Long document retrieval aims to fetch query-relevant documents from a large-scale collection, where knowledge distillation has become de facto to improve a retriever by mimicking a heterogeneous yet powerful cross-encoder. However, in contrast to passages or sentences, retrieval on long documents suffers from the scope hypothesis that a long document may cover multiple topics. This maximizes their structure heterogeneity and poses a granular-mismatch issue, leading to an inferior distillation efficacy. In this work, we propose a new learning framework, fine-grained distillation (FGD), for long-document retrievers. While preserving the conventional dense retrieval paradigm, it first produces global-consistent representations crossing different fine granularity and then applies multi-granular aligned distillation merely during training. In experiments, we evaluate our framework on two long-document retrieval benchmarks, which show state-of-the-art performance.
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在本文中,我们提出了一个新的密集检索模型,该模型通过深度查询相互作用学习了各种文档表示。我们的模型使用一组生成的伪Queries编码每个文档,以获取查询信息的多视文档表示。它不仅具有较高的推理效率,例如《香草双编码模型》,而且还可以在文档编码中启用深度查询文档的交互,并提供多方面的表示形式,以更好地匹配不同的查询。几个基准的实验证明了所提出的方法的有效性,表现出色的双重编码基准。
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基于语义空间中密集表示的检索模型已成为第一阶段检索的必不可少的分支。这些检索员受益于代表学习朝着压缩全球序列级嵌入的进步。但是,它们很容易忽略本地的显着短语和实体在文本中提到的,这些短语通常在第一阶段的检索中扮演枢轴角色。为了减轻这种弱点,我们提议使一个密集的检索器对齐一个表现出色的词典意识代表模型。对齐方式是通过弱化的知识蒸馏来实现的,以通过两个方面来启发猎犬 - 1)词汇扬声的对比目标,以挑战密集编码器和2)一个配对的等级正规化,以使密集的模型的行为倾向于其他人的行为。我们在三个公共基准上评估了我们的模型,这表明,凭借可比的词典觉得回收犬作为老师,我们提议的密集人可以带来一致而重大的改进,甚至超过教师。此外,我们发现我们对密集猎犬的改进是与标准排名蒸馏的补充,这可以进一步提高最先进的性能。
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排名者在事实上的“检索和rerank”管道中起着必不可少的作用,但其训练仍然落后 - 从中​​度的负面因素或/和/和/和作为回收者的辅助模块中学习。在这项工作中,我们首先确定了强大的排名者的两个主要障碍,即是由训练有素的回猎犬和非理想的负面负面的固有标签噪声,该噪声是为高能力的排名所采样的。因此,我们提出多个检索器,因为负面发电机改善了排名者的鲁棒性,其中i)涉及广泛的分发标签噪声,使排名者与每个噪声分布相对,而ii)与排名相对较接近排名负分配,导致更具挑战性的培训。为了评估我们的强大排名者(称为r $^2 $ anker),我们在各种环境中进行了有关流行通道检索基准测试的各种实验,包括BM25级,全等级,回收者蒸馏等。经验结果验证了新的州 - 新州 - 新州 - 我们模型的效果。
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To improve the performance of the dual-encoder retriever, one effective approach is knowledge distillation from the cross-encoder ranker. Existing works construct the candidate passages following the supervised learning setting where a query is paired with a positive passage and a batch of negatives. However, through empirical observation, we find that even the hard negatives from advanced methods are still too trivial for the teacher to distinguish, preventing the teacher from transferring abundant dark knowledge to the student through its soft label. To alleviate this issue, we propose ADAM, a knowledge distillation framework that can better transfer the dark knowledge held in the teacher with Adaptive Dark exAMples. Different from previous works that only rely on one positive and hard negatives as candidate passages, we create dark examples that all have moderate relevance to the query through mixing-up and masking in discrete space. Furthermore, as the quality of knowledge held in different training instances varies as measured by the teacher's confidence score, we propose a self-paced distillation strategy that adaptively concentrates on a subset of high-quality instances to conduct our dark-example-based knowledge distillation to help the student learn better. We conduct experiments on two widely-used benchmarks and verify the effectiveness of our method.
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This paper presents a pre-training technique called query-as-context that uses query prediction to improve dense retrieval. Previous research has applied query prediction to document expansion in order to alleviate the problem of lexical mismatch in sparse retrieval. However, query prediction has not yet been studied in the context of dense retrieval. Query-as-context pre-training assumes that the predicted query is a special context for the document and uses contrastive learning or contextual masked auto-encoding learning to compress the document and query into dense vectors. The technique is evaluated on large-scale passage retrieval benchmarks and shows considerable improvements compared to existing strong baselines such as coCondenser and CoT-MAE, demonstrating its effectiveness. Our code will be available at https://github.com/caskcsg/ir/tree/main/cotmae-qc .
