在这项工作中,我们以一种充满挑战的自我监督方法研究无监督的领域适应性(UDA)。困难之一是如何在没有目标标签的情况下学习任务歧视。与以前的文献直接使跨域分布或利用反向梯度保持一致,我们建议域混淆对比度学习(DCCL),以通过域难题桥接源和目标域,并在适应后保留歧视性表示。从技术上讲,DCCL搜索了最大的挑战方向,而精美的工艺领域将增强型混淆为正对,然后对比鼓励该模型向其他领域提取陈述,从而学习更稳定和有效的域名。我们还研究对比度学习在执行其他数据增强时是否必然有助于UDA。广泛的实验表明,DCCL明显优于基准。
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跨域情绪分析旨在使用在源域上训练的模型来预测目标域中文本的情感,以应对标记数据的稀缺性。先前的研究主要是针对任务的基于跨透明的方法,这些方法受到不稳定性和泛化不良的方式。在本文中,我们探讨了有关跨域情绪分析任务的对比度学习。我们提出了一个经过修改的对比度目标,其中包括隔离式负面样本,以便将同一类的句子表示将被推开,而来自不同类别的句子表示在潜在空间中进一步分开。在两个广泛使用的数据集上进行的实验表明,我们的模型可以在跨域和多域情绪分析任务中实现最先进的性能。同时,可视化证明了在源域中学习的知识转移到目标域的有效性,并且对抗性测试验证了我们模型的鲁棒性。
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自我监督的学习方法,如对比学习,在自然语言处理中非常重视。它使用对培训数据增强对具有良好表示能力的编码器构建分类任务。然而,在对比学习的学习成对的构建在NLP任务中更难。以前的作品生成单词级更改以形成对,但小变换可能会导致句子含义的显着变化作为自然语言的离散和稀疏性质。在本文中,对对抗的训练在NLP的嵌入空间中产生了挑战性和更难的学习对抗性示例作为学习对。使用对比学学习提高了对抗性培训的泛化能力,因为对比损失可以使样品分布均匀。同时,对抗性培训也提高了对比学习的稳健性。提出了两种小说框架,监督对比对抗学习(SCAS)和无监督的SCAS(USCAL),通过利用对比学习的对抗性培训来产生学习成对。利用基于标签的监督任务丢失,以产生对抗性示例,而无监督的任务会带来对比损失。为了验证所提出的框架的有效性,我们将其雇用到基于变换器的模型,用于自然语言理解,句子语义文本相似性和对抗学习任务。胶水基准任务的实验结果表明,我们的微调监督方法优于BERT $ _ {基础} $超过1.75 \%。我们还评估我们对语义文本相似性(STS)任务的无监督方法,并且我们的方法获得77.29 \%with bert $ _ {base} $。我们方法的稳健性在NLI任务的多个对抗性数据集下进行最先进的结果。
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Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) aims at extracting opinionated aspect terms in review texts and determining their sentiment polarities, which is widely studied in both academia and industry. As a fine-grained classification task, the annotation cost is extremely high. Domain adaptation is a popular solution to alleviate the data deficiency issue in new domains by transferring common knowledge across domains. Most cross-domain ABSA studies are based on structure correspondence learning (SCL), and use pivot features to construct auxiliary tasks for narrowing down the gap between domains. However, their pivot-based auxiliary tasks can only transfer knowledge of aspect terms but not sentiment, limiting the performance of existing models. In this work, we propose a novel Syntax-guided Domain Adaptation Model, named SDAM, for more effective cross-domain ABSA. SDAM exploits syntactic structure similarities for building pseudo training instances, during which aspect terms of target domain are explicitly related to sentiment polarities. Besides, we propose a syntax-based BERT mask language model for further capturing domain-invariant features. Finally, to alleviate the sentiment inconsistency issue in multi-gram aspect terms, we introduce a span-based joint aspect term and sentiment analysis module into the cross-domain End2End ABSA. Experiments on five benchmark datasets show that our model consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines with respect to Micro-F1 metric for the cross-domain End2End ABSA task.
