众所周知,由出色的文档级神经机器翻译(NMT)模型产生的翻译是一致且连贯的。但是,像BLEU这样的现有句子级评估指标几乎无法反映模型在文档级别的性能。为了解决这个问题,我们在本文中提出了一种话语凝聚评估方法(DCOEM),并贡献了一个新的测试套件,该套件考虑了四个凝聚力的方式(参考,连接,替代和词汇凝聚力),以衡量文档翻译的凝聚力。最近的文档级NMT系统的评估结果表明,我们的方法在估计文档级别的翻译方面是实用且至关重要的。
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标准自动指标,例如BLEU对于文档级MT评估不可靠。他们既不能区分翻译质量的文档级改进与句子级别的改进,也不能确定引起上下文反应翻译的话语现象。本文介绍了一种新颖的自动公制金发,以扩大自动MT评估的范围,从句子到文档级别。金发女郎通过对与话语相关的跨度进行分类并计算基于相似性的F1分类跨度来考虑话语一致性。我们对新建的数据集BWB进行了广泛的比较。实验结果表明,金发女郎在文档级别具有更好的选择性和可解释性,并且对文档级别的细微差别更为敏感。在一项大规模的人类研究中,与以前的指标相比,金发碧眼的皮尔逊与人类判断的相关性也明显更高。
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神经机器翻译(NMT)是一个开放的词汇问题。结果,处理在培训期间没有出现的单词(又称唱歌外(OOV)单词)长期以来一直是NMT系统的基本挑战。解决此问题的主要方法是字节对编码(BPE),将包括OOV单词在内的单词分为子字段中。在自动评估指标方面,BPE为广泛的翻译任务取得了令人印象深刻的结果。尽管通常假定使用BPE,但NMT系统能够处理OOV单词,但BPE在翻译OOV单词中的有效性尚未明确测量。在本文中,我们研究了BPE在多大程度上成功地翻译了单词级别的OOV单词。我们根据单词类型,段数,交叉注意权重和训练数据中段NGram的段频率分析OOV单词的翻译质量。我们的实验表明,尽管仔细的BPE设置似乎在整个数据集中翻译OOV单词时相当有用,但很大一部分的OOV单词被错误地翻译而成。此外,我们强调了BPE在为特殊案例(例如命名本性和涉及的语言彼此接近的语言)翻译OOV单词中的有效性稍高。
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Directly training a document-to-document (Doc2Doc) neural machine translation (NMT) via Transformer from scratch, especially on small datasets usually fails to converge. Our dedicated probing tasks show that 1) both the absolute position and relative position information gets gradually weakened or even vanished once it reaches the upper encoder layers, and 2) the vanishing of absolute position information in encoder output causes the training failure of Doc2Doc NMT. To alleviate this problem, we propose a position-aware Transformer (P-Transformer) to enhance both the absolute and relative position information in both self-attention and cross-attention. Specifically, we integrate absolute positional information, i.e., position embeddings, into the query-key pairs both in self-attention and cross-attention through a simple yet effective addition operation. Moreover, we also integrate relative position encoding in self-attention. The proposed P-Transformer utilizes sinusoidal position encoding and does not require any task-specified position embedding, segment embedding, or attention mechanism. Through the above methods, we build a Doc2Doc NMT model with P-Transformer, which ingests the source document and completely generates the target document in a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) way. In addition, P-Transformer can be applied to seq2seq-based document-to-sentence (Doc2Sent) and sentence-to-sentence (Sent2Sent) translation. Extensive experimental results of Doc2Doc NMT show that P-Transformer significantly outperforms strong baselines on widely-used 9 document-level datasets in 7 language pairs, covering small-, middle-, and large-scales, and achieves a new state-of-the-art. Experimentation on discourse phenomena shows that our Doc2Doc NMT models improve the translation quality in both BLEU and discourse coherence. We make our code available on Github.
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虽然已经提出了许多背景感知神经机器转换模型在翻译中包含语境,但大多数模型在句子级别对齐的并行文档上培训结束到底。因为只有少数域(和语言对)具有此类文档级并行数据,所以我们无法在大多数域中执行准确的上下文感知转换。因此,我们通过将文档级语言模型结合到解码器中,提出了一种简单的方法将句子级转换模型转换为上下文感知模型。我们的上下文感知解码器仅在句子级并行语料库和单语演模板上构建;因此,不需要文档级并行数据。在理论上,这项工作的核心部分是使用上下文和当前句子之间的点亮互信息的语境信息的新颖表示。我们以三种语言对,英语到法语,英语到俄语,以及日语到英语,通过评估,通过评估以及对上下文意识翻译的对比测试。
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As machine translation (MT) metrics improve their correlation with human judgement every year, it is crucial to understand the limitations of such metrics at the segment level. Specifically, it is important to investigate metric behaviour when facing accuracy errors in MT because these can have dangerous consequences in certain contexts (e.g., legal, medical). We curate ACES, a translation accuracy challenge set, consisting of 68 phenomena ranging from simple perturbations at the word/character level to more complex errors based on discourse and real-world knowledge. We use ACES to evaluate a wide range of MT metrics including the submissions to the WMT 2022 metrics shared task and perform several analyses leading to general recommendations for metric developers. We recommend: a) combining metrics with different strengths, b) developing metrics that give more weight to the source and less to surface-level overlap with the reference and c) explicitly modelling additional language-specific information beyond what is available via multilingual embeddings.
