虽然在文献中广泛研究了完整的本地化方法,但它们的数据关联和数据表示子过程通常会被忽视。但是,两者都是最终姿势估计的关键部分。在这项工作中,我们介绍了DA-LMR(Delta-AngeS Lane标记表示),在本地化方法的上下文中具有强大的数据表示。我们提出了一种在每个点中的曲线改变的车道标记的表示,并且在附加维度中包括该信息,从而提供了更详细的数据的几何结构描述。我们还提出了DC-SAC(距离兼容的样本共识),数据关联方法。这是一个启发式版Ransac,通过距离兼容性限制大大减少了假设空间。我们将呈现的方法与一些最先进的数据表示和数据关联方法进行比较,以不同的嘈杂场景。 DA-LMR和DC-SAC在比较方面产生最有前途的组合,精度达到98.1%,并且对于标准偏差0.5米的嘈杂数据召回99.7%。
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基于航空图像的地图中的本地化提供了许多优势,例如全球一致性,地理参考地图以及可公开访问数据的可用性。但是,从空中图像和板载传感器中可以观察到的地标是有限的。这导致数据关联期间的歧义或混叠。本文以高度信息的代表制(允许有效的数据关联)为基础,为解决这些歧义提供了完整的管道。它的核心是强大的自我调整数据关联,它根据测量的熵调整搜索区域。此外,为了平滑最终结果,我们将相关数据的信息矩阵调整为数据关联过程产生的相对变换的函数。我们评估了来自德国卡尔斯鲁厄市周围城市和农村场景的真实数据的方法。我们将最新的异常缓解方法与我们的自我调整方法进行了比较,这表明了相当大的改进,尤其是对于外部城市场景。
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在本文中,我们为非结构化的户外环境提供了一个完整的自主导航管道。这项工作的主要贡献位于路径规划模块上,我们分为两个主要类别:全局路径规划(GPP)和本地路径规划(LPP)。对于环境表示,而不是复杂和重型网格图,GPP层使用直接从OpenStreetMaps(OSM)获得的道路网络信息。在LPP层中,我们使用新颖的天真谷路(NVP)方法来生成局部路径,避免实时障碍物。这种方法使用LIDAR传感器使用本地环境的天真表示。此外,它使用了一个天真的优化,用于利用成本图中的“谷”区域的概念。我们在研究平台蓝色实验上实验展示了该系统的稳健性,在阿利坎特大学科学园区自主驾驶超过20公里,在12.33公顷地区。
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本文提出了一个新颖的框架,用于在参考图中对车辆的实时定位和自负跟踪。核心想法是映射车辆观察到的语义对象,并将其注册到参考图中的相应对象。尽管最近的几项作品利用语义信息进行了跨视图本地化,但这项工作的主要贡献是一种视图不变的公式,该方法使该方法直接适用于可检测到对象的任何观点配置。另一个独特的特征是,由于适用于极端异常相群方案的数据关联方案,环境/对象变化的鲁棒性(例如,关联离群值90%)。为了展示我们的框架,我们考虑了仅使用汽车作为对象将地面车辆定位在参考对象图中的示例。虽然仅使用立体声摄像头用于接地车辆,但我们考虑使用立体声摄像机和激光扫描从地面观点构建了先验地图,并在不同日期捕获的地理参与的空中图像以证明框架对不同方式,观点和观点和观点和观点,观点和观点的稳健性,环境变化。对Kitti数据集的评估表明,在3.7 km的轨迹上,本地化发生在36秒内,其次是在激光雷达参考图中的平均位置误差为8.5 m,在空中对象图中的平均位置误差为8.5 m,其中77%对象是离群值,在71秒内实现定位,平均位置误差为7.9 m。
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随着自动驾驶行业正在缓慢成熟,视觉地图本地化正在迅速成为尽可能准确定位汽车的标准方法。由于相机或激光镜等视觉传感器返回的丰富数据,研究人员能够构建具有各种细节的不同类型的地图,并使用它们来实现高水平的车辆定位准确性和在城市环境中的稳定性。与流行的SLAM方法相反,视觉地图本地化依赖于预先构建的地图,并且仅通过避免误差积累或漂移来提高定位准确性。我们将视觉地图定位定义为两个阶段的过程。在位置识别的阶段,通过将视觉传感器输出与一组地理标记的地图区域进行比较,可以确定车辆在地图中的初始位置。随后,在MAP指标定位的阶段,通过连续将视觉传感器的输出与正在遍历的MAP的当前区域进行对齐,对车辆在地图上移动时进行了跟踪。在本文中,我们调查,讨论和比较两个阶段的基于激光雷达,基于摄像头和跨模式的视觉图本地化的最新方法,以突出每种方法的优势。
