Domain adaptation enables the learner to safely generalize into novel environments by mitigating domain shifts across distributions. Previous works may not effectively uncover the underlying reasons that would lead to the drastic model degradation on the target task. In this paper, we empirically reveal that the erratic discrimination of the target domain mainly stems from its much smaller feature norms with respect to that of the source domain. To this end, we propose a novel parameter-free Adaptive Feature Norm approach. We demonstrate that progressively adapting the feature norms of the two domains to a large range of values can result in significant transfer gains, implying that those task-specific features with larger norms are more transferable. Our method successfully unifies the computation of both standard and partial domain adaptation with more robustness against the negative transfer issue. Without bells and whistles but a few lines of code, our method substantially lifts the performance on the target task and exceeds state-of-the-arts by a large margin (11.5% on Office-Home [45] and 17.1% on VisDA2017 [31]). We hope our simple yet effective approach will shed some light on the future research of transfer learning. Code is available at https://github.com/jihanyang/AFN .

无监督域适应（UDA）旨在将知识从相关但不同的良好标记的源域转移到新的未标记的目标域。大多数现有的UDA方法需要访问源数据，因此当数据保密而不相配在隐私问题时，不适用。本文旨在仅使用培训的分类模型来解决现实设置，而不是访问源数据。为了有效地利用适应源模型，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，称为源假设转移（拍摄），其通过将目标数据特征拟合到冻结源分类模块（表示分类假设）来学习目标域的特征提取模块。具体而言，拍摄挖掘出于特征提取模块的信息最大化和自我监督学习，以确保目标特征通过同一假设与看不见的源数据的特征隐式对齐。此外，我们提出了一种新的标签转移策略，它基于预测的置信度（标签信息），然后采用半监督学习来将目标数据分成两个分裂，然后提高目标域中的较为自信预测的准确性。如果通过拍摄获得预测，我们表示标记转移为拍摄++。关于两位数分类和对象识别任务的广泛实验表明，拍摄和射击++实现了与最先进的结果超越或相当的结果，展示了我们对各种视域适应问题的方法的有效性。代码可用于\ url {https：//github.com/tim-learn/shot-plus}。

域的适应性（DA）旨在将知识从标记的源域中学习的知识转移到未标记或标记较小但相关的目标域的知识。理想情况下，源和目标分布应彼此平等地对齐，以实现公正的知识转移。但是，由于源和目标域中注释数据的数量之间存在显着不平衡，通常只有目标分布与源域保持一致，从而使不必要的源特定知识适应目标域，即偏置域的适应性。为了解决此问题，在这项工作中，我们通过对基于对抗性的DA方法进行建模来对歧视器的不确定性进行建模，以优化无偏见转移。我们理论上分析了DA中提出的无偏可传递性学习方法的有效性。此外，为了减轻注释数据不平衡的影响，我们利用了目标域中未标记样品的伪标签选择的估计不确定性，这有助于实现更好的边际和条件分布在域之间的分布。对各种DA基准数据集的广泛实验结果表明，可以轻松地将所提出的方法纳入各种基于对抗性的DA方法中，从而实现最新的性能。

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to transfer knowledge from a well-labeled source domain to a different but related unlabeled target domain with identical label space. Currently, the main workhorse for solving UDA is domain alignment, which has proven successful. However, it is often difficult to find an appropriate source domain with identical label space. A more practical scenario is so-called partial domain adaptation (PDA) in which the source label set or space subsumes the target one. Unfortunately, in PDA, due to the existence of the irrelevant categories in the source domain, it is quite hard to obtain a perfect alignment, thus resulting in mode collapse and negative transfer. Although several efforts have been made by down-weighting the irrelevant source categories, the strategies used tend to be burdensome and risky since exactly which irrelevant categories are unknown. These challenges motivate us to find a relatively simpler alternative to solve PDA. To achieve this, we first provide a thorough theoretical analysis, which illustrates that the target risk is bounded by both model smoothness and between-domain discrepancy. Considering the difficulty of perfect alignment in solving PDA, we turn to focus on the model smoothness while discard the riskier domain alignment to enhance the adaptability of the model. Specifically, we instantiate the model smoothness as a quite simple intra-domain structure preserving (IDSP). To our best knowledge, this is the first naive attempt to address the PDA without domain alignment. Finally, our empirical results on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that IDSP is not only superior to the PDA SOTAs by a significant margin on some benchmarks (e.g., +10% on Cl->Rw and +8% on Ar->Rw ), but also complementary to domain alignment in the standard UDA

Adversarial learning has been embedded into deep networks to learn disentangled and transferable representations for domain adaptation. Existing adversarial domain adaptation methods may not effectively align different domains of multimodal distributions native in classification problems. In this paper, we present conditional adversarial domain adaptation, a principled framework that conditions the adversarial adaptation models on discriminative information conveyed in the classifier predictions. Conditional domain adversarial networks (CDANs) are designed with two novel conditioning strategies: multilinear conditioning that captures the crosscovariance between feature representations and classifier predictions to improve the discriminability, and entropy conditioning that controls the uncertainty of classifier predictions to guarantee the transferability. With theoretical guarantees and a few lines of codes, the approach has exceeded state-of-the-art results on five datasets.