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自我监督的学习(SSL)最近成为特征学习方法中的最爱。因此,它可以吸引域适应方法来考虑结合SSL。直觉是强制执行实例级别一致性,使得预测器在域中变得不变。但是,域适应制度中的大多数现有SSL方法通常被视为独立的辅助组件,使域自适应的签名无人看管。实际上,域间隙消失的最佳区域和SSL PERUSES的实例级别约束可能根本不一致。从这一点来看,我们向一个特定的范式的自我监督学习量身定制,用于域适应,即可转让的对比学习(TCL),这与SSL和所需的跨域转移性相一致地联系起来。我们发现对比学习本质上是一个合适的域适应候选者,因为它的实例不变性假设可以方便地促进由域适应任务青睐的跨域类级不变性。基于特定的记忆库结构和伪标签策略,TCL然后通过清洁和新的对比损失来惩罚源头和靶之间的跨域内域差异。免费午餐是由于纳入对比学习,TCL依赖于移动平均的关键编码器,自然地实现了用于目标数据的伪标签的暂停标签,这避免了无额外的成本。因此,TCL有效地减少了跨域间隙。通过对基准(Office-Home,Visda-2017,Diamet-Five,PACS和Domainnet)进行广泛的实验,用于单源和多源域适配任务,TCL已经证明了最先进的性能。
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Cross-domain few-shot relation extraction poses a great challenge for the existing few-shot learning methods and domain adaptation methods when the source domain and target domain have large discrepancies. This paper proposes a method by combining the idea of few-shot learning and domain adaptation to deal with this problem. In the proposed method, an encoder, learned by optimizing a representation loss and an adversarial loss, is used to extract the relation of sentences in the source and target domain. The representation loss, including a cross-entropy loss and a contrastive loss, makes the encoder extract the relation of the source domain and keep the geometric structure of the classes in the source domain. And the adversarial loss is used to merge the source domain and target domain. The experimental results on the benchmark FewRel dataset demonstrate that the proposed method can outperform some state-of-the-art methods.
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深度学习已成为解决不同领域中现实世界中问题的首选方法,部分原因是它能够从数据中学习并在广泛的应用程序上实现令人印象深刻的性能。但是,它的成功通常取决于两个假设:(i)精确模型拟合需要大量标记的数据集,并且(ii)培训和测试数据是独立的且分布相同的。因此,不能保证它在看不见的目标域上的性能,尤其是在适应阶段遇到分布数据的数据时。目标域中数据的性能下降是部署深层神经网络的关键问题,这些网络已成功地在源域中的数据训练。通过利用标记的源域数据和未标记的目标域数据来执行目标域中的各种任务,提出了无监督的域适应(UDA)来对抗这一点。 UDA在自然图像处理,视频分析,自然语言处理,时间序列数据分析,医学图像分析等方面取得了令人鼓舞的结果。在本综述中,作为一个快速发展的主题,我们对其方法和应用程序进行了系统的比较。此外,还讨论了UDA与其紧密相关的任务的联系,例如域的概括和分布外检测。此外,突出显示了当前方法和可能有希望的方向的缺陷。
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数据增强是通过转换为机器学习的人工创建数据的人工创建,是一个跨机器学习学科的研究领域。尽管它对于增加模型的概括功能很有用,但它还可以解决许多其他挑战和问题,从克服有限的培训数据到正规化目标到限制用于保护隐私的数据的数量。基于对数据扩展的目标和应用的精确描述以及现有作品的分类法,该调查涉及用于文本分类的数据增强方法,并旨在为研究人员和从业者提供简洁而全面的概述。我们将100多种方法划分为12种不同的分组,并提供最先进的参考文献来阐述哪种方法可以通过将它们相互关联,从而阐述了哪种方法。最后,提供可能构成未来工作的基础的研究观点。
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域自适应文本分类对于大规模预处理的语言模型来说是一个具有挑战性的问题,因为它们通常需要昂贵的额外标记数据来适应新域。现有作品通常无法利用跨域单词之间的隐式关系。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的方法,称为结构化知识(DASK)的域适应性,以通过利用单词级别的语义关系来增强域的适应性。 Dask首先构建知识图,以捕获目标域中的枢轴项(独立域单词)和非居式项之间的关系。然后在训练期间,DASK注入与源域文本的枢轴相关知识图信息。对于下游任务,这些注入知识的文本被馈入能够处理知识注入文本数据的BERT变体。多亏了知识注入,我们的模型根据与枢轴的关系学习了非客者的域不变特征。 DASK通过在使用伪标签训练期间通过候选枢轴的极性得分动态推断出具有域不变行为的枢轴。我们在各种跨域情绪分类任务上验证了DASK,并观察到20种不同领域对的基准的绝对性能提高了2.9%。代码将在https://github.com/hikaru-nara/dask上提供。
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关于无监督的域适应性(UDA)的广泛研究已将有限的实验数据集深入学习到现实世界中无约束的领域。大多数UDA接近通用嵌入空间中的对齐功能,并将共享分类器应用于目标预测。但是,由于当域差异很大时可能不存在完全排列的特征空间,因此这些方法受到了两个局限性。首先,由于缺乏目标标签监督,强制域的比对会恶化目标域的可区分性。其次,源监督分类器不可避免地偏向源数据,因此它在目标域中的表现可能不佳。为了减轻这些问题,我们建议在两个集中在不同领域的空间中同时进行特征对齐,并为每个空间创建一个针对该域的面向域的分类器。具体而言,我们设计了一个面向域的变压器(DOT),该变压器(DOT)具有两个单独的分类令牌,以学习不同的面向域的表示形式和两个分类器,以保持域的可区分性。理论保证的基于对比度的对齐和源指导的伪标签细化策略被用来探索域名和特定信息。全面的实验验证了我们的方法在几个基准上实现了最先进的方法。
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最近的作品表明了解释性和鲁棒性是值得信赖和可靠的文本分类的两个关键成分。然而,以前的作品通常是解决了两个方面的一个:i)如何提取准确的理由,以便在有利于预测的同时解释; ii)如何使预测模型对不同类型的对抗性攻击稳健。直观地,一种产生有用的解释的模型应该对对抗性攻击更加强大,因为我们无法信任输出解释的模型,而是在小扰动下改变其预测。为此,我们提出了一个名为-BMC的联合分类和理由提取模型。它包括两个关键机制:混合的对手训练(AT)旨在在离散和嵌入空间中使用各种扰动,以改善模型的鲁棒性,边界匹配约束(BMC)有助于利用边界信息的引导来定位理由。基准数据集的性能表明,所提出的AT-BMC优于分类和基本原子的基础,由大边距提取。鲁棒性分析表明,建议的AT-BMC将攻击成功率降低了高达69%。经验结果表明,强大的模型与更好的解释之间存在连接。