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在本文中,我们考虑了视觉同时定位和映射(SLAM)的实际应用中的问题。随着技术在广泛范围中的普及和应用,SLAM系统的可实用性已成为一个在准确性和鲁棒性之后,例如,如何保持系统的稳定性并实现低文本和低文本和中的准确姿势估计动态环境以及如何在真实场景中改善系统的普遍性和实时性能。动态对象在高度动态的环境中的影响。我们还提出了一种新型的全局灰色相似性(GGS)算法,以实现合理的钥匙扣选择和有效的环闭合检测(LCD)。受益于GGS,PLD-SLAM可以在大多数真实场景中实现实时准确的姿势估计,而无需预先训练和加载巨大的功能词典模型。为了验证拟议系统的性能,我们将其与公共数据集Kitti,Euroc MAV和我们提供的室内立体声数据集的现有最新方法(SOTA)方法进行了比较。实验表明,实验表明PLD-SLAM在大多数情况下确保稳定性和准确性,具有更好的实时性能。此外,通过分析GGS的实验结果,我们可以发现它在关键帧选择和LCD中具有出色的性能。
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Using geometric landmarks like lines and planes can increase navigation accuracy and decrease map storage requirements compared to commonly-used LiDAR point cloud maps. However, landmark-based registration for applications like loop closure detection is challenging because a reliable initial guess is not available. Global landmark matching has been investigated in the literature, but these methods typically use ad hoc representations of 3D line and plane landmarks that are not invariant to large viewpoint changes, resulting in incorrect matches and high registration error. To address this issue, we adopt the affine Grassmannian manifold to represent 3D lines and planes and prove that the distance between two landmarks is invariant to rotation and translation if a shift operation is performed before applying the Grassmannian metric. This invariance property enables the use of our graph-based data association framework for identifying landmark matches that can subsequently be used for registration in the least-squares sense. Evaluated on a challenging landmark matching and registration task using publicly-available LiDAR datasets, our approach yields a 1.7x and 3.5x improvement in successful registrations compared to methods that use viewpoint-dependent centroid and "closest point" representations, respectively.
