非洲语言最近是几项自然语言处理（NLP）研究的主题，这导致其在该领域的代表性大大增加。但是，在评估模型在诸如命名实体识别（NER）等任务中的性能时，大多数研究往往比数据集的质量更多地关注模型。尽管这在大多数情况下效果很好，但它并不能说明使用低资源语言进行NLP的局限性，即我们可以使用的数据集的质量和数量。本文根据数据集质量提供了各种模型的性能的分析。我们根据某些非洲NER数据集的每个句子的实体密度评估了不同的预训练模型。我们希望这项研究能够改善在低资源语言的背景下进行NLP研究的方式。

我们利用预训练的语言模型来解决两种低资源语言的复杂NER任务：中文和西班牙语。我们使用整个单词掩码（WWM）的技术来提高大型和无监督的语料库的掩盖语言建模目标。我们在微调的BERT层之上进行多个神经网络体系结构，将CRF，Bilstms和线性分类器结合在一起。我们所有的模型都优于基线，而我们的最佳性能模型在盲目测试集的评估排行榜上获得了竞争地位。

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

本文报告了对十个低资源南非（SA）语言的命名实体识别（NER）的深度学习（DL）变压器架构模型的评估。此外，这些DL变压器模型与其他神经网络和机器学习（ML）NER模型进行了比较。调查结果表明，在每种语言应用离散微调参数时，变压器模型显着提高了性能。此外，微调变压器模型在低资源SA语言上与NER相比优于其他神经网络和机器学习模型。例如，变压器模型为十个SA语言中的六种语言产生了最高的F分数，包括超过条件随机字段ML型号的最高平均F变量。其他研究可以评估最近的其他自然语言处理任务和应用程序的变压器架构模型，例如短语块，机器翻译和语音段标记。

这项研究提供了对僧伽罗文本分类的预训练语言模型的性能的首次全面分析。我们测试了一组不同的Sinhala文本分类任务，我们的分析表明，在包括Sinhala（XLM-R，Labse和Laser）的预训练的多语言模型中，XLM-R是迄今为止Sinhala文本的最佳模型分类。我们还预先培训了两种基于罗伯塔的单语僧伽罗模型，它们远远优于僧伽罗的现有预训练的语言模型。我们表明，在微调时，这些预训练的语言模型为僧伽罗文本分类树立了非常强大的基线，并且在标记数据不足以进行微调的情况下非常强大。我们进一步提供了一组建议，用于使用预训练的模型进行Sinhala文本分类。我们还介绍了新的注释数据集，可用于僧伽罗文本分类的未来研究，并公开发布我们的预培训模型。

Given the impact of language models on the field of Natural Language Processing, a number of Spanish encoder-only masked language models (aka BERTs) have been trained and released. These models were developed either within large projects using very large private corpora or by means of smaller scale academic efforts leveraging freely available data. In this paper we present a comprehensive head-to-head comparison of language models for Spanish with the following results: (i) Previously ignored multilingual models from large companies fare better than monolingual models, substantially changing the evaluation landscape of language models in Spanish; (ii) Results across the monolingual models are not conclusive, with supposedly smaller and inferior models performing competitively. Based on these empirical results, we argue for the need of more research to understand the factors underlying them. In this sense, the effect of corpus size, quality and pre-training techniques need to be further investigated to be able to obtain Spanish monolingual models significantly better than the multilingual ones released by large private companies, specially in the face of rapid ongoing progress in the field. The recent activity in the development of language technology for Spanish is to be welcomed, but our results show that building language models remains an open, resource-heavy problem which requires to marry resources (monetary and/or computational) with the best research expertise and practice.

自然语言处理领域（NLP）最近看到使用预先接受训练的语言模型来解决几乎任何任务的大量变化。尽管对各种任务的基准数据集显示了很大的改进，但这些模型通常在非标准域中对临床领域的临床域进行次优，其中观察到预训练文件和目标文件之间的巨大差距。在本文中，我们的目标是通过对语言模型的域特定培训结束这种差距，我们调查其对多种下游任务和设置的影响。我们介绍了预先训练的Clin-X（临床XLM-R）语言模型，并展示了Clin-X如何通过两种语言的十个临床概念提取任务的大幅度优于其他预先训练的变压器模型。此外，我们展示了如何通过基于随机分裂和交叉句子上下文的集合来利用我们所提出的任务和语言 - 无人机模型架构进一步改善变压器模型。我们在低资源和转移设置中的研究显​​示，尽管只有250个标记的句子，但在只有250个标记的句子时，缺乏带注释数据的稳定模型表现。我们的结果突出了专业语言模型作为非标准域中的概念提取的Clin-X的重要性，但也表明我们的任务 - 无人机模型架构跨越测试任务和语言是强大的，以便域名或任务特定的适应不需要。 Clin-Xlanguage模型和用于微调和传输模型的源代码在https://github.com/boschresearch/clin\_x/和Huggingface模型集线器上公开使用。

