当前的密集文本检索模型面临两个典型的挑战。首先,他们采用暹罗双重编码架构来独立编码查询和文档,以快速索引和搜索,同时忽略了较细粒度的术语互动。这导致了次优的召回表现。其次,他们的模型培训高度依赖于负面抽样技术,以在其对比损失中构建负面文档。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了对抗猎犬速率(AR2),它由双重编码猎犬加上跨编码器等级组成。这两种模型是根据最小群体对手的共同优化的:检索员学会了检索负面文件以欺骗排名者,而排名者学会了对包括地面和检索的候选人进行排名,并提供渐进的直接反馈对双编码器检索器。通过这款对抗性游戏,猎犬逐渐生产出更难的负面文件来训练更好的排名者,而跨编码器排名者提供了渐进式反馈以改善检索器。我们在三个基准测试基准上评估AR2。实验结果表明,AR2始终如一地胜过现有的致密回收者方法,并在所有这些方法上实现了新的最新结果。这包括对自然问题的改进R@5%至77.9%(+2.1%),Triviaqa R@5%至78.2%(+1.4)和MS-Marco MRR@10%至39.5%(+1.3%)。代码和型号可在https://github.com/microsoft/ar2上找到。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们提出了一个新的密集检索模型,该模型通过深度查询相互作用学习了各种文档表示。我们的模型使用一组生成的伪Queries编码每个文档,以获取查询信息的多视文档表示。它不仅具有较高的推理效率,例如《香草双编码模型》,而且还可以在文档编码中启用深度查询文档的交互,并提供多方面的表示形式,以更好地匹配不同的查询。几个基准的实验证明了所提出的方法的有效性,表现出色的双重编码基准。
translated by 谷歌翻译
已经表明,在一个域上训练的双编码器经常概括到其他域以获取检索任务。一种广泛的信念是,一个双编码器的瓶颈层,其中最终得分仅仅是查询向量和通道向量之间的点产品,它过于局限,使得双编码器是用于域外概括的有效检索模型。在本文中,我们通过缩放双编码器模型的大小{\ em同时保持固定的瓶颈嵌入尺寸固定的瓶颈的大小来挑战这一信念。令人惊讶的是,令人惊讶的是,缩放模型尺寸会对各种缩放提高检索任务,特别是对于域外泛化。实验结果表明,我们的双编码器,\ textbf {g} enovalizable \ textbf {t} eTrievers(gtr),优先级%colbert〜\ cite {khattab2020colbertt}和现有的稀疏和密集的索取Beir DataSet〜\ Cite {Thakur2021Beir}显着显着。最令人惊讶的是,我们的消融研究发现,GTR是非常数据的高效,因为它只需要10 \%MARCO监督数据,以实现最佳域的性能。所有GTR模型都在https://tfhub.dev/google/collections/gtr/1发布。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dualencoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system greatly by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks. 1 * Equal contribution 1 The code and trained models have been released at https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Systems for knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (QA) usually consist of two stages: efficient retrieval of relevant documents from a large corpus and detailed reading of the selected documents to generate answers. Retrievers and readers are usually modeled separately, which necessitates a cumbersome implementation and is hard to train and adapt in an end-to-end fashion. In this paper, we revisit this design and eschew the separate architecture and training in favor of a single Transformer that performs Retrieval as Attention (ReAtt), and end-to-end training solely based on supervision from the end QA task. We demonstrate for the first time that a single model trained end-to-end can achieve both competitive retrieval and QA performance, matching or slightly outperforming state-of-the-art separately trained retrievers and readers. Moreover, end-to-end adaptation significantly boosts its performance on out-of-domain datasets in both supervised and unsupervised settings, making our model a simple and adaptable solution for knowledge-intensive tasks. Code and models are available at https://github.com/jzbjyb/ReAtt.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种以最小计算成本提高广泛检索模型的性能的框架。它利用由基本密度检索方法提取的预先提取的文档表示,并且涉及训练模型以共同评分每个查询的一组检索到的候选文档,同时在其他候选的上下文中暂时转换每个文档的表示。以及查询本身。当基于其与查询的相似性进行评分文档表示时,该模型因此意识到其“对等”文档的表示。我们表明,我们的方法导致基本方法的检索性能以及彼此隔离的评分候选文档进行了大量改善,如在一对培训环境中。至关重要的是,与基于伯特式编码器的术语交互重型器不同,它在运行时在任何第一阶段方法的顶部引发可忽略不计的计算开销,允许它与任何最先进的密集检索方法容易地结合。最后,同时考虑给定查询的一组候选文档,可以在检索中进行额外的有价值的功能,例如评分校准和减轻排名中的社会偏差。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种用于在生成答案时将信息与多个检索文件中的信息组合的可检索增强的开放式开放式开放式开放域问题训练方法。我们将检索决策模拟作为相关文件集的潜在变量。由于通过对所检索的文件集的边缘化,因此使用期望最大化算法估计这一点。我们迭代地估计我们的潜在变量的价值(给定问题的这些相关文档集),然后使用此估计来更新检索器和读取器参数。我们假设这种端到端的训练允许训练信号流到读者,然后比上演明智的训练更好地流到猎犬。这导致检索器能够为问题和读者选择更多相关文档,这些文件在更准确的文档中培训以生成答案。三个基准数据集的实验表明,我们所提出的方法优于所有现有的相当大小的方法2-3%绝对精确匹配点,实现了新的最先进的结果。我们的结果还展示了学习检索以改善答复的可行性,而无明确监督检索决策。