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去中心化的国家估计是GPS贬低的地区自动空中群体系统中最基本的组成部分之一,但它仍然是一个极具挑战性的研究主题。本文提出了Omni-swarm,一种分散的全向视觉惯性-UWB状态估计系统,用于解决这一研究利基市场。为了解决可观察性,复杂的初始化,准确性不足和缺乏全球一致性的问题,我们在Omni-warm中引入了全向感知前端。它由立体宽型摄像机和超宽带传感器,视觉惯性探测器,基于多无人机地图的本地化以及视觉无人机跟踪算法组成。前端的测量值与后端的基于图的优化融合在一起。所提出的方法可实现厘米级的相对状态估计精度,同时确保空中群中的全球一致性,这是实验结果证明的。此外,在没有任何外部设备的情况下,可以在全面的无人机间碰撞方面支持,表明全旋转的潜力是自动空中群的基础。
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我们介绍了一种简单而有效的方法,可以使用本地3D深度描述符(L3DS)同时定位和映射解决循环闭合检测。 L3DS正在采用深度学习算法从数据从数据中学到的点云提取的斑块的紧凑型表示。通过在通过其估计的相对姿势向循环候选点云登记之后计算对应于相互最近邻接描述符的点之间的度量误差,提出了一种用于循环检测的新颖重叠度量。这种新方法使我们能够在小重叠的情况下精确地检测环并估计六个自由度。我们将基于L3D的循环闭合方法与最近的LIDAR数据的方法进行比较,实现最先进的环路闭合检测精度。此外,我们嵌入了我们在最近的基于边缘的SLAM系统中的循环闭合方法,并对现实世界RGBD-TUM和合成ICL数据集进行了评估。与其原始环路闭合策略相比,我们的方法能够实现更好的本地化准确性。
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在过去的几十年,光探测和测距(LIDAR)技术已被广泛研究作为自我定位与地图强大的替代方案。这些典型地接近状态自运动估计作为非线性优化问题取决于当前点云和地图之间建立的对应关系,无论其范围,局部或全局的。本文提出LiODOM,对于姿态估计和地图建设的新的激光雷达仅里程计和绘图方法中,基于最小化从一组加权点 - 线对应的衍生与本地地图损失函数从该组可用的抽象点云。此外,该工作场所特别强调赋予其快速数据关联的相关地图表示。为了有效地代表了环境,我们提出了一个数据结构与哈希方案相结合,可以快速进入地图的任何部分。 LiODOM通过在公共数据集的一组实验中,对于其媲美针对其它解决方案的装置验证。它的性能上,主板还报告了一个空中平台。
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This paper presents an accurate, highly efficient, and learning-free method for large-scale odometry estimation using spinning radar, empirically found to generalize well across very diverse environments -- outdoors, from urban to woodland, and indoors in warehouses and mines - without changing parameters. Our method integrates motion compensation within a sweep with one-to-many scan registration that minimizes distances between nearby oriented surface points and mitigates outliers with a robust loss function. Extending our previous approach CFEAR, we present an in-depth investigation on a wider range of data sets, quantifying the importance of filtering, resolution, registration cost and loss functions, keyframe history, and motion compensation. We present a new solving strategy and configuration that overcomes previous issues with sparsity and bias, and improves our state-of-the-art by 38%, thus, surprisingly, outperforming radar SLAM and approaching lidar SLAM. The most accurate configuration achieves 1.09% error at 5Hz on the Oxford benchmark, and the fastest achieves 1.79% error at 160Hz.
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Ego-pose estimation and dynamic object tracking are two critical problems for autonomous driving systems. The solutions to these problems are generally based on their respective assumptions, \ie{the static world assumption for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and the accurate ego-pose assumption for object tracking}. However, these assumptions are challenging to hold in dynamic road scenarios, where SLAM and object tracking become closely correlated. Therefore, we propose DL-SLOT, a dynamic LiDAR SLAM and object tracking method, to simultaneously address these two coupled problems. This method integrates the state estimations of both the autonomous vehicle and the stationary and dynamic objects in the environment into a unified optimization framework. First, we used object detection to identify all points belonging to potentially dynamic objects. Subsequently, a LiDAR odometry was conducted using the filtered point cloud. Simultaneously, we proposed a sliding window-based object association method that accurately associates objects according to the historical trajectories of tracked objects. The ego-states and those of the stationary and dynamic objects are integrated into the sliding window-based collaborative graph optimization. The stationary objects are subsequently restored from the potentially dynamic object set. Finally, a global pose-graph is implemented to eliminate the accumulated error. Experiments on KITTI datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better accuracy than SLAM and object tracking baseline methods. This confirms that solving SLAM and object tracking simultaneously is mutually advantageous, dramatically improving the robustness and accuracy of SLAM and object tracking in dynamic road scenarios.
