In this paper, we present a novel visual SLAM and long-term localization benchmark for autonomous driving in challenging conditions based on the large-scale 4Seasons dataset. The proposed benchmark provides drastic appearance variations caused by seasonal changes and diverse weather and illumination conditions. While significant progress has been made in advancing visual SLAM on small-scale datasets with similar conditions, there is still a lack of unified benchmarks representative of real-world scenarios for autonomous driving. We introduce a new unified benchmark for jointly evaluating visual odometry, global place recognition, and map-based visual localization performance which is crucial to successfully enable autonomous driving in any condition. The data has been collected for more than one year, resulting in more than 300 km of recordings in nine different environments ranging from a multi-level parking garage to urban (including tunnels) to countryside and highway. We provide globally consistent reference poses with up to centimeter-level accuracy obtained from the fusion of direct stereo-inertial odometry with RTK GNSS. We evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art visual odometry and visual localization baseline approaches on the benchmark and analyze their properties. The experimental results provide new insights into current approaches and show promising potential for future research. Our benchmark and evaluation protocols will be available at https://www.4seasons-dataset.com/.

我们介绍了DLR行星立体声，固态激光雷达，惯性（S3LI）数据集，记录在埃特纳山上，西西里山（Sicily），一种类似于月球和火星的环境，使用手持式传感器套件，适用于适用于空间上的属性 - 像移动漫游器。环境的特征是关于视觉和结构外观的具有挑战性的条件：严重的视觉混叠，对视觉大满贯系统执行位置识别的能力构成了重大限制，而缺乏出色的结构细节，与有​​限的视野相连在利用的固态激光雷达传感器中，仅使用点云就挑战了传统的激光雷达大满贯。借助此数据，涵盖了在软火山斜坡上超过4公里的旅行，我们的目标是：1）提供一种工具来揭示有关环境的最先进的大满贯系统的限制，而环境并未广泛存在可用的数据集和2）激励开发新颖的本地化和映射方法，这些方法有效地依赖于两个传感器的互补功能。数据集可在以下URL上访问：https：//rmc.dlr.de/s3li_dataset

a) Stereo input: trajectory and sparse reconstruction of an urban environment with multiple loop closures. (b) RGB-D input: keyframes and dense pointcloud of a room scene with one loop closure. The pointcloud is rendered by backprojecting the sensor depth maps from estimated keyframe poses. No fusion is performed.

农业行业不断寻求农业生产中涉及的不同过程的自动化，例如播种，收获和杂草控制。使用移动自主机器人执行这些任务引起了极大的兴趣。耕地面向同时定位和映射（SLAM）系统（移动机器人技术的关键）面临着艰巨的挑战，这是由于视觉上的难度，这是由于高度重复的场景而引起的。近年来，已经开发了几种视觉惯性遗传（VIO）和SLAM系统。事实证明，它们在室内和室外城市环境中具有很高的准确性。但是，在农业领域未正确评估它们。在这项工作中，我们从可耕地上的准确性和处理时间方面评估了最相关的最新VIO系统，以便更好地了解它们在这些环境中的行为。特别是，该评估是在我们的车轮机器人记录的大豆领域记录的传感器数据集中进行的，该田间被公开发行为Rosario数据集。评估表明，环境的高度重复性外观，崎terrain的地形产生的强振动以及由风引起的叶子的运动，暴露了当前最新的VIO和SLAM系统的局限性。我们分析了系统故障并突出观察到的缺点，包括初始化故障，跟踪损失和对IMU饱和的敏感性。最后，我们得出的结论是，即使某些系统（例如Orb-Slam3和S-MSCKF）在其他系统方面表现出良好的结果，但应采取更多改进，以使其在某些申请中的农业领域可靠，例如作物行的土壤耕作和农药喷涂。 。

