将目标数据特征拟合到冻结源分类模块(表示分类假设)来学习目标域的特征提取模块。具体而言,拍摄挖掘出于特征提取模块的信息最大化和自我监督学习,以确保目标特征通过同一假设与看不见的源数据的特征隐式对齐。此外,我们提出了一种新的标签转移策略,它基于预测的置信度(标签信息),然后采用半监督学习来将目标数据分成两个分裂,然后提高目标域中的较为自信预测的准确性。如果通过拍摄获得预测,我们表示标记转移为拍摄++。关于两位数分类和对象识别任务的广泛实验表明,拍摄和射击++实现了与最先进的结果超越或相当的结果,展示了我们对各种视域适应问题的方法的有效性。代码可用于\ url {https://github.com/tim-learn/shot-plus}。
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Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.
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本文研究了一个新的,实用但具有挑战性的问题,称为类无监督的域名适应性(CI-UDA),其中标记的源域包含所有类别,但是未标记的目标域中的类别依次增加。由于两个困难,这个问题具有挑战性。首先,源和目标标签集在每个时间步骤都不一致,这使得很难进行准确的域对齐。其次,以前的目标类在当前步骤中不可用,从而忘记了先前的知识。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新型的原型引导连续适应(PROCA)方法,由两种解决方案策略组成。 1)标签原型识别:我们通过检测具有目标样本的累积预测概率的共享类来识别目标标签原型。 2)基于原型的对齐和重播:基于确定的标签原型,我们对齐域并强制执行模型以保留先前的知识。有了这两种策略,ProCA能够有效地将源模型改编为类未标记的目标域。广泛的实验证明了Proca在解决CI-UDA方面的有效性和优势。源代码可从https://github.com/hongbin98/proca.git获得
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对抗性学习策略在处理单源域适应(DA)问题时表现出显着的性能,并且最近已应用于多源DA(MDA)问题。虽然大多数现有的MDA策略依赖于多个域歧视员设置,但其对潜伏空间表示的影响已经不知识。在这里,我们采用了一种信息 - 理论方法来识别和解决MDA上多个域鉴别器的潜在不利影响:域歧视信息的解体,有限的计算可扩展性以及培训期间损失梯度的大方差。我们在信息正规化的背景下通过情况进行对抗性DA来检查上述问题。这还提供了使用单一和统一域鉴别器的理论正当理由。基于这个想法,我们实施了一种名为多源信息正规化适应网络(MIAN)的新型神经结构。大规模实验表明,尽管其结构简洁,可靠,可显着优于其他最先进的方法。
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在这项工作中,我们试图通过设计简单和紧凑的条件领域的逆势培训方法来解决无监督的域适应。我们首先重新审视简单的级联调节策略,其中特征与输出预测连接为鉴别器的输入。我们发现倾斜策略遭受了弱势调节力量。我们进一步证明扩大连接预测的规范可以有效地激励条件域对齐。因此,我们通过将输出预测标准化具有相同的特征的输出预测来改善连接调节,并且派生方法作为归一化输出调节器〜(名词)。然而,对域对齐的原始输出预测的调理,名词遭受目标域的不准确预测。为此,我们建议将原型空间中的跨域特征对齐方式而不是输出空间。将新的原型基于原型的调节与名词相结合,我们将增强方法作为基于原型的归一化输出调节器〜(代词)。对象识别和语义分割的实验表明,名词可以有效地对准域跨域的多模态结构,甚至优于最先进的域侵犯训练方法。与基于原型的调节一起,代词进一步提高了UDA的多个对象识别基准上的名词的适应性能。
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半监督域适应(SSDA)是一种具有挑战性的问题,需要克服1)以朝向域的较差的数据和2)分布换档的方法。不幸的是,由于培训数据偏差朝标标样本训练,域适应(DA)和半监督学习(SSL)方法的简单组合通常无法解决这两个目的。在本文中,我们介绍了一种自适应结构学习方法,以规范SSL和DA的合作。灵感来自多视图学习,我们建议的框架由共享特征编码器网络和两个分类器网络组成,用于涉及矛盾的目的。其中,其中一个分类器被应用于组目标特征以提高级别的密度,扩大了鲁棒代表学习的分类集群的间隙。同时,其他分类器作为符号器,试图散射源功能以增强决策边界的平滑度。目标聚类和源扩展的迭代使目标特征成为相应源点的扩张边界内的封闭良好。对于跨域特征对齐和部分标记的数据学习的联合地址,我们应用最大平均差异(MMD)距离最小化和自培训(ST)将矛盾结构投影成共享视图以进行可靠的最终决定。对标准SSDA基准的实验结果包括Domainnet和Office-Home,展示了我们对最先进的方法的方法的准确性和稳健性。