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In this paper, we present a novel visual SLAM and long-term localization benchmark for autonomous driving in challenging conditions based on the large-scale 4Seasons dataset. The proposed benchmark provides drastic appearance variations caused by seasonal changes and diverse weather and illumination conditions. While significant progress has been made in advancing visual SLAM on small-scale datasets with similar conditions, there is still a lack of unified benchmarks representative of real-world scenarios for autonomous driving. We introduce a new unified benchmark for jointly evaluating visual odometry, global place recognition, and map-based visual localization performance which is crucial to successfully enable autonomous driving in any condition. The data has been collected for more than one year, resulting in more than 300 km of recordings in nine different environments ranging from a multi-level parking garage to urban (including tunnels) to countryside and highway. We provide globally consistent reference poses with up to centimeter-level accuracy obtained from the fusion of direct stereo-inertial odometry with RTK GNSS. We evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art visual odometry and visual localization baseline approaches on the benchmark and analyze their properties. The experimental results provide new insights into current approaches and show promising potential for future research. Our benchmark and evaluation protocols will be available at https://www.4seasons-dataset.com/.
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在过去几年中,自动驾驶一直是最受欢迎,最具挑战性的主题之一。在实现完全自治的道路上,研究人员使用了各种传感器,例如LIDAR,相机,惯性测量单元(IMU)和GPS,并开发了用于自动驾驶应用程序的智能算法,例如对象检测,对象段,障碍,避免障碍物,避免障碍物和障碍物,以及路径计划。近年来,高清(HD)地图引起了很多关注。由于本地化中高清图的精度和信息水平很高,因此它立即成为自动驾驶的关键组成部分之一。从Baidu Apollo,Nvidia和TomTom等大型组织到个别研究人员,研究人员创建了用于自主驾驶的不同场景和用途的高清地图。有必要查看高清图生成的最新方法。本文回顾了最新的高清图生成技术,这些技术利用了2D和3D地图生成。这篇评论介绍了高清图的概念及其在自主驾驶中的有用性,并详细概述了高清地图生成技术。我们还将讨论当前高清图生成技术的局限性,以激发未来的研究。
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In recent years, aerial swarm technology has developed rapidly. In order to accomplish a fully autonomous aerial swarm, a key technology is decentralized and distributed collaborative SLAM (CSLAM) for aerial swarms, which estimates the relative pose and the consistent global trajectories. In this paper, we propose $D^2$SLAM: a decentralized and distributed ($D^2$) collaborative SLAM algorithm. This algorithm has high local accuracy and global consistency, and the distributed architecture allows it to scale up. $D^2$SLAM covers swarm state estimation in two scenarios: near-field state estimation for high real-time accuracy at close range and far-field state estimation for globally consistent trajectories estimation at the long-range between UAVs. Distributed optimization algorithms are adopted as the backend to achieve the $D^2$ goal. $D^2$SLAM is robust to transient loss of communication, network delays, and other factors. Thanks to the flexible architecture, $D^2$SLAM has the potential of applying in various scenarios.
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我们提出Automerge,这是一种LIDAR数据处理框架,用于将大量地图段组装到完整的地图中。传统的大规模地图合并方法对于错误的数据关联是脆弱的,并且主要仅限于离线工作。 Automerge利用多观点的融合和自适应环路闭合检测来进行准确的数据关联,并且它使用增量合并来从随机顺序给出的单个轨迹段组装大图,没有初始估计。此外,在组装段后,自动制度可以执行良好的匹配和姿势图片优化,以在全球范围内平滑合并的地图。我们展示了城市规模合并(120公里)和校园规模重复合并(4.5公里x 8)的汽车。该实验表明,自动化(i)在段检索中超过了第二和第三最佳方法的14%和24%的召回,(ii)在120 km大尺度地图组件(III)中实现了可比较的3D映射精度,IT对于暂时的重新审视是强大的。据我们所知,Automerge是第一种映射方法,它可以在无GPS的帮助下合并数百公里的单个细分市场。
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Figure 1: We introduce datasets for 3D tracking and motion forecasting with rich maps for autonomous driving. Our 3D tracking dataset contains sequences of LiDAR measurements, 360 • RGB video, front-facing stereo (middle-right), and 6-dof localization. All sequences are aligned with maps containing lane center lines (magenta), driveable region (orange), and ground height. Sequences are annotated with 3D cuboid tracks (green). A wider map view is shown in the bottom-right.