与标准命名实体识别（NER）相比，在历史文本中识别人，位置和组织是一个巨大的挑战。为了获得机器可读的语料库，通常需要扫描历史文本，并且需要执行光学特征识别（OCR）。结果，历史文献包含错误。此外，位置或组织等实体可以随着时间的推移而改变，这构成了另一个挑战。总体而言，历史文本带有几种特殊性，这些特殊性与现代文本有很大不同，并且在该领域几乎无法使用训练神经标记器的大型标记的Corpora。在这项工作中，我们通过培训大型历史语言模型来解决历史，英语，法语，瑞典语和芬兰语的历史文献。我们通过使用未标记的数据预处理语言模型来规避大量标记数据的需求。我们提出了Hmbert，这是一种历史多语言基于BERT的语言模型，并以多种不同大小的版本发布该模型。此外，我们通过解决下游NER作为今年HIPE-2022共享任务的一部分来评估HMBERT的能力，并提供详细的分析和见解。对于多种语言的经典评论粗粒ner挑战，我们的标记者Histeria的表现优于其他团队的三种语言中的其他团队的模型。

大型预用屏蔽语言模型已成为许多NLP问题的最先进的解决方案。虽然研究表明，单晶模型产生比多语言模型产生更好的结果，但训练数据集必须足够大。我们培训了立陶宛，拉脱维亚语和英语的三种语言Litlat Bert样模型，以及爱沙尼亚的单语Est-Roberta模型。我们在四个下游任务中评估它们的性能：命名实体识别，依赖解析，词语标记和单词类比。为了分析对单一语言的重要性以及大型培训集的重要性，我们将创建的模型与爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚和立陶宛人进行了现有的单语和多语言伯特模型。结果表明，新创建的Litlat Bert和Est-Roberta模型在大多数情况下改善了所有测试任务的现有模型的结果。

通常，在自然语言处理领域，识别指定实体是一项实用且具有挑战性的任务。由于混合的性质导致语言复杂性，因此在代码混合文本上命名的实体识别是进一步的挑战。本文介绍了CMNERONE团队在Semeval 2022共享任务11 Multiconer的提交。代码混合的NER任务旨在识别代码混合数据集中的命名实体。我们的工作包括在代码混合数据集上的命名实体识别（NER），来利用多语言数据。我们的加权平均F1得分为0.7044，即比基线大6％。

文本分类是具有各种有趣应用程序的典型自然语言处理或计算语言学任务。随着社交媒体平台上的用户数量的增加，数据加速促进了有关社交媒体文本分类（SMTC）或社交媒体文本挖掘的新兴研究。与英语相比，越南人是低资源语言之一，仍然没有集中精力并彻底利用。受胶水成功的启发，我们介绍了社交媒体文本分类评估（SMTCE）基准，作为各种SMTC任务的数据集和模型的集合。借助拟议的基准，我们实施和分析了各种基于BERT的模型（Mbert，XLM-R和Distilmbert）和基于单语的BERT模型（Phobert，Vibert，Vibert，Velectra和Vibert4news）的有效性SMTCE基准。单语模型优于多语言模型，并实现所有文本分类任务的最新结果。它提供了基于基准的多语言和单语言模型的客观评估，该模型将使越南语言中有关贝尔特兰的未来研究有利。

Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.

Automatic term extraction plays an essential role in domain language understanding and several natural language processing downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a comparative study on the predictive power of Transformers-based pretrained language models toward term extraction in a multi-language cross-domain setting. Besides evaluating the ability of monolingual models to extract single- and multi-word terms, we also experiment with ensembles of mono- and multilingual models by conducting the intersection or union on the term output sets of different language models. Our experiments have been conducted on the ACTER corpus covering four specialized domains (Corruption, Wind energy, Equitation, and Heart failure) and three languages (English, French, and Dutch), and on the RSDO5 Slovenian corpus covering four additional domains (Biomechanics, Chemistry, Veterinary, and Linguistics). The results show that the strategy of employing monolingual models outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches from the related work leveraging multilingual models, regarding all the languages except Dutch and French if the term extraction task excludes the extraction of named entity terms. Furthermore, by combining the outputs of the two best performing models, we achieve significant improvements.

Event Detection (ED) is the task of identifying and classifying trigger words of event mentions in text. Despite considerable research efforts in recent years for English text, the task of ED in other languages has been significantly less explored. Switching to non-English languages, important research questions for ED include how well existing ED models perform on different languages, how challenging ED is in other languages, and how well ED knowledge and annotation can be transferred across languages. To answer those questions, it is crucial to obtain multilingual ED datasets that provide consistent event annotation for multiple languages. There exist some multilingual ED datasets; however, they tend to cover a handful of languages and mainly focus on popular ones. Many languages are not covered in existing multilingual ED datasets. In addition, the current datasets are often small and not accessible to the public. To overcome those shortcomings, we introduce a new large-scale multilingual dataset for ED (called MINION) that consistently annotates events for 8 different languages; 5 of them have not been supported by existing multilingual datasets. We also perform extensive experiments and analysis to demonstrate the challenges and transferability of ED across languages in MINION that in all call for more research effort in this area.