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Deep learning models can achieve high accuracy when trained on large amounts of labeled data. However, real-world scenarios often involve several challenges: Training data may become available in installments, may originate from multiple different domains, and may not contain labels for training. Certain settings, for instance medical applications, often involve further restrictions that prohibit retention of previously seen data due to privacy regulations. In this work, to address such challenges, we study unsupervised segmentation in continual learning scenarios that involve domain shift. To that end, we introduce GarDA (Generative Appearance Replay for continual Domain Adaptation), a generative-replay based approach that can adapt a segmentation model sequentially to new domains with unlabeled data. In contrast to single-step unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), continual adaptation to a sequence of domains enables leveraging and consolidation of information from multiple domains. Unlike previous approaches in incremental UDA, our method does not require access to previously seen data, making it applicable in many practical scenarios. We evaluate GarDA on two datasets with different organs and modalities, where it substantially outperforms existing techniques.
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无监督的域适应性(UDA)引起了相当大的关注,这将知识从富含标签的源域转移到相关但未标记的目标域。减少域间差异一直是提高UDA性能的关键因素,尤其是对于源域和目标域之间存在较大差距的任务。为此,我们提出了一种新颖的风格感知功能融合方法(SAFF),以弥合大域间隙和转移知识,同时减轻阶级歧视性信息的丧失。受到人类传递推理和学习能力的启发,研究了一种新颖的风格感知的自我互化领域(SSID),通过一系列中级辅助综合概念将两个看似无关的概念联系起来。具体而言,我们提出了一种新颖的SSID学习策略,该策略从源和目标域中选择样本作为锚点,然后随机融合这些锚的对象和样式特征,以生成具有标记和样式丰富的中级辅助功能以进行知识转移。此外,我们设计了一个外部存储库来存储和更新指定的标记功能,以获得稳定的类功能和班级样式功能。基于提议的内存库,内部和域间损耗功能旨在提高类识别能力和特征兼容性。同时,我们通过无限抽样模拟SSID的丰富潜在特征空间,并通过数学理论模拟损失函数的收敛性。最后,我们对常用的域自适应基准测试进行了全面的实验,以评估所提出的SAFF,并且实验结果表明,所提出的SAFF可以轻松地与不同的骨干网络结合在一起,并获得更好的性能作为插入插型模块。
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Domain Adaptation is an actively researched problem in Computer Vision. In this work, we propose an approach that leverages unsupervised data to bring the source and target distributions closer in a learned joint feature space. We accomplish this by inducing a symbiotic relationship between the learned embedding and a generative adversarial network. This is in contrast to methods which use the adversarial framework for realistic data generation and retraining deep models with such data. We demonstrate the strength and generality of our approach by performing experiments on three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (1) Digit classification (MNIST, SVHN and USPS datasets) (2) Object recognition using OFFICE dataset and (3) Domain adaptation from synthetic to real data. Our method achieves state-of-the art performance in most experimental settings and by far the only GAN-based method that has been shown to work well across different datasets such as OFFICE and DIGITS.