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虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据,但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是,在现实世界的应用中,不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限,手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是,模型性能因域之间的差异(域移位或数据集偏差)而劣化。为了克服注释的负担,域适应(DA)旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA(UDA)处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异,并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中,我们首先定义UDA问题。其次,我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后,我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。
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In this paper, we investigate a challenging unsupervised domain adaptation setting -unsupervised model adaptation. We aim to explore how to rely only on unlabeled target data to improve performance of an existing source prediction model on the target domain, since labeled source data may not be available in some real-world scenarios due to data privacy issues. For this purpose, we propose a new framework, which is referred to as collaborative class conditional generative adversarial net to bypass the dependence on the source data. Specifically, the prediction model is to be improved through generated target-style data, which provides more accurate guidance for the generator. As a result, the generator and the prediction model can collaborate with each other without source data. Furthermore, due to the lack of supervision from source data, we propose a weight constraint that encourages similarity to the source model. A clustering-based regularization is also introduced to produce more discriminative features in the target domain. Compared to conventional domain adaptation methods, our model achieves superior performance on multiple adaptation tasks with only unlabeled target data, which verifies its effectiveness in this challenging setting.
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Recent advances in NLP are brought by a range of large-scale pretrained language models (PLMs). These PLMs have brought significant performance gains for a range of NLP tasks, circumventing the need to customize complex designs for specific tasks. However, most current work focus on finetuning PLMs on a domain-specific datasets, ignoring the fact that the domain gap can lead to overfitting and even performance drop. Therefore, it is practically important to find an appropriate method to effectively adapt PLMs to a target domain of interest. Recently, a range of methods have been proposed to achieve this purpose. Early surveys on domain adaptation are not suitable for PLMs due to the sophisticated behavior exhibited by PLMs from traditional models trained from scratch and that domain adaptation of PLMs need to be redesigned to take effect. This paper aims to provide a survey on these newly proposed methods and shed light in how to apply traditional machine learning methods to newly evolved and future technologies. By examining the issues of deploying PLMs for downstream tasks, we propose a taxonomy of domain adaptation approaches from a machine learning system view, covering methods for input augmentation, model optimization and personalization. We discuss and compare those methods and suggest promising future research directions.