Today, visual recognition systems are still rarely employed in robotics applications. Perhaps one of the main reasons for this is the lack of demanding benchmarks that mimic such scenarios. In this paper, we take advantage of our autonomous driving platform to develop novel challenging benchmarks for the tasks of stereo, optical flow, visual odometry / SLAM and 3D object detection. Our recording platform is equipped with four high resolution video cameras, a Velodyne laser scanner and a state-of-the-art localization system. Our benchmarks comprise 389 stereo and optical flow image pairs, stereo visual odometry sequences of 39.2 km length, and more than 200k 3D object annotations captured in cluttered scenarios (up to 15 cars and 30 pedestrians are visible per image). Results from state-of-the-art algorithms reveal that methods ranking high on established datasets such as Middlebury perform below average when being moved outside the laboratory to the real world. Our goal is to reduce this bias by providing challenging benchmarks with novel difficulties to the computer vision community. Our benchmarks are available online at: www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti

Many existing datasets for lidar place recognition are solely representative of structured urban environments, and have recently been saturated in performance by deep learning based approaches. Natural and unstructured environments present many additional challenges for the tasks of long-term localisation but these environments are not represented in currently available datasets. To address this we introduce Wild-Places, a challenging large-scale dataset for lidar place recognition in unstructured, natural environments. Wild-Places contains eight lidar sequences collected with a handheld sensor payload over the course of fourteen months, containing a total of 67K undistorted lidar submaps along with accurate 6DoF ground truth. Our dataset contains multiple revisits both within and between sequences, allowing for both intra-sequence (i.e. loop closure detection) and inter-sequence (i.e. re-localisation) place recognition. We also benchmark several state-of-the-art approaches to demonstrate the challenges that this dataset introduces, particularly the case of long-term place recognition due to natural environments changing over time. Our dataset and code will be available at https://csiro-robotics.github.io/Wild-Places.

组合多个传感器使机器人能够最大程度地提高其对环境的感知意识，并增强其对外部干扰的鲁棒性，对机器人导航至关重要。本文提出了可融合的基准测试，这是一个完整的多传感器数据集，具有多种移动机器人序列。本文提出了三项贡献。我们首先推进便携式和通用的多传感器套件，可提供丰富的感官测量值：10Hz激光镜点云，20Hz立体声框架图像，来自立体声事件相机的高速率和异步事件，来自IMU的200Hz惯性读数以及10Hz GPS信号。传感器已经在硬件中暂时同步。该设备轻巧，独立，并为移动机器人提供插件支持。其次，我们通过收集17个序列来构建数据集，该序列通过利用多个机器人平台进行数据收集来涵盖校园上各种环境。一些序列对现有的SLAM算法具有挑战性。第三，我们为将本地化和映射绩效评估提供了基础真理。我们还评估最新的大满贯方法并确定其局限性。该数据集将发布由原始传感器的设置，地面真相，校准数据和评估算法组成：https：//ram-lab.com/file/site/site/multi-sensor-dataset。

Various datasets have been proposed for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and related problems. Existing datasets often include small environments, have incomplete ground truth, or lack important sensor data, such as depth and infrared images. We propose an easy-to-use framework for acquiring building-scale 3D reconstruction using a consumer depth camera. Unlike complex and expensive acquisition setups, our system enables crowd-sourcing, which can greatly benefit data-hungry algorithms. Compared to similar systems, we utilize raw depth maps for odometry computation and loop closure refinement which results in better reconstructions. We acquire a building-scale 3D dataset (BS3D) and demonstrate its value by training an improved monocular depth estimation model. As a unique experiment, we benchmark visual-inertial odometry methods using both color and active infrared images.