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密集的段落检索旨在根据查询和段落的密集表示(即矢量)从大型语料库中检索查询的相关段落。最近的研究探索了改善预训练的语言模型,以提高密集的检索性能。本文提出了COT-MAE(上下文掩盖自动编码器),这是一种简单而有效的生成性预训练方法,可用于密集通道检索。 COT-MAE采用了不对称的编码器架构,该体系结构学会通过自我监督和上下文监督的掩盖自动编码来将句子语义压缩到密集的矢量中。精确,自我监督的掩盖自动编码学会学会为文本跨度内的令牌的语义建模,并学习上下文监督的蒙版自动编码学学习以建模文本跨度之间的语义相关性。我们对大规模通道检索基准进行实验,并显示出对强基础的大量改进,证明了COT-MAE的效率很高。
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Dense retrieval aims to map queries and passages into low-dimensional vector space for efficient similarity measuring, showing promising effectiveness in various large-scale retrieval tasks. Since most existing methods commonly adopt pre-trained Transformers (e.g. BERT) for parameter initialization, some work focuses on proposing new pre-training tasks for compressing the useful semantic information from passages into dense vectors, achieving remarkable performances. However, it is still challenging to effectively capture the rich semantic information and relations about passages into the dense vectors via one single particular pre-training task. In this work, we propose a multi-task pre-trained model, MASTER, that unifies and integrates multiple pre-training tasks with different learning objectives under the bottlenecked masked autoencoder architecture. Concretely, MASTER utilizes a multi-decoder architecture to integrate three types of pre-training tasks: corrupted passages recovering, related passage recovering and PLMs outputs recovering. By incorporating a shared deep encoder, we construct a representation bottleneck in our architecture, compressing the abundant semantic information across tasks into dense vectors. The first two types of tasks concentrate on capturing the semantic information of passages and relationships among them within the pre-training corpus. The third one can capture the knowledge beyond the corpus from external PLMs (e.g. GPT-2). Extensive experiments on several large-scale passage retrieval datasets have shown that our approach outperforms the previous state-of-the-art dense retrieval methods. Our code and data are publicly released in https://github.com/microsoft/SimXNS
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我们提出了一种以最小计算成本提高广泛检索模型的性能的框架。它利用由基本密度检索方法提取的预先提取的文档表示,并且涉及训练模型以共同评分每个查询的一组检索到的候选文档,同时在其他候选的上下文中暂时转换每个文档的表示。以及查询本身。当基于其与查询的相似性进行评分文档表示时,该模型因此意识到其“对等”文档的表示。我们表明,我们的方法导致基本方法的检索性能以及彼此隔离的评分候选文档进行了大量改善,如在一对培训环境中。至关重要的是,与基于伯特式编码器的术语交互重型器不同,它在运行时在任何第一阶段方法的顶部引发可忽略不计的计算开销,允许它与任何最先进的密集检索方法容易地结合。最后,同时考虑给定查询的一组候选文档,可以在检索中进行额外的有价值的功能,例如评分校准和减轻排名中的社会偏差。
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当前的密集文本检索模型面临两个典型的挑战。首先,他们采用暹罗双重编码架构来独立编码查询和文档,以快速索引和搜索,同时忽略了较细粒度的术语互动。这导致了次优的召回表现。其次,他们的模型培训高度依赖于负面抽样技术,以在其对比损失中构建负面文档。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了对抗猎犬速率(AR2),它由双重编码猎犬加上跨编码器等级组成。这两种模型是根据最小群体对手的共同优化的:检索员学会了检索负面文件以欺骗排名者,而排名者学会了对包括地面和检索的候选人进行排名,并提供渐进的直接反馈对双编码器检索器。通过这款对抗性游戏,猎犬逐渐生产出更难的负面文件来训练更好的排名者,而跨编码器排名者提供了渐进式反馈以改善检索器。我们在三个基准测试基准上评估AR2。实验结果表明,AR2始终如一地胜过现有的致密回收者方法,并在所有这些方法上实现了新的最新结果。这包括对自然问题的改进R@5%至77.9%(+2.1%),Triviaqa R@5%至78.2%(+1.4)和MS-Marco MRR@10%至39.5%(+1.3%)。代码和型号可在https://github.com/microsoft/ar2上找到。
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Knowledge distillation is often used to transfer knowledge from a strong teacher model to a relatively weak student model. Traditional knowledge distillation methods include response-based methods and feature-based methods. Response-based methods are used the most widely but suffer from lower upper limit of model performance, while feature-based methods have constraints on the vocabularies and tokenizers. In this paper, we propose a tokenizer-free method liberal feature-based distillation (LEAD). LEAD aligns the distribution between teacher model and student model, which is effective, extendable, portable and has no requirements on vocabularies, tokenizer, or model architecture. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of LEAD on several widely-used benchmarks, including MS MARCO Passage, TREC Passage 19, TREC Passage 20, MS MARCO Document, TREC Document 19 and TREC Document 20.
