在本文中,我们为非结构化的户外环境提供了一个完整的自主导航管道。这项工作的主要贡献位于路径规划模块上,我们分为两个主要类别:全局路径规划(GPP)和本地路径规划(LPP)。对于环境表示,而不是复杂和重型网格图,GPP层使用直接从OpenStreetMaps(OSM)获得的道路网络信息。在LPP层中,我们使用新颖的天真谷路(NVP)方法来生成局部路径,避免实时障碍物。这种方法使用LIDAR传感器使用本地环境的天真表示。此外,它使用了一个天真的优化,用于利用成本图中的“谷”区域的概念。我们在研究平台蓝色实验上实验展示了该系统的稳健性,在阿利坎特大学科学园区自主驾驶超过20公里,在12.33公顷地区。
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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本文介绍了使用腿收割机进行精密收集任务的集成系统。我们的收割机在狭窄的GPS拒绝了森林环境中的自主导航和树抓取了一项挑战性的任务。提出了映射,本地化,规划和控制的策略,并集成到完全自主系统中。任务从使用定制的传感器模块开始使用人员映射感兴趣区域。随后,人类专家选择树木进行收获。然后将传感器模块安装在机器上并用于给定地图内的本地化。规划算法在单路径规划问题中搜索一个方法姿势和路径。我们设计了一个路径,后面的控制器利用腿的收割机的谈判粗糙地形的能力。在达接近姿势时,机器用通用夹具抓住一棵树。此过程重复操作员选择的所有树。我们的系统已经在与树干和自然森林中的测试领域进行了测试。据我们所知,这是第一次在现实环境中运行的全尺寸液压机上显示了这一自主权。
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地面机器人的自主导航已被广泛用于室内结构化的2D环境中,但是在室外3D非结构化环境中,仍然存在许多挑战,尤其是在粗糙的,不均匀的地形中。本文提出了一个基于飞机拟合的不平衡地形导航框架(PUTN)来解决此问题。 PUTN的实施分为三个步骤。首先,基于迅速探索的随机树(RRT),提出了一种改进的基于样本的算法,称为平面拟合RRT*(PF-RRT*)以获得稀疏的轨迹。每个采样点对应于点云上的自定义遍历索引和拟合平面。这些平面串联连接以形成可穿越的条带。其次,高斯过程回归用于生成从稀疏轨迹插值的密集轨迹的遍历,并将采样树用作训练集。最后,使用非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)进行本地计划。通过将遍历性索引和不确定性添加到成本函数中,并将实时点云产生的障碍物添加到约束功能中,可以使用平稳的速度和强大的稳健性的安全运动计划算法。在实际情况下进行实验以验证该方法的有效性。源代码发布以供社区参考。
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本文提出了一种有效且安全的方法,可以避免基于LiDAR的静态和动态障碍。首先,点云用于生成实时的本地网格映射以进行障碍物检测。然后,障碍物由DBSCAN算法聚集,并用最小边界椭圆(MBE)包围。此外,进行数据关联是为了使每个MBE与当前帧中的障碍匹配。考虑到MBE作为观察,Kalman滤波器(KF)用于估计和预测障碍物的运动状态。通过这种方式,可以将远期时间域中每个障碍物的轨迹作为一组椭圆化。由于MBE的不确定性,参数化椭圆形的半肢和半尺寸轴被扩展以确保安全性。我们扩展了传统的控制屏障功能(CBF),并提出动态控制屏障功能(D-CBF)。我们将D-CBF与模型预测控制(MPC)结合起来,以实施安全至关重要的动态障碍。进行了模拟和实际场景中的实验,以验证我们算法的有效性。源代码发布以供社区参考。
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森林中自主冬季导航所固有的挑战包括缺乏可靠的全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)信号,低特征对比度,高照明变化和变化环境。这种类型的越野环境是一个极端的情况,自治车可能会在北部地区遇到。因此,了解对自动导航系统对这种恶劣环境的影响非常重要。为此,我们介绍了一个现场报告分析亚曲率区域中的教导和重复导航,同时受到气象条件的大变化。首先,我们描述了系统,它依赖于点云注册来通过北方林地定位移动机器人,同时构建地图。我们通过在教学和重复模式下在自动导航中进行了在实验中评估了该系统。我们展示了密集的植被扰乱了GNSS信号,使其不适合在森林径中导航。此外,我们突出了在森林走廊中使用点云登记的定位相关的不确定性。我们证明它不是雪降水,而是影响我们系统在环境中定位的能力的积雪。最后,我们从我们的实地运动中揭示了一些经验教训和挑战,以支持在冬季条件下更好的实验工作。
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对于在城市环境中导航的自主机器人,对于机器人而言,要保持在指定的旅行路径(即小径),并避免使用诸如草和花园床之类的区域,以确保安全和社会符合性考虑因素。本文为未知的城市环境提供了一种自主导航方法,该方法结合了语义分割和激光雷达数据的使用。所提出的方法使用分段的图像掩码创建环境的3D障碍物图,从中计算了人行道的边界。与现有方法相比,我们的方法不需要预先建造的地图,并提供了对安全区域的3D理解,从而使机器人能够计划通过人行道的任何路径。将我们的方法与仅使用LiDAR或仅使用语义分割的两种替代方案进行比较的实验表明,总体而言,我们所提出的方法在户外的成功率大于91%的成功率,并且在室内大于66%。我们的方法使机器人始终保持在安全的旅行道路上,并减少了碰撞数量。
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Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.