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循环闭合检测是同时定位和映射(SLAM)系统的重要组成部分,这减少了随时间累积的漂移。多年来,已经提出了一些深入的学习方法来解决这项任务,但是与手工制作技术相比,他们的表现一直是SubPar,特别是在处理反向环的同时。在本文中,我们通过同时识别先前访问的位置并估计当前扫描与地图之间的6-DOF相对变换,有效地检测LIDAR点云中的LINAS点云中的环闭环的新颖LCDNET。 LCDNET由共享编码器组成,一个地方识别头提取全局描述符,以及估计两个点云之间的变换的相对姿势头。我们基于不平衡的最佳运输理论介绍一种新颖的相对姿势,我们以可分散的方式实现,以便实现端到端训练。在多个现实世界自主驾驶数据集中的LCDNET广泛评估表明我们的方法优于最先进的环路闭合检测和点云登记技术,特别是在处理反向环的同时。此外,我们将所提出的循环闭合检测方法集成到LIDAR SLAM库中,以提供完整的映射系统,并在看不见的城市中使用不同的传感器设置展示泛化能力。
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结合同时定位和映射(SLAM)估计和动态场景建模可以高效地在动态环境中获得机器人自主权。机器人路径规划和障碍避免任务依赖于场景中动态对象运动的准确估计。本文介绍了VDO-SLAM,这是一种强大的视觉动态对象感知SLAM系统,用于利用语义信息,使得能够在场景中进行准确的运动估计和跟踪动态刚性物体,而无需任何先前的物体形状或几何模型的知识。所提出的方法识别和跟踪环境中的动态对象和静态结构,并将这些信息集成到统一的SLAM框架中。这导致机器人轨迹的高度准确估计和对象的全部SE(3)运动以及环境的时空地图。该系统能够从对象的SE(3)运动中提取线性速度估计,为复杂的动态环境中的导航提供重要功能。我们展示了所提出的系统对许多真实室内和室外数据集的性能,结果表明了对最先进的算法的一致和实质性的改进。可以使用源代码的开源版本。
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This paper presents ORB-SLAM3, the first system able to perform visual, visual-inertial and multi-map SLAM with monocular, stereo and RGB-D cameras, using pin-hole and fisheye lens models.The first main novelty is a feature-based tightly-integrated visual-inertial SLAM system that fully relies on Maximum-a-Posteriori (MAP) estimation, even during the IMU initialization phase. The result is a system that operates robustly in real time, in small and large, indoor and outdoor environments, and is two to ten times more accurate than previous approaches.The second main novelty is a multiple map system that relies on a new place recognition method with improved recall. Thanks to it, ORB-SLAM3 is able to survive to long periods of poor visual information: when it gets lost, it starts a new map that will be seamlessly merged with previous maps when revisiting mapped areas. Compared with visual odometry systems that only use information from the last few seconds, ORB-SLAM3 is the first system able to reuse in all the algorithm stages all previous information. This allows to include in bundle adjustment co-visible keyframes, that provide high parallax observations boosting accuracy, even if they are widely separated in time or if they come from a previous mapping session.Our experiments show that, in all sensor configurations, ORB-SLAM3 is as robust as the best systems available in the literature, and significantly more accurate. Notably, our stereo-inertial SLAM achieves an average accuracy of 3.5 cm in the EuRoC drone and 9 mm under quick hand-held motions in the room of TUM-VI dataset, a setting representative of AR/VR scenarios. For the benefit of the community we make public the source code.
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