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近年来,在应用预训练的语言模型(例如Bert)上,取得了巨大进展,以获取信息检索(IR)任务。在网页中通常使用的超链接已被利用用于设计预训练目标。例如,超链接的锚文本已用于模拟查询,从而构建了巨大的查询文档对以进行预训练。但是,作为跨越两个网页的桥梁,尚未完全探索超链接的潜力。在这项工作中,我们专注于建模通过超链接连接的两个文档之间的关系,并为临时检索设计一个新的预训练目标。具体而言,我们将文档之间的关系分为四组:无链接,单向链接,对称链接和最相关的对称链接。通过比较从相邻组采样的两个文档,该模型可以逐渐提高其捕获匹配信号的能力。我们提出了一个渐进的超链接预测({php})框架,以探索预训练中超链接的利用。对两个大规模临时检索数据集和六个提问数据集的实验结果证明了其优于现有的预训练方法。
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已经表明,在一个域上训练的双编码器经常概括到其他域以获取检索任务。一种广泛的信念是,一个双编码器的瓶颈层,其中最终得分仅仅是查询向量和通道向量之间的点产品,它过于局限,使得双编码器是用于域外概括的有效检索模型。在本文中,我们通过缩放双编码器模型的大小{\ em同时保持固定的瓶颈嵌入尺寸固定的瓶颈的大小来挑战这一信念。令人惊讶的是,令人惊讶的是,缩放模型尺寸会对各种缩放提高检索任务,特别是对于域外泛化。实验结果表明,我们的双编码器,\ textbf {g} enovalizable \ textbf {t} eTrievers(gtr),优先级%colbert〜\ cite {khattab2020colbertt}和现有的稀疏和密集的索取Beir DataSet〜\ Cite {Thakur2021Beir}显着显着。最令人惊讶的是,我们的消融研究发现,GTR是非常数据的高效,因为它只需要10 \%MARCO监督数据,以实现最佳域的性能。所有GTR模型都在https://tfhub.dev/google/collections/gtr/1发布。
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知识蒸馏是将知识从强大的教师转移到有效的学生模型的有效方法。理想情况下,我们希望老师越好,学生越好。但是,这种期望并不总是成真。通常,由于教师和学生之间的不可忽略的差距,更好的教师模型通过蒸馏导致不良学生。为了弥合差距,我们提出了一种渐进式蒸馏方法,以进行致密检索。产品由教师渐进式蒸馏和数据进行渐进的蒸馏组成,以逐步改善学生。我们对五个广泛使用的基准,MARCO通道,TREC Passage 19,TREC文档19,MARCO文档和自然问题进行了广泛的实验,其中POD在蒸馏方法中实现了密集检索的最新方法。代码和模型将发布。
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密集的检索方法可以克服词汇差距并导致显着改善的搜索结果。但是,它们需要大量的培训数据,这些数据不适用于大多数域。如前面的工作所示(Thakur等,2021b),密集检索的性能在域移位下严重降低。这限制了密集检索方法的使用,只有几个具有大型训练数据集的域。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的无监督域适配方法生成伪标签(GPL),其将查询发生器与来自跨编码器的伪标记相结合。在六种代表性域专用数据集中,我们发现所提出的GPL可以优于箱子外的最先进的密集检索方法,最高可达8.9点NDCG @ 10。 GPL需要来自目标域的少(未标记)数据,并且在其培训中比以前的方法更强大。我们进一步调查了六种最近训练方法在检索任务的域改编方案中的作用,其中只有三种可能会产生改善的结果。最好的方法,Tsdae(Wang等,2021)可以与GPL结合,在六个任务中产生了1.0点NDCG @ 10的另一个平均改善。
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The dual-encoder has become the de facto architecture for dense retrieval. Typically, it computes the latent representations of the query and document independently, thus failing to fully capture the interactions between the query and document. To alleviate this, recent work expects to get query-informed representations of documents. During training, it expands the document with a real query, while replacing the real query with a generated pseudo query at inference. This discrepancy between training and inference makes the dense retrieval model pay more attention to the query information but ignore the document when computing the document representation. As a result, it even performs worse than the vanilla dense retrieval model, since its performance depends heavily on the relevance between the generated queries and the real query. In this paper, we propose a curriculum sampling strategy, which also resorts to the pseudo query at training and gradually increases the relevance of the generated query to the real query. In this way, the retrieval model can learn to extend its attention from the document only to both the document and query, hence getting high-quality query-informed document representations. Experimental results on several passage retrieval datasets show that our approach outperforms the previous dense retrieval methods1.