This paper presents ORB-SLAM3, the first system able to perform visual, visual-inertial and multi-map SLAM with monocular, stereo and RGB-D cameras, using pin-hole and fisheye lens models.The first main novelty is a feature-based tightly-integrated visual-inertial SLAM system that fully relies on Maximum-a-Posteriori (MAP) estimation, even during the IMU initialization phase. The result is a system that operates robustly in real time, in small and large, indoor and outdoor environments, and is two to ten times more accurate than previous approaches.The second main novelty is a multiple map system that relies on a new place recognition method with improved recall. Thanks to it, ORB-SLAM3 is able to survive to long periods of poor visual information: when it gets lost, it starts a new map that will be seamlessly merged with previous maps when revisiting mapped areas. Compared with visual odometry systems that only use information from the last few seconds, ORB-SLAM3 is the first system able to reuse in all the algorithm stages all previous information. This allows to include in bundle adjustment co-visible keyframes, that provide high parallax observations boosting accuracy, even if they are widely separated in time or if they come from a previous mapping session.Our experiments show that, in all sensor configurations, ORB-SLAM3 is as robust as the best systems available in the literature, and significantly more accurate. Notably, our stereo-inertial SLAM achieves an average accuracy of 3.5 cm in the EuRoC drone and 9 mm under quick hand-held motions in the room of TUM-VI dataset, a setting representative of AR/VR scenarios. For the benefit of the community we make public the source code.

本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果，报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是，本文有四个主要目标。首先，我们审查团队采用的算法，架构和系统；特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案（几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法），异质的多机器人操作（包括空中机器人和地面机器人）和现实世界的地下操作（从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处）。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节，这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次，我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三，我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题，这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后，我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表，并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。

In this paper, we present a novel benchmark for the evaluation of RGB-D SLAM systems. We recorded a large set of image sequences from a Microsoft Kinect with highly accurate and time-synchronized ground truth camera poses from a motion capture system. The sequences contain both the color and depth images in full sensor resolution (640 × 480) at video frame rate (30 Hz). The ground-truth trajectory was obtained from a motion-capture system with eight high-speed tracking cameras (100 Hz). The dataset consists of 39 sequences that were recorded in an office environment and an industrial hall. The dataset covers a large variety of scenes and camera motions. We provide sequences for debugging with slow motions as well as longer trajectories with and without loop closures. Most sequences were recorded from a handheld Kinect with unconstrained 6-DOF motions but we also provide sequences from a Kinect mounted on a Pioneer 3 robot that was manually navigated through a cluttered indoor environment. To stimulate the comparison of different approaches, we provide automatic evaluation tools both for the evaluation of drift of visual odometry systems and the global pose error of SLAM systems. The benchmark website [1] contains all data, detailed descriptions of the scenes, specifications of the data formats, sample code, and evaluation tools.

在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新型的视觉定位方法，以根据RGB摄像机的可视数据准确估计机器人在3D激光镜头内的六个自由度（6-DOF）姿势。使用基于先进的激光雷达的同时定位和映射（SLAM）算法，可获得3D地图，能够收集精确的稀疏图。将从相机图像中提取的功能与3D地图的点进行了比较，然后解决了几何优化问题，以实现精确的视觉定位。我们的方法允许使用配备昂贵激光雷达的侦察兵机器人一次 - 用于映射环境，并且仅使用RGB摄像头的多个操作机器人 - 执行任务任务，其本地化精度高于常见的基于相机的解决方案。该方法在Skolkovo科学技术研究所（Skoltech）收集的自定义数据集上进行了测试。在评估本地化准确性的过程中，我们设法达到了厘米级的准确性；中间翻译误差高达1.3厘米。仅使用相机实现的确切定位使使用自动移动机器人可以解决需要高度本地化精度的最复杂的任务。

高保真大满贯系统的开发过程取决于它们对可靠数据集的验证。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了IBiscape，这是一种模拟基准，其中包括来自异质传感器的数据同步和获取API：立体声 - RGB/DVS，深度，IMU和GPS，以及地面真相场景场景细分和车辆自我摄入量。我们的基准是建立在卡拉模拟器上的，后端是虚幻的引擎，呈现出模拟现实世界的高动态风景。此外，我们提供34个适用于自动驾驶汽车导航的多模式数据集，包括用于场景理解等情况，例如事故等，以及基于与API集成的动态天气模拟类别的广泛框架质量。我们还将第一个校准目标引入了Carla图，以解决CARLA模拟DVS和RGB摄像机的未知失真参数问题。最后，使用IBISCAPE序列，我们评估了四个ORB-SLAM 3系统（