半监督域适应（SSDA）是一种具有挑战性的问题，需要克服1）以朝向域的较差的数据和2）分布换档的方法。不幸的是，由于培训数据偏差朝标标样本训练，域适应（DA）和半监督学习（SSL）方法的简单组合通常无法解决这两个目的。在本文中，我们介绍了一种自适应结构学习方法，以规范SSL和DA的合作。灵感来自多视图学习，我们建议的框架由共享特征编码器网络和两个分类器网络组成，用于涉及矛盾的目的。其中，其中一个分类器被应用于组目标特征以提高级别的密度，扩大了鲁棒代表学习的分类集群的间隙。同时，其他分类器作为符号器，试图散射源功能以增强决策边界的平滑度。目标聚类和源扩展的迭代使目标特征成为相应源点的扩张边界内的封闭良好。对于跨域特征对齐和部分标记的数据学习的联合地址，我们应用最大平均差异（MMD）距离最小化和自培训（ST）将矛盾结构投影成共享视图以进行可靠的最终决定。对标准SSDA基准的实验结果包括Domainnet和Office-Home，展示了我们对最先进的方法的方法的准确性和稳健性。

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to leverage the knowledge learned from a labeled source dataset to solve similar tasks in a new unlabeled domain. Prior UDA methods typically require to access the source data when learning to adapt the model, making them risky and inefficient for decentralized private data. This work tackles a practical setting where only a trained source model is available and investigates how we can effectively utilize such a model without source data to solve UDA problems. We propose a simple yet generic representation learning framework, named Source HypOthesis Transfer (SHOT). SHOT freezes the classifier module (hypothesis) of the source model and learns the target-specific feature extraction module by exploiting both information maximization and selfsupervised pseudo-labeling to implicitly align representations from the target domains to the source hypothesis. To verify its versatility, we evaluate SHOT in a variety of adaptation cases including closed-set, partial-set, and open-set domain adaptation. Experiments indicate that SHOT yields state-of-the-art results among multiple domain adaptation benchmarks.

学习目标域中的未知样本（不存在于源类中）对于无监督域适应（UDA）相当重要。存在两个典型的UDA方案，即开放式和开放式集合，后者假定目标域中并非所有源类都显示在内。但是，大多数先前的方法都是为一个UDA场景而设计的，并且始终在其他UDA方案上表现差。此外，它们还需要在适应过程中标记的源数据，限制其在数据隐私敏感应用中的可用性。为了解决这些问题，本文提出了一种通用模型适应（UMAD）框架，其处理了UDA方案，而无需访问源数据，也不是关于域之间类别的类别的知识。具体而言，我们的目标是使用优雅设计的双头分类器来学习源模型，并将其提供给目标域。在适应期间，我们开发了一种信息丰富的一致性分数，以帮助区分从已知样品中的未知样本。为了在目标域中实现双边适应，我们进一步最大化了局部化的相互信息，以将已知的样本与源分类器对齐，并采用熵丢失，以便分别推动远离源分类边界的未知样本。开放式和开放式的UDA方案的实验表明，umad作为无需访问源数据的统一方法，展示与最先进的数据相关方法的可比性。

在图像分类中，获得足够的标签通常昂贵且耗时。为了解决这个问题，域适应通常提供有吸引力的选择，给出了来自类似性质但不同域的大量标记数据。现有方法主要对准单个结构提取的表示的分布，并且表示可以仅包含部分信息，例如，仅包含部分饱和度，亮度和色调信息。在这一行中，我们提出了多代表性适应，这可以大大提高跨域图像分类的分类精度，并且特别旨在对准由名为Inception Adaption Adationation模块（IAM）提取的多个表示的分布。基于此，我们呈现多色自适应网络（MRAN）来通过多表示对准完成跨域图像分类任务，该任向性可以捕获来自不同方面的信息。此外，我们扩展了最大的平均差异（MMD）来计算适应损耗。我们的方法可以通过扩展具有IAM的大多数前进模型来轻松实现，并且网络可以通过反向传播有效地培训。在三个基准图像数据集上进行的实验证明了备的有效性。代码已在https://github.com/easezyc/deep-transfer -learning上获得。