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本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
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根据一般静态障碍物检测的要求,本文提出了无人接地车辆局部静态环境的紧凑型矢量化表示方法。首先,通过融合LiDAR和IMU的数据,获得了高频姿势信息。然后,通过二维(2D)障碍物点的生成,提出了具有固定尺寸的网格图维护过程。最后,通过多个凸多边形描述了局部静态环境,该多边形实现了基于双阈值的边界简化和凸多边形分割。我们提出的方法已应用于公园的一个实用无人驾驶项目中,典型场景的定性实验结果验证了有效性和鲁棒性。此外,定量评估表明,与传统的基于网格地图的方法相比,使用较少的点信息(减少约60%)来代表局部静态环境。此外,运行时间(15ms)的性能表明,所提出的方法可用于实时局部静态环境感知。可以在https://github.com/ghm0819/cvr_lse上访问相应的代码。
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For long-term simultaneous planning, localization and mapping (SPLAM), a robot should be able to continuously update its map according to the dynamic changes of the environment and the new areas explored. With limited onboard computation capabilities, a robot should also be able to limit the size of the map used for online localization and mapping. This paper addresses these challenges using a memory management mechanism, which identifies locations that should remain in a Working Memory (WM) for online processing from locations that should be transferred to a Long-Term Memory (LTM). When revisiting previously mapped areas that are in LTM, the mechanism can retrieve these locations and place them back in WM for online SPLAM. The approach is tested on a robot equipped with a short-range laser rangefinder and a RGB-D camera, patrolling autonomously 10.5 km in an indoor environment over 11 sessions while having encountered 139 people.
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微型航空车(MAV)具有很高的信息收集任务的潜力,以支持搜索和救援方案中的情况意识。在这种情况下,手动控制MAV需要经验丰富的飞行员,并且容易出错,尤其是在真正紧急情况的压力下。灾难情景的条件对于自动MAV系统也充满挑战。通常不知道环境,GNSS可能并不总是可用。我们介绍了一个不依赖全球定位系统的未知环境中自动MAV航班的系统。该方法在多个搜索和救援方案中进行评估,即使在室内和室外区域之间过渡时,也可以进行安全的自动飞行。
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在本文中,我们为全向机器人提供了一种积极的视觉血液。目标是生成允许这样的机器人同时定向机器人的控制命令并将未知环境映射到最大化的信息量和消耗尽可能低的信息。利用机器人的独立翻译和旋转控制,我们引入了一种用于活动V-SLAM的多层方法。顶层决定提供信息丰富的目标位置,并为它们产生高度信息的路径。第二个和第三层积极地重新计划并执行路径,利用连续更新的地图和本地特征信息。此外,我们介绍了两个实用程序配方,以解释视野和机器人位置的障碍物。通过严格的模拟,真正的机器人实验和与最先进的方法的比较,我们证明我们的方法通过较小的整体地图熵实现了类似的覆盖结果。这是可以获得的,同时保持横向距离比其他方法短至39%,而不增加车轮的总旋转量。代码和实现详细信息作为开源提供。
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In this paper, a complete framework for Autonomous Self Driving is implemented. LIDAR, Camera and IMU sensors are used together. The entire data communication is managed using Robot Operating System which provides a robust platform for implementation of Robotics Projects. Jetson Nano is used to provide powerful on-board processing capabilities. Sensor fusion is performed on the data received from the different sensors to improve the accuracy of the decision making and inferences that we derive from the data. This data is then used to create a localized map of the environment. In this step, the position of the vehicle is obtained with respect to the Mapping done using the sensor data.The different SLAM techniques used for this purpose are Hector Mapping and GMapping which are widely used mapping techniques in ROS. Apart from SLAM that primarily uses LIDAR data, Visual Odometry is implemented using a Monocular Camera. The sensor fused data is then used by Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization for car localization. Using the localized map developed, Path Planning techniques like "TEB planner" and "Dynamic Window Approach" are implemented for autonomous navigation of the vehicle. The last step in the Project is the implantation of Control which is the final decision making block in the pipeline that gives speed and steering data for the navigation that is compatible with Ackermann Kinematics. The implementation of such a control block under a ROS framework using the three sensors, viz, LIDAR, Camera and IMU is a novel approach that is undertaken in this project.