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Dense retrieval aims to map queries and passages into low-dimensional vector space for efficient similarity measuring, showing promising effectiveness in various large-scale retrieval tasks. Since most existing methods commonly adopt pre-trained Transformers (e.g. BERT) for parameter initialization, some work focuses on proposing new pre-training tasks for compressing the useful semantic information from passages into dense vectors, achieving remarkable performances. However, it is still challenging to effectively capture the rich semantic information and relations about passages into the dense vectors via one single particular pre-training task. In this work, we propose a multi-task pre-trained model, MASTER, that unifies and integrates multiple pre-training tasks with different learning objectives under the bottlenecked masked autoencoder architecture. Concretely, MASTER utilizes a multi-decoder architecture to integrate three types of pre-training tasks: corrupted passages recovering, related passage recovering and PLMs outputs recovering. By incorporating a shared deep encoder, we construct a representation bottleneck in our architecture, compressing the abundant semantic information across tasks into dense vectors. The first two types of tasks concentrate on capturing the semantic information of passages and relationships among them within the pre-training corpus. The third one can capture the knowledge beyond the corpus from external PLMs (e.g. GPT-2). Extensive experiments on several large-scale passage retrieval datasets have shown that our approach outperforms the previous state-of-the-art dense retrieval methods. Our code and data are publicly released in https://github.com/microsoft/SimXNS
translated by 谷歌翻译
信息检索是自然语言处理中的重要组成部分,用于知识密集型任务,如问题应答和事实检查。最近,信息检索已经看到基于神经网络的密集检索器的出现,作为基于术语频率的典型稀疏方法的替代方案。这些模型在数据集和任务中获得了最先进的结果,其中提供了大型训练集。但是,它们不会很好地转移到没有培训数据的新域或应用程序,并且通常因未经监督的术语 - 频率方法(例如BM25)的术语频率方法而言。因此,自然问题是如果没有监督,是否有可能训练密集的索取。在这项工作中,我们探讨了对比学习的限制,作为培训无人监督的密集检索的一种方式,并表明它导致强烈的检索性能。更确切地说,我们在15个数据集中出现了我们的模型胜过BM25的Beir基准测试。此外,当有几千例的示例可用时,我们显示微调我们的模型,与BM25相比,这些模型导致强大的改进。最后,当在MS-Marco数据集上微调之前用作预训练时,我们的技术在Beir基准上获得最先进的结果。
translated by 谷歌翻译
知识密集型语言任务(苏格兰信)通常需要大量信息来提供正确的答案。解决此问题的一种流行范式是将搜索系统与机器读取器相结合,前者检索支持证据,后者检查它们以产生答案。最近,读者组成部分在大规模预培养的生成模型的帮助下见证了重大进展。同时,搜索组件中的大多数现有解决方案都依赖于传统的``索引 - retrieve-then-Rank''管道,该管道遭受了巨大的内存足迹和端到端优化的困难。受到最新构建基于模型的IR模型的努力的启发,我们建议用新颖的单步生成模型替换传统的多步搜索管道,该模型可以极大地简化搜索过程并以端到端的方式进行优化。我们表明,可以通过一组经过适当设计的预训练任务来学习强大的生成检索模型,并被采用以通过进一步的微调来改善各种下游苏格兰短裙任务。我们将预训练的生成检索模型命名为Copusbrain,因为有关该语料库的所有信息均以其参数进行编码,而无需构造其他索引。经验结果表明,在苏格兰语基准上的检索任务并建立了新的最新性能,Copusbrain可以极大地超过强大的基准。我们还表明,在零农源和低资源设置下,科体班运行良好。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The dual-encoder has become the de facto architecture for dense retrieval. Typically, it computes the latent representations of the query and document independently, thus failing to fully capture the interactions between the query and document. To alleviate this, recent work expects to get query-informed representations of documents. During training, it expands the document with a real query, while replacing the real query with a generated pseudo query at inference. This discrepancy between training and inference makes the dense retrieval model pay more attention to the query information but ignore the document when computing the document representation. As a result, it even performs worse than the vanilla dense retrieval model, since