无监督域适应（UDA）旨在将知识从标记的源域传输到未标记的目标域。传统上，基于子空间的方法为此问题形成了一类重要的解决方案。尽管他们的数学优雅和易腐烂性，但这些方法通常被发现在产生具有复杂的现实世界数据集的领域不变的功能时无效。由于近期具有深度网络的代表学习的最新进展，本文重新访问了UDA的子空间对齐，提出了一种新的适应算法，始终如一地导致改进的泛化。与现有的基于对抗培训的DA方法相比，我们的方法隔离了特征学习和分配对准步骤，并利用主要辅助优化策略来有效地平衡域不契约的目标和模型保真度。在提供目标数据和计算要求的显着降低的同时，基于子空间的DA竞争性，有时甚至优于几种标准UDA基准测试的最先进的方法。此外，子空间对准导致本质上定期的模型，即使在具有挑战性的部分DA设置中，也表现出强大的泛化。最后，我们的UDA框架的设计本身支持对测试时间的新目标域的逐步适应，而无需从头开始重新检测模型。总之，由强大的特征学习者和有效的优化策略提供支持，我们将基于子空间的DA建立为可视识别的高效方法。

域适应（DA）旨在将知识从标签富裕但异构的域转移到标签恐慌域，这减轻了标签努力并吸引了相当大的关注。与以前的方法不同，重点是学习域中的特征表示，一些最近的方法存在通用半监督学习（SSL）技术，直接将它们应用于DA任务，甚至实现竞争性能。最受欢迎的SSL技术之一是伪标记，可通过标记数据训练的分类器为每个未标记数据分配伪标签。但是，它忽略了DA问题的分布偏移，并且不可避免地偏置为源数据。要解决此问题，我们提出了一个名为辅助目标域导向的分类器（ATDOC）的新伪标签框架。 ATDOC通过为目标数据引入辅助分类器来缓解分类器偏置，以提高伪标签的质量。具体地，我们使用内存机制并开发两种类型的非参数分类器，即最近的质心分类器和邻域聚合，而不引入任何其他网络参数。尽管在伪分类目标中具有简单性，但具有邻域聚集的ATDOC显着优于域对齐技术和现有的SSL技术，以及甚至瘢痕标记的SSL任务。

虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据，但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是，在现实世界的应用中，不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限，手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是，模型性能因域之间的差异（域移位或数据集偏差）而劣化。为了克服注释的负担，域适应（DA）旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA（UDA）处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异，并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中，我们首先定义UDA问题。其次，我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后，我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。

批量归一化（BN）广泛用于现代神经网络，已被证明代表与域相关知识，因此对于跨域任务（如无监督域适应（UDA））无效。现有的BN变体方法在归一化模块中相同信道中的源和目标域知识。然而，跨域跨域的相应通道的特征之间的错位通常导致子最佳的可转换性。在本文中，我们利用跨域关系并提出了一种新颖的归一化方法，互惠归一化（RN）。具体地，RN首先呈现互易补偿（RC）模块，用于基于跨域频道明智的相关性在两个域中获取每个信道的补偿。然后，RN开发互易聚合（RA）模块，以便以其跨域补偿组件自适应地聚合特征。作为BN的替代方案，RN更适合于UDA问题并且可以容易地集成到流行的域适应方法中。实验表明，所提出的RN优于现有的正常化对应物，通过大幅度，并有助于最先进的适应方法实现更好的结果。源代码可在https://github.com/openning07/reciprocal-normalization-for-da上找到。

Deep networks have been successfully applied to learn transferable features for adapting models from a source domain to a different target domain.In this paper, we present joint adaptation networks (JAN), which learn a transfer network by aligning the joint distributions of multiple domain-specific layers across domains based on a joint maximum mean discrepancy (JMMD) criterion. Adversarial training strategy is adopted to maximize JMMD such that the distributions of the source and target domains are made more distinguishable. Learning can be performed by stochastic gradient descent with the gradients computed by back-propagation in linear-time. Experiments testify that our model yields state of the art results on standard datasets.

Recent studies reveal that a deep neural network can learn transferable features which generalize well to novel tasks for domain adaptation. However, as deep features eventually transition from general to specific along the network, the feature transferability drops significantly in higher layers with increasing domain discrepancy. Hence, it is important to formally reduce the dataset bias and enhance the transferability in task-specific layers. In this paper, we propose a new Deep Adaptation Network (DAN) architecture, which generalizes deep convolutional neural network to the domain adaptation scenario. In DAN, hidden representations of all task-specific layers are embedded in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space where the mean embeddings of different domain distributions can be explicitly matched. The domain discrepancy is further reduced using an optimal multi-kernel selection method for mean embedding matching. DAN can learn transferable features with statistical guarantees, and can scale linearly by unbiased estimate of kernel embedding. Extensive empirical evidence shows that the proposed architecture yields state-of-the-art image classification error rates on standard domain adaptation benchmarks.