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We propose a novel unsupervised domain adaptation framework based on domain-specific batch normalization in deep neural networks. We aim to adapt to both domains by specializing batch normalization layers in convolutional neural networks while allowing them to share all other model parameters, which is realized by a twostage algorithm. In the first stage, we estimate pseudolabels for the examples in the target domain using an external unsupervised domain adaptation algorithm-for example, MSTN [27] or CPUA [14]-integrating the proposed domain-specific batch normalization. The second stage learns the final models using a multi-task classification loss for the source and target domains. Note that the two domains have separate batch normalization layers in both stages. Our framework can be easily incorporated into the domain adaptation techniques based on deep neural networks with batch normalization layers. We also present that our approach can be extended to the problem with multiple source domains. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on multiple benchmark datasets and achieves the state-of-theart accuracy in the standard setting and the multi-source domain adaption scenario.
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无监督的域适应性(DA)中的主要挑战是减轻源域和目标域之间的域移动。先前的DA工作表明,可以使用借口任务来通过学习域不变表示来减轻此域的转移。但是,实际上,我们发现大多数现有的借口任务对其他已建立的技术无效。因此,我们从理论上分析了如何以及何时可以利用子公司借口任务来协助给定DA问题的目标任务并制定客观的子公司任务适用性标准。基于此标准,我们设计了一个新颖的贴纸干预过程和铸造贴纸分类的过程,作为监督的子公司DA问题,该问题与目标任务无监督的DA同时发生。我们的方法不仅改善了目标任务适应性能,而且还促进了面向隐私的无源DA,即没有并发源目标访问。标准Office-31,Office-Home,Domainnet和Visda基准的实验证明了我们对单源和多源无源DA的优势。我们的方法还补充了现有的无源作品,从而实现了领先的绩效。
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In this paper, we investigate a challenging unsupervised domain adaptation setting -unsupervised model adaptation. We aim to explore how to rely only on unlabeled target data to improve performance of an existing source prediction model on the target domain, since labeled source data may not be available in some real-world scenarios due to data privacy issues. For this purpose, we propose a new framework, which is referred to as collaborative class conditional generative adversarial net to bypass the dependence on the source data. Specifically, the prediction model is to be improved through generated target-style data, which provides more accurate guidance for the generator. As a result, the generator and the prediction model can collaborate with each other without source data. Furthermore, due to the lack of supervision from source data, we propose a weight constraint that encourages similarity to the source model. A clustering-based regularization is also introduced to produce more discriminative features in the target domain. Compared to conventional domain adaptation methods, our model achieves superior performance on multiple adaptation tasks with only unlabeled target data, which verifies its effectiveness in this challenging setting.