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在机器人研究中,在不平坦的地形中安全导航是一个重要的问题。在本文中,我们提出了一个2.5D导航系统,该系统包括高程图构建,路径规划和本地路径,随后避免了障碍。对于本地路径,我们使用模型预测路径积分(MPPI)控制方法。我们为MPPI提出了新的成本功能,以使其适应高程图和通过不平衡运动。我们在多个合成测试和具有不同类型的障碍物和粗糙表面的模拟环境中评估系统。
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目前,移动机器人正在迅速发展,并在工业中寻找许多应用。然而,仍然存在与其实际使用相关的一些问题,例如对昂贵的硬件及其高功耗水平的需要。在本研究中,我们提出了一种导航系统,该导航系统可在具有RGB-D相机的低端计算机上操作,以及用于操作集成自动驱动系统的移动机器人平台。建议的系统不需要Lidars或GPU。我们的原始深度图像接地分割方法提取用于低体移动机器人的安全驾驶的遍历图。它旨在保证具有集成的SLAM,全局路径规划和运动规划的低成本现成单板计算机上的实时性能。我们使用Traversability Map应用基于规则的基于学习的导航策略。同时运行传感器数据处理和其他自主驾驶功能,我们的导航策略以18Hz的刷新率为控制命令而迅速执行,而其他系统则具有较慢的刷新率。我们的方法在有限的计算资源中优于当前最先进的导航方法,如3D模拟测试所示。此外,我们通过在室内环境中成功的自动驾驶来展示移动机器人系统的适用性。我们的整个作品包括硬件和软件在开源许可(https://github.com/shinkansan/2019-ugrp-doom)下发布。我们的详细视频是https://youtu.be/mf3iufuhppm提供的。
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基于航空图像的地图中的本地化提供了许多优势,例如全球一致性,地理参考地图以及可公开访问数据的可用性。但是,从空中图像和板载传感器中可以观察到的地标是有限的。这导致数据关联期间的歧义或混叠。本文以高度信息的代表制(允许有效的数据关联)为基础,为解决这些歧义提供了完整的管道。它的核心是强大的自我调整数据关联,它根据测量的熵调整搜索区域。此外,为了平滑最终结果,我们将相关数据的信息矩阵调整为数据关联过程产生的相对变换的函数。我们评估了来自德国卡尔斯鲁厄市周围城市和农村场景的真实数据的方法。我们将最新的异常缓解方法与我们的自我调整方法进行了比较,这表明了相当大的改进,尤其是对于外部城市场景。
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In this work, we propose a new approach that combines data from multiple sensors for reliable obstacle avoidance. The sensors include two depth cameras and a LiDAR arranged so that they can capture the whole 3D area in front of the robot and a 2D slide around it. To fuse the data from these sensors, we first use an external camera as a reference to combine data from two depth cameras. A projection technique is then introduced to convert the 3D point cloud data of the cameras to its 2D correspondence. An obstacle avoidance algorithm is then developed based on the dynamic window approach. A number of experiments have been conducted to evaluate our proposed approach. The results show that the robot can effectively avoid static and dynamic obstacles of different shapes and sizes in different environments.
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Recently, numerous studies have investigated cooperative traffic systems using the communication among vehicle-to-everything (V2X). Unfortunately, when multiple autonomous vehicles are deployed while exposed to communication failure, there might be a conflict of ideal conditions between various autonomous vehicles leading to adversarial situation on the roads. In South Korea, virtual and real-world urban autonomous multi-vehicle races were held in March and November of 2021, respectively. During the competition, multiple vehicles were involved simultaneously, which required maneuvers such as overtaking low-speed vehicles, negotiating intersections, and obeying traffic laws. In this study, we introduce a fully autonomous driving software stack to deploy a competitive driving model, which enabled us to win the urban autonomous multi-vehicle races. We evaluate module-based systems such as navigation, perception, and planning in real and virtual environments. Additionally, an analysis of traffic is performed after collecting multiple vehicle position data over communication to gain additional insight into a multi-agent autonomous driving scenario. Finally, we propose a method for analyzing traffic in order to compare the spatial distribution of multiple autonomous vehicles. We study the similarity distribution between each team's driving log data to determine the impact of competitive autonomous driving on the traffic environment.
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Visual Teach and Repeat 3 (VT&R3), a generalization of stereo VT&R, achieves long-term autonomous path-following using topometric mapping and localization from a single rich sensor stream. In this paper, we improve the capabilities of a LiDAR implementation of VT&R3 to reliably detect and avoid obstacles in changing environments. Our architecture simplifies the obstacle-perception problem to that of place-dependent change detection. We then extend the behaviour of generic sample-based motion planners to better suit the teach-and-repeat problem structure by introducing a new edge-cost metric paired with a curvilinear planning space. The resulting planner generates naturally smooth paths that avoid local obstacles while minimizing lateral path deviation to best exploit prior terrain knowledge. While we use the method with VT&R, it can be generalized to suit arbitrary path-following applications. Experimental results from online run-time analysis, unit testing, and qualitative experiments on a differential drive robot show the promise of the technique for reliable long-term autonomous operation in complex unstructured environments.
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