无监督的域适应性（DA）中的主要挑战是减轻源域和目标域之间的域移动。先前的DA工作表明，可以使用借口任务来通过学习域不变表示来减轻此域的转移。但是，实际上，我们发现大多数现有的借口任务对其他已建立的技术无效。因此，我们从理论上分析了如何以及何时可以利用子公司借口任务来协助给定DA问题的目标任务并制定客观的子公司任务适用性标准。基于此标准，我们设计了一个新颖的贴纸干预过程和铸造贴纸分类的过程，作为监督的子公司DA问题，该问题与目标任务无监督的DA同时发生。我们的方法不仅改善了目标任务适应性能，而且还促进了面向隐私的无源DA，即没有并发源目标访问。标准Office-31，Office-Home，Domainnet和Visda基准的实验证明了我们对单源和多源无源DA的优势。我们的方法还补充了现有的无源作品，从而实现了领先的绩效。

The recent success of deep neural networks relies on massive amounts of labeled data. For a target task where labeled data is unavailable, domain adaptation can transfer a learner from a different source domain. In this paper, we propose a new approach to domain adaptation in deep networks that can jointly learn adaptive classifiers and transferable features from labeled data in the source domain and unlabeled data in the target domain. We relax a shared-classifier assumption made by previous methods and assume that the source classifier and target classifier differ by a residual function. We enable classifier adaptation by plugging several layers into deep network to explicitly learn the residual function with reference to the target classifier. We fuse features of multiple layers with tensor product and embed them into reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces to match distributions for feature adaptation. The adaptation can be achieved in most feed-forward models by extending them with new residual layers and loss functions, which can be trained efficiently via back-propagation. Empirical evidence shows that the new approach outperforms state of the art methods on standard domain adaptation benchmarks.

在这项工作中，我们试图通过设计简单和紧凑的条件领域的逆势培训方法来解决无监督的域适应。我们首先重新审视简单的级联调节策略，其中特征与输出预测连接为鉴别器的输入。我们发现倾斜策略遭受了弱势调节力量。我们进一步证明扩大连接预测的规范可以有效地激励条件域对齐。因此，我们通过将输出预测标准化具有相同的特征的输出预测来改善连接调节，并且派生方法作为归一化输出调节器〜（名词）。然而，对域对齐的原始输出预测的调理，名词遭受目标域的不准确预测。为此，我们建议将原型空间中的跨域特征对齐方式而不是输出空间。将新的原型基于原型的调节与名词相结合，我们将增强方法作为基于原型的归一化输出调节器〜（代词）。对象识别和语义分割的实验表明，名词可以有效地对准域跨域的多模态结构，甚至优于最先进的域侵犯训练方法。与基于原型的调节一起，代词进一步提高了UDA的多个对象识别基准上的名词的适应性能。

Domain adaptation methods reduce domain shift typically by learning domain-invariant features. Most existing methods are built on distribution matching, e.g., adversarial domain adaptation, which tends to corrupt feature discriminability. In this paper, we propose Discriminative Radial Domain Adaptation (DRDR) which bridges source and target domains via a shared radial structure. It's motivated by the observation that as the model is trained to be progressively discriminative, features of different categories expand outwards in different directions, forming a radial structure. We show that transferring such an inherently discriminative structure would enable to enhance feature transferability and discriminability simultaneously. Specifically, we represent each domain with a global anchor and each category a local anchor to form a radial structure and reduce domain shift via structure matching. It consists of two parts, namely isometric transformation to align the structure globally and local refinement to match each category. To enhance the discriminability of the structure, we further encourage samples to cluster close to the corresponding local anchors based on optimal-transport assignment. Extensively experimenting on multiple benchmarks, our method is shown to consistently outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on varied tasks, including the typical unsupervised domain adaptation, multi-source domain adaptation, domain-agnostic learning, and domain generalization.

作为对数据有效使用的研究，多源无监督的域适应性将知识从带有标记数据的多个源域转移到了未标记的目标域。但是，目标域中不同域和嘈杂的伪标签之间的分布差异都导致多源无监督域适应方法的性能瓶颈。鉴于此，我们提出了一种将注意力驱动的领域融合和耐噪声学习（ADNT）整合到上述两个问题的方法。首先，我们建立了相反的注意结构，以在特征和诱导域运动之间执行信息。通过这种方法，当域差异降低时，特征的可区分性也可以显着提高。其次，基于无监督的域适应训练的特征，我们设计了自适应的反向横向熵损失，该损失可以直接对伪标签的产生施加约束。最后，结合了这两种方法，几个基准的实验结果进一步验证了我们提出的ADNT的有效性，并证明了优于最新方法的性能。