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通过从完全标记的源域中利用数据,无监督域适应(UDA)通过显式差异最小化数据分布或对抗学习来提高未标记的目标域上的分类性能。作为增强,通过利用模型预测来加强目标特征识别期间涉及类别对齐。但是,在目标域上的错误类别预测中产生的伪标签不准确以及由源域的过度录制引起的分发偏差存在未探明的问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种模型 - 不可知的两阶段学习框架,这大大减少了使用软伪标签策略的缺陷模型预测,并避免了课程学习策略的源域上的过度拟合。从理论上讲,它成功降低了目标域上预期误差的上限的综合风险。在第一阶段,我们用分布对齐的UDA方法训练一个模型,以获得具有相当高的置位目标域上的软语义标签。为了避免在源域上的过度拟合,在第二阶段,我们提出了一种课程学习策略,以自适应地控制来自两个域的损失之间的加权,以便训练阶段的焦点从源分布逐渐移位到目标分布,以预测信心提升了目标分布在目标领域。对两个知名基准数据集的广泛实验验证了我们提出框架促进促进顶级UDA算法的性能的普遍效果,并展示其一致的卓越性能。
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语义分割在广泛的计算机视觉应用中起着基本作用,提供了全球对图像​​的理解的关键信息。然而,最先进的模型依赖于大量的注释样本,其比在诸如图像分类的任务中获得更昂贵的昂贵的样本。由于未标记的数据替代地获得更便宜,因此无监督的域适应达到了语义分割社区的广泛成功并不令人惊讶。本调查致力于总结这一令人难以置信的快速增长的领域的五年,这包含了语义细分本身的重要性,以及将分段模型适应新环境的关键需求。我们提出了最重要的语义分割方法;我们对语义分割的域适应技术提供了全面的调查;我们揭示了多域学习,域泛化,测试时间适应或无源域适应等较新的趋势;我们通过描述在语义细分研究中最广泛使用的数据集和基准测试来结束本调查。我们希望本调查将在学术界和工业中提供具有全面参考指导的研究人员,并有助于他们培养现场的新研究方向。
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Domain adaptation enables the learner to safely generalize into novel environments by mitigating domain shifts across distributions. Previous works may not effectively uncover the underlying reasons that would lead to the drastic model degradation on the target task. In this paper, we empirically reveal that the erratic discrimination of the target domain mainly stems from its much smaller feature norms with respect to that of the source domain. To this end, we propose a novel parameter-free Adaptive Feature Norm approach. We demonstrate that progressively adapting the feature norms of the two domains to a large range of values can result in significant transfer gains, implying that those task-specific features with larger norms are more transferable. Our method successfully unifies the computation of both standard and partial domain adaptation with more robustness against the negative transfer issue. Without bells and whistles but a few lines of code, our method substantially lifts the performance on the target task and exceeds state-of-the-arts by a large margin (11.5% on Office-Home [45] and 17.1% on VisDA2017 [31]). We hope our simple yet effective approach will shed some light on the future research of transfer learning. Code is available at https://github.com/jihanyang/AFN .
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关于无监督域适应性(UDA)的大多数现有研究都认为每个域的训练样本都带有域标签(例如绘画,照片)。假定每个域中的样品都遵循相同的分布,并利用域标签通过特征对齐来学习域不变特征。但是,这样的假设通常并不成立 - 通常存在许多较细粒的领域(例如,已经开发出了数十种现代绘画样式,每种绘画样式与经典风格的范围都有很大不同)。因此,在每个人工定义和粗粒结构域之间强迫特征分布对齐可能是无效的。在本文中,我们从完全不同的角度解决了单源和多源UDA,即将每个实例视为一个良好的域。因此,跨域的特征对齐是冗余。相反,我们建议执行动态实例域的适应性(DIDA)。具体而言,开发了具有自适应卷积内核的动态神经网络,以生成实例自适应残差,以使域 - 无知的深度特征适应每个单独的实例。这使得共享分类器可以同时应用于源域数据,而无需依赖任何域注释。此外,我们没有施加复杂的特征对准损失,而是仅使用标记的源和伪标记为目标数据的跨透镜损失采用简单的半监督学习范式。我们的模型被称为DIDA-NET,可以在几种常用的单源和多源UDA数据集上实现最先进的性能,包括数字,办公室房屋,域名,域名,Digit-Five和PAC。
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无监督域适应(UDA)旨在将知识从标记的源域传输到未标记的目标域。传统上,基于子空间的方法为此问题形成了一类重要的解决方案。尽管他们的数学优雅和易腐烂性,但这些方法通常被发现在产生具有复杂的现实世界数据集的领域不变的功能时无效。由于近期具有深度网络的代表学习的最新进展,本文重新访问了UDA的子空间对齐,提出了一种新的适应算法,始终如一地导致改进的泛化。与现有的基于对抗培训的DA方法相比,我们的方法隔离了特征学习和分配对准步骤,并利用主要辅助优化策略来有效地平衡域不契约的目标和模型保真度。在提供目标数据和计算要求的显着降低的同时,基于子空间的DA竞争性,有时甚至优于几种标准UDA基准测试的最先进的方法。此外,子空间对准导致本质上定期的模型,即使在具有挑战性的部分DA设置中,也表现出强大的泛化。最后,我们的UDA框架的设计本身支持对测试时间的新目标域的逐步适应,而无需从头开始重新检测模型。总之,由强大的特征学习者和有效的优化策略提供支持,我们将基于子空间的DA建立为可视识别的高效方法。
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