its performance depends heavily on the relevance between the generated queries and the real query. In this paper, we propose a curriculum sampling strategy, which also resorts to the pseudo query at training and gradually increases the relevance of the generated query to the real query. In this way, the retrieval model can learn to extend its attention from the document only to both the document and query, hence getting high-quality query-informed document representations. Experimental results on several passage retrieval datasets show that our approach outperforms the previous dense retrieval methods1.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们介绍了Art,这是一种新的语料库级自动编码方法,用于培训密集检索模型,不需要任何标记的培训数据。密集的检索是开放域任务(例如Open QA)的核心挑战,在该任务中,最先进的方法通常需要大量的监督数据集,并具有自定义的硬性采矿和肯定式示例。相反,艺术品仅需要访问未配对的投入和输出(例如问题和潜在的答案文件)。它使用新的文档 - 重新定义自动编码方案,其中(1)输入问题用于检索一组证据文档,并且(2)随后使用文档来计算重建原始问题的概率。基于问题重建的检索培训可以有效地学习文档和问题编码器,以后可以将其纳入完整的QA系统中,而无需任何进一步的填充。广泛的实验表明,ART在多个QA检索基准测试基准上获得最先进的结果,并且仅来自预训练的语言模型的一般初始化,从而消除了对标记的数据和特定于任务的损失的需求。
translated by 谷歌翻译
To improve the performance of the dual-encoder retriever, one effective approach is knowledge distillation from the cross-encoder ranker. Existing works construct the candidate passages following the supervised learning setting where a query is paired with a positive passage and a batch of negatives. However, through empirical observation, we find that even the hard negatives from advanced methods are still too trivial for the teacher to distinguish, preventing the teacher from transferring abundant dark knowledge to the student through its soft label. To alleviate this issue, we propose ADAM, a knowledge distillation framework that can better transfer the dark knowledge held in the teacher with Adaptive Dark exAMples. Different from previous works that only rely on one positive and hard negatives as candidate passages, we create dark examples that all have moderate relevance to the query through mixing-up and masking in discrete space. Furthermore, as the quality of knowledge held in different training instances varies as measured by the teacher's confidence score, we propose a self-paced distillation strategy that adaptively concentrates on a subset of high-quality instances to conduct our dark-example-based knowledge distillation to help the student learn better. We conduct experiments on two widely-used benchmarks and verify the effectiveness of our method.
translated by 谷歌翻译
信息检索的任务是许多自然语言处理系统的重要组成部分,例如开放式域问题回答。尽管传统方法是基于手工制作的功能,但基于神经网络的连续表示最近获得了竞争结果。使用此类方法的一个挑战是获取监督数据以训练回猎犬模型,该模型对应于一对查询和支持文档。在本文中,我们提出了一种技术,以学习以知识蒸馏的启发,并不需要带注释的查询和文档对。我们的方法利用读者模型的注意分数,用于根据检索文档解决任务,以获取猎犬的合成标签。我们评估我们的方法回答,获得最新结果。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We present Hybrid Infused Reranking for Passages Retrieval (HYRR), a framework for training rerankers based on a hybrid of BM25 and neural retrieval models. Retrievers based on hybrid models have been shown to outperform both BM25 and neural models alone. Our approach exploits this improved performance when training a reranker, leading to a robust reranking model. The reranker, a cross-attention neural model, is shown to be robust to different first-stage retrieval systems, achieving better performance than rerankers simply trained upon the first-stage retrievers in the multi-stage systems. We present evaluations on a supervised passage retrieval task using MS MARCO and zero-shot retrieval tasks using BEIR. The empirical results show strong performance on both evaluations.