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一个系统的实证研究,专注于最先进的多语言编码器在跨越多种不同语言对的交叉语言文档和句子检索任务的适用性。我们首先将这些模型视为多语言文本编码器,并在无监督的ad-hoc句子和文档级CLIR中基准性能。与监督语言理解相比,我们的结果表明,对于无监督的文档级CLIR - 一个没有针对IR特定的微调 - 预训练的多语言编码器的相关性判断,平均未能基于CLWE显着优于早期模型。对于句子级检索,我们确实获得了最先进的性能:然而,通过多语言编码器来满足高峰分数,这些编码器已经进一步专注于监督的时尚,以便句子理解任务,而不是使用他们的香草'现货'变体。在这些结果之后,我们介绍了文档级CLIR的本地化相关性匹配,在那里我们独立地对文件部分进行了查询。在第二部分中,我们评估了在一系列零拍语言和域转移CLIR实验中的英语相关数据中进行微调的微调编码器精细调整的微调我们的结果表明,监督重新排名很少提高多语言变压器作为无监督的基数。最后,只有在域名对比度微调(即,同一域名,只有语言转移),我们设法提高排名质量。我们在目标语言中单次检索的交叉定向检索结果和结果(零拍摄)交叉传输之间的显着实证差异,这指出了在单机数据上训练的检索模型的“单声道过度装备”。
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This paper presents E5, a family of state-of-the-art text embeddings that transfer well to a wide range of tasks. The model is trained in a contrastive manner with weak supervision signals from our curated large-scale text pair dataset (called CCPairs). E5 can be readily used as a general-purpose embedding model for any tasks requiring a single-vector representation of texts such as retrieval, clustering, and classification, achieving strong performance in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings. We conduct extensive evaluations on 56 datasets from the BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. For zero-shot settings, E5 is the first model that outperforms the strong BM25 baseline on the BEIR retrieval benchmark without using any labeled data. When fine-tuned, E5 obtains the best results on the MTEB benchmark, beating existing embedding models with 40x more parameters.
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信息检索是自然语言处理中的重要组成部分,用于知识密集型任务,如问题应答和事实检查。最近,信息检索已经看到基于神经网络的密集检索器的出现,作为基于术语频率的典型稀疏方法的替代方案。这些模型在数据集和任务中获得了最先进的结果,其中提供了大型训练集。但是,它们不会很好地转移到没有培训数据的新域或应用程序,并且通常因未经监督的术语 - 频率方法(例如BM25)的术语频率方法而言。因此,自然问题是如果没有监督,是否有可能训练密集的索取。在这项工作中,我们探讨了对比学习的限制,作为培训无人监督的密集检索的一种方式,并表明它导致强烈的检索性能。更确切地说,我们在15个数据集中出现了我们的模型胜过BM25的Beir基准测试。此外,当有几千例的示例可用时,我们显示微调我们的模型,与BM25相比,这些模型导致强大的改进。最后,当在MS-Marco数据集上微调之前用作预训练时,我们的技术在Beir基准上获得最先进的结果。
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信息检索的任务是许多自然语言处理系统的重要组成部分,例如开放式域问题回答。尽管传统方法是基于手工制作的功能,但基于神经网络的连续表示最近获得了竞争结果。使用此类方法的一个挑战是获取监督数据以训练回猎犬模型,该模型对应于一对查询和支持文档。在本文中,我们提出了一种技术,以学习以知识蒸馏的启发,并不需要带注释的查询和文档对。我们的方法利用读者模型的注意分数,用于根据检索文档解决任务,以获取猎犬的合成标签。我们评估我们的方法回答,获得最新结果。
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