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我们假设现有的句子级机器翻译(MT)指标在人类参考包含歧义时会效率降低。为了验证这一假设,我们提出了一种非常简单的方法,用于扩展预审计的指标以在文档级别合并上下文。我们将我们的方法应用于三个流行的指标,即Bertscore,Prism和Comet,以及无参考的公制Comet-QE。我们使用提供的MQM注释评估WMT 2021指标共享任务的扩展指标。我们的结果表明,扩展指标的表现在约85%的测试条件下优于其句子级别的级别,而在排除低质量人类参考的结果时。此外,我们表明我们的文档级扩展大大提高了其对话语现象任务的准确性,从而优于专用基线高达6.1%。我们的实验结果支持我们的初始假设,并表明对指标的简单扩展使他们能够利用上下文来解决参考中的歧义。
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The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (AJD) contain the daily records of the Kings of Joseon, the 500-year kingdom preceding the modern nation of Korea. The Annals were originally written in an archaic Korean writing system, `Hanja', and were translated into Korean from 1968 to 1993. The resulting translation was however too literal and contained many archaic Korean words; thus, a new expert translation effort began in 2012. Since then, the records of only one king have been completed in a decade. In parallel, expert translators are working on English translation, also at a slow pace and produced only one king's records in English so far. Thus, we propose H2KE, a neural machine translation model, that translates historical documents in Hanja to more easily understandable Korean and to English. Built on top of multilingual neural machine translation, H2KE learns to translate a historical document written in Hanja, from both a full dataset of outdated Korean translation and a small dataset of more recently translated contemporary Korean and English. We compare our method against two baselines: a recent model that simultaneously learns to restore and translate Hanja historical document and a Transformer based model trained only on newly translated corpora. The experiments reveal that our method significantly outperforms the baselines in terms of BLEU scores for both contemporary Korean and English translations. We further conduct extensive human evaluation which shows that our translation is preferred over the original expert translations by both experts and non-expert Korean speakers.
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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定义生成任务旨在自动在特定上下文中生成一个单词的定义。但是,由于缺乏针对不同复杂性的数据集,模型产生的定义往往会保持相同的复杂度。本文提出了为具有可控复杂性级别的单词生成定义的新任务。相应地,我们介绍了编译,一个数据集给出了有关中国定义的详细信息,并且每个定义都标有其复杂性级别。编译数据集包括74,303个单词和106,882个定义。据我们所知,它是中国定义生成任务的最大数据集。我们选择各种代表性生成方法作为此任务的基准和进行评估,这说明我们的数据集在协助模型生成不同的复杂性级别定义方面发挥了出色的作用。我们认为,编译数据集将使复杂性可控定义生成的进一步研究受益。
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最近提出的基于BERT的评估指标在标准评估基准方面表现良好,但容易受到对抗性攻击的影响,例如与事实错误有关。我们认为这(部分原因)是因为它们是语义相似性的模型。相反,我们根据自然语言推断(NLI)制定评估指标,我们认为这是更合适的建模。我们设计了一个基于偏好的对抗攻击框架,并表明我们的基于NLI的指标比最近基于BERT的指标更强大。在标准基准上,我们的基于NLI的指标的表现优于现有的摘要指标,但在SOTA MT指标下执行。但是,当我们将现有指标与NLI指标相结合时,我们可以获得更高的对抗性鲁棒性( +20%至 +30%)和较高质量的指标,如标准基准测量( +5%至 +25%)。
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We report the result of the first edition of the WMT shared task on Translation Suggestion (TS). The task aims to provide alternatives for specific words or phrases given the entire documents generated by machine translation (MT). It consists two sub-tasks, namely, the naive translation suggestion and translation suggestion with hints. The main difference is that some hints are provided in sub-task two, therefore, it is easier for the model to generate more accurate suggestions. For sub-task one, we provide the corpus for the language pairs English-German and English-Chinese. And only English-Chinese corpus is provided for the sub-task two. We received 92 submissions from 5 participating teams in sub-task one and 6 submissions for the sub-task 2, most of them covering all of the translation directions. We used the automatic metric BLEU for evaluating the performance of each submission.