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无监督的域适应(UDA)旨在将标记的源分布与未标记的目标分布对齐,以获取域不变预测模型。然而,众所周知的UDA方法的应用在半监督域适应(SSDA)方案中不完全概括,其中来自目标域的少数标记的样本可用。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于半监督域适应(CLDA)的简单对比学习框架,该框架试图在SSDA中弥合标记和未标记的目标分布与源极和未标记的目标分布之间的域间差距之间的域间隙。我们建议采用类明智的对比学学习来降低原始(输入图像)和强大增强的未标记目标图像之间的域间间隙和实例级对比度对准,以最小化域内差异。我们已经凭经验表明,这两个模块相互补充,以实现卓越的性能。在三个众所周知的域适应基准数据集中的实验即Domainnet,Office-Home和Office31展示了我们方法的有效性。 CLDA在所有上述数据集上实现最先进的结果。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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对比性自我监督学习方法学会将图像(例如图像)映射到无需标签的情况下将图像映射到非参数表示空间中。尽管非常成功,但当前方法在训练阶段需要大量数据。在目标训练集规模限制的情况下,已知概括是差的。在大型源数据集和目标样本上进行微调进行预处理,容易在几杆方向上过度拟合,在几个弹药方面,只有少量的目标样本可用。在此激励的情况下,我们提出了一种用于自我监督的对比度学习的域适应方法,称为少数最大的学习方法,以解决对目标分布的适应问题,这些问题在几乎没有射击学习下。为了量化表示质量,我们在包括ImageNet,Visda和FastMRI在内的一系列源和目标数据集上评估了很少的最大最大速度,在这些数据集和FastMRI上,很少有最大最大的最大值始终优于其他方法。
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对抗性例子的现象说明了深神经网络最基本的漏洞之一。在推出这一固有的弱点的各种技术中,对抗性训练已成为学习健壮模型的最有效策略。通常,这是通过平衡强大和自然目标来实现的。在这项工作中,我们旨在通过执行域不变的功能表示,进一步优化鲁棒和标准准确性之间的权衡。我们提出了一种新的对抗训练方法,域不变的对手学习(DIAL),该方法学习了一个既健壮又不变的功能表示形式。拨盘使用自然域及其相应的对抗域上的域对抗神经网络(DANN)的变体。在源域由自然示例组成和目标域组成的情况下,是对抗性扰动的示例,我们的方法学习了一个被限制的特征表示,以免区分自然和对抗性示例,因此可以实现更强大的表示。拨盘是一种通用和模块化技术,可以轻松地将其纳入任何对抗训练方法中。我们的实验表明,将拨号纳入对抗训练过程中可以提高鲁棒性和标准精度。
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Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) via deep learning has attracted appealing attention for tackling domain-shift problems caused by distribution discrepancy across different domains. Existing UDA approaches highly depend on the accessibility of source domain data, which is usually limited in practical scenarios due to privacy protection, data storage and transmission cost, and computation burden. To tackle this issue, many source-free unsupervised domain adaptation (SFUDA) methods have been proposed recently, which perform knowledge transfer from a pre-trained source model to unlabeled target domain with source data inaccessible. A comprehensive review of these works on SFUDA is of great significance. In this paper, we provide a timely and systematic literature review of existing SFUDA approaches from a technical perspective. Specifically, we categorize current SFUDA studies into two groups, i.e., white-box SFUDA and black-box SFUDA, and further divide them into finer subcategories based on different learning strategies they use. We also investigate the challenges of methods in each subcategory, discuss the advantages/disadvantages of white-box and black-box SFUDA methods, conclude the commonly used benchmark datasets, and summarize the popular techniques for improved generalizability of models learned without using source data. We finally discuss several promising future directions in this field.
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Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) has emerged as a powerful solution for the domain shift problem via transferring the knowledge from a labeled source domain to a shifted unlabeled target domain. Despite the prevalence of UDA for visual applications, it remains relatively less explored for time-series applications. In this work, we propose a novel lightweight contrastive domain adaptation framework called CoTMix for time-series data. Unlike existing approaches that either use statistical distances or adversarial techniques, we leverage contrastive learning solely to mitigate the distribution shift across the different domains. Specifically, we propose a novel temporal mixup strategy to generate two intermediate augmented views for the source and target domains. Subsequently, we leverage contrastive learning to maximize the similarity between each domain and its corresponding augmented view. The generated views consider the temporal dynamics of time-series data during the adaptation process while inheriting the semantics among the two domains. Hence, we gradually push both domains towards a common intermediate space, mitigating the distribution shift across them. Extensive experiments conducted on four real-world time-series datasets show that our approach can significantly outperform all state-of-the-art UDA methods. The implementation code of CoTMix is available at \href{https://github.com/emadeldeen24/CoTMix}{github.com/emadeldeen24/CoTMix}.
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