translated by 谷歌翻译
除局部相关性外,开放域的Factoid问题回答的段落排名还需要一个段落以包含答案(答案)。尽管最近的一些研究将一些阅读能力纳入了排名者以说明答复性,但排名仍然受到该领域通常可用的训练数据的嘈杂性质的阻碍,这将考虑任何包含答案实体作为正样本的段落。但是,段落中的答案实体不一定与给定的问题有关。为了解决该问题,我们提出了一种基于生成对抗性神经网络的通道重新管理的方法,称为\ ttt {pregan},除了局部相关性外,还结合了关于答复性的歧视者。目的是强迫发电机对局部相关的段落进行排名,并包含答案。五个公共数据集的实验表明,\ ttt {pregan}可以更好地对适当的段落进行排名,从而提高质量检查系统的有效性,并在不使用外部数据的情况下优于现有方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了Drboost,一个受升压启发的密集检索合奏。Drboost在阶段接受培训:通过仅关注当前合奏制作的检索错误来依次学习和专注于每个组件模型。最终的表示是所有组件模型的输出矢量的串联,使其成为测试时间标准密集检索器的替代品。与标准密集检索模型相比,Drboost享有几个优点。它产生的表示是4x更紧凑,同时提供可比的检索结果。它还在具有粗量化的近似搜索下进行令人惊讶的良好,从而减少另一个4x的延迟和带宽需求。在实践中,这可以在从内存中服务索引之间的服务指数之间的区别,为更便宜的部署铺平道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Recent developments of dense retrieval rely on quality representations of queries and contexts coming from pre-trained query and context encoders. In this paper, we introduce TouR (test-time optimization of query representations), which further optimizes instance-level query representations guided by signals from test-time retrieval results. We leverage a cross-encoder re-ranker to provide fine-grained pseudo labels over retrieval results and iteratively optimize query representations with the gradient descent method. Our theoretical analysis reveals that TouR can be viewed as a generalization of the classical Rocchio's algorithm for pseudo relevance feedback, and we present two variants leveraging psuedo labels as either hard binary or soft continuous labels. We first apply TouR on phrase retrieval with our proposed phrase re-ranker. On passage retrieval, we demonstrate its effectiveness with an off-the-shelf re-ranker. TouR improves the end-to-end open-domain QA accuracy significantly, as well as passage retrieval performance. Compared to re-ranker, TouR requires a smaller number of candidates, and achieves consistently better performance and runs up to 4x faster with our efficient implementation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
关于信息检索的许多最新研究集中在如何从一项任务(通常具有丰富的监督数据)转移到有限的其他各种任务,并隐含地假设可以从一个任务概括到所有其余的任务。但是,这忽略了这样一个事实,即有许多多样化和独特的检索任务,每个任务都针对不同的搜索意图,查询和搜索域。在本文中,我们建议使用几乎没有散热的检索,每个任务都有一个简短的描述和一些示例。为了扩大一些示例的功能,我们提出了针对检索器(即将到来)的及时基本查询生成,该查询将大型语言模型(LLM)作为几个弹片查询生成器,并根据生成的数据创建特定于任务的检索器。通过LLM的概括能力提供动力,即要来源使得可以仅基于一些示例{没有自然问题或MS MARCO来训练%问题生成器或双重编码器,就可以仅基于一些示例{没有}来创建特定于任务的端到端检索。出乎意料的是,LLM提示不超过8个示例,允许双重编码器在MARCO(例如Colbert V2)上训练的大量工程模型平均在11个检索套件中超过1.2 NDCG。使用相同生成数据的进一步培训标准尺寸的重新级别可获得5.0点NDCG的改进。我们的研究确定,查询产生比以前观察到的更有效,尤其是在给出少量特定于任务知识的情况下。
translated by 谷歌翻译
排名者在事实上的“检索和rerank”管道中起着必不可少的作用,但其训练仍然落后 - 从中​​度的负面因素或/和/和/和作为回收者的辅助模块中学习。在这项工作中,我们首先确定了强大的排名者的两个主要障碍,即是由训练有素的回猎犬和非理想的负面负面的固有标签噪声,该噪声是为高能力的排名所采样的。因此,我们提出多个检索器,因为负面发电机改善了排名者的鲁棒性,其中i)涉及广泛的分发标签噪声,使排名者与每个噪声分布相对,而ii)与排名相对较接近排名负分配,导致更具挑战性的培训。为了评估我们的强大排名者(称为r $^2 $ anker),我们在各种环境中进行了有关流行通道检索基准测试的各种实验,包括BM25级,全等级,回收者蒸馏等。经验结果验证了新的州 - 新州 - 新州 - 我们模型的效果。
translated by 谷歌翻译