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我们介绍了第一个用于濒危Erzya语言与俄语以及我们为训练和评估它收集的数据集的神经机器翻译系统。BLEU分别分别为Erzya和Russian的BLEU分数分别为17和19,其中一半以上的翻译被以母语为母语的人可以接受。我们还调整了模型以在Erzya和其他10种语言之间转换,但是如果没有其他并行数据,这些方向上的质量仍然很低。我们将翻译模型与收集的文本语料库一起发布,新的语言标识模型以及适合Erzya语言的多语言句子编码器。这些资源将在https://github.com/slone-nlp/myv-nmt上找到。
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估计机器翻译系统的质量是该领域的研究人员的持续挑战。许多以前使用往返翻译的尝试作为质量的衡量标准失败,并且对其是一种可行的质量估算方法有很大的分歧。在本文中,我们重新审视了往返翻译,提出了一个旨在解决这种方法发现的先前陷阱的系统。我们的方法利用近期语言表示的进步学习,以更准确地衡量原始和往返翻译句子之间的相似性。实验表明,虽然我们的方法没有达到现有技术的当前状态的性能,但它仍然可能是某些语言对的有效方法。
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Video dubbing aims to translate the original speech in a film or television program into the speech in a target language, which can be achieved with a cascaded system consisting of speech recognition, machine translation and speech synthesis. To ensure the translated speech to be well aligned with the corresponding video, the length/duration of the translated speech should be as close as possible to that of the original speech, which requires strict length control. Previous works usually control the number of words or characters generated by the machine translation model to be similar to the source sentence, without considering the isochronicity of speech as the speech duration of words/characters in different languages varies. In this paper, we propose a machine translation system tailored for the task of video dubbing, which directly considers the speech duration of each token in translation, to match the length of source and target speech. Specifically, we control the speech length of generated sentence by guiding the prediction of each word with the duration information, including the speech duration of itself as well as how much duration is left for the remaining words. We design experiments on four language directions (German -> English, Spanish -> English, Chinese <-> English), and the results show that the proposed method achieves better length control ability on the generated speech than baseline methods. To make up the lack of real-world datasets, we also construct a real-world test set collected from films to provide comprehensive evaluations on the video dubbing task.
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This report summarizes the work carried out by the authors during the Twelfth Montreal Industrial Problem Solving Workshop, held at Universit\'e de Montr\'eal in August 2022. The team tackled a problem submitted by CBC/Radio-Canada on the theme of Automatic Text Simplification (ATS).
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评估指标是文本生成系统的关键成分。近年来,已经提出了几十年前的文本生成质量的人类评估,提出了几个基于伯特的评估指标(包括Bertscore,Moverscore,BLEurt等),这些评估与文本生成质量的人类评估比Bleu或Rouge进行了更好。但是,很少是已知这些度量基于黑盒语言模型表示的指标实际捕获(通常假设它们模型语义相似性)。在这项工作中,我们使用基于简单的回归的全局解释技术来沿着语言因素解开度量标准分数,包括语义,语法,形态和词汇重叠。我们表明,不同的指标捕获了一定程度的各个方面,但它们对词汇重叠大大敏感,就像Bleu和Rouge一样。这暴露了这些新颖性拟议的指标的限制,我们还在对抗对抗测试场景中突出显示。
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这项工作适用于最低贝叶斯风险(MBR)解码,以优化翻译质量的各种自动化指标。机器翻译中的自动指标最近取得了巨大的进步。特别是,在人类评级(例如BLEurt,或Comet)上微调,在与人类判断的相关性方面是优于表面度量的微调。我们的实验表明,神经翻译模型与神经基于基于神经参考度量,BLEURT的组合导致自动和人类评估的显着改善。通过与经典光束搜索输出不同的翻译获得该改进:这些翻译的可能性较低,并且较少受到Bleu等表面度量的青睐。
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现有的文档级神经计算机翻译(NMT)模型具有足够探索的不同上下文设置,为目标生成提供指导。但是,对于慷慨的上下文信息,对揭开更多样化的背景的注意力很少。在本文中,我们提出了一种选择性的内存增强神经文件翻译模型,以处理包含上下文的大假设空间的文档。具体而言,我们从训练语料库中检索类似的双语句子对来增强全局上下文,然后通过选择性机制扩展双流注意模型,以捕获本地上下文和不同的全局背景。这种统一的方法允许我们的模型在三个公开的文档级机器翻译数据集上优雅地培训,并且显着优于以前的文档级NMT型号。
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我们为机器翻译(MT)评估发布了70个小鉴别的测试集,称为方差感知测试集(VAT),从WMT16覆盖了35个翻译方向到WMT20竞争。VAT由一种新颖的方差感知过滤方法自动创建,该方法会在没有任何人工的情况下过滤当前MT测试集的不分度测试实例。实验结果表明,VAT在主流语言对和测试集中与人为判断的相关性方面优于原始的WMT测试集。进一步分析增值税的性质揭示了竞争MT系统的具有挑战性的语言特征(例如,低频词和专有名词),为构建未来MT测试集提供指导。测试集和准备方差感知MT测试集的代码可在https://github.com/nlp2ct/variance-aware-mt-test-sets自由使用。
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