Event Extraction (EE) is one of the fundamental tasks in Information Extraction (IE) that aims to recognize event mentions and their arguments (i.e., participants) from text. Due to its importance, extensive methods and resources have been developed for Event Extraction. However, one limitation of current research for EE involves the under-exploration for non-English languages in which the lack of high-quality multilingual EE datasets for model training and evaluation has been the main hindrance. To address this limitation, we propose a novel Multilingual Event Extraction dataset (MEE) that provides annotation for more than 50K event mentions in 8 typologically different languages. MEE comprehensively annotates data for entity mentions, event triggers and event arguments. We conduct extensive experiments on the proposed dataset to reveal challenges and opportunities for multilingual EE.

随着预培训的语言模型变得更加要求资源，因此资源丰富的语言（例如英语和资源筛选）语言之间的不平等正在恶化。这可以归因于以下事实：每种语言中的可用培训数据量都遵循幂律分布，并且大多数语言都属于分布的长尾巴。一些研究领域试图缓解这个问题。例如，在跨语言转移学习和多语言培训中，目标是通过从资源丰富的语言中获得的知识使长尾语言受益。尽管成功，但现有工作主要集中于尝试尽可能多的语言。结果，有针对性的深入分析主要不存在。在这项研究中，我们专注于单一的低资源语言，并使用跨语性培训（XPT）进行广泛的评估和探测实验。为了使转移方案具有挑战性，我们选择韩语作为目标语言，因为它是一种孤立的语言，因此与英语几乎没有类型的分类。结果表明，XPT不仅优于表现或与单语模型相当，该模型训练有大小的数据，而且在传输过程中也很高。

Pre-training large neural language models, such as BERT, has led to impressive gains on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although this method has proven to be effective for many domains, it might not always provide desirable benefits. In this paper, we study the effects of hateful pre-training on low-resource hate speech classification tasks. While previous studies on the English language have emphasized its importance, we aim to augment their observations with some non-obvious insights. We evaluate different variations of tweet-based BERT models pre-trained on hateful, non-hateful, and mixed subsets of a 40M tweet dataset. This evaluation is carried out for the Indian languages Hindi and Marathi. This paper is empirical evidence that hateful pre-training is not the best pre-training option for hate speech detection. We show that pre-training on non-hateful text from the target domain provides similar or better results. Further, we introduce HindTweetBERT and MahaTweetBERT, the first publicly available BERT models pre-trained on Hindi and Marathi tweets, respectively. We show that they provide state-of-the-art performance on hate speech classification tasks. We also release hateful BERT for the two languages and a gold hate speech evaluation benchmark HateEval-Hi and HateEval-Mr consisting of manually labeled 2000 tweets each. The models and data are available at https://github.com/l3cube-pune/MarathiNLP .

多词表达式（MWE）是一系列单词，共同提出的含义不是从其单个单词中得出的。处理MWE的任务在许多自然语言处理（NLP）应用中至关重要，包括机器翻译和术语提取。因此，在不同领域中检测MWE是一个重要的研究主题。在本文中，我们探索了最新的神经变压器，以检测花和植物名称中的MWES。我们在由植物和花朵百科全书创建的数据集上评估了不同的变压器模型。我们从经验上表明，Transformer模型模型优于基于长期记忆（LSTM）的先前神经模型。

我们介绍ASNER，这是一种使用基线阿萨姆语NER模型的低资源阿萨姆语言的命名实体注释数据集。该数据集包含大约99k代币，其中包括印度总理和阿萨姆人戏剧演讲中的文字。它还包含个人名称，位置名称和地址。拟议的NER数据集可能是基于深神经的阿萨姆语言处理的重要资源。我们通过训练NER模型进行基准测试数据集并使用最先进的体系结构评估被监督的命名实体识别（NER），例如FastText，Bert，XLM-R，Flair，Muril等。我们实施了几种基线方法，标记BI-LSTM-CRF体系结构的序列。当使用Muril用作单词嵌入方法时，所有基线中最高的F1得分的准确性为80.69％。带注释的数据集和最高性能模型公开可用。

已经开发了许多方法，以通过消除社交媒体平台的庸俗，令人反感和激烈的评论来监测现代岁月中的消极性传播。然而，存在相对较少的研究，这些研究会收敛于拥抱积极性，加强在线论坛中的支持性和放心内容。因此，我们建议创建英国kannada希望语音数据集，Kanhope并比较几个实验来基准数据集。 DataSet由6,176个用户生成的评论组成，代码混合kannada从YouTube刮擦并手动注释为轴承希望语音或不希望的演讲。此外，我们介绍了DC-BERT4HOPE，一种使用Kanhope的英语翻译进行额外培训的双通道模型，以促进希望语音检测。该方法实现了0.756的加权F1分数，更好的其他模型。从此，卡霍普旨在促进坎卡达的研究，同时促进研究人员，以鼓励，积极和支持的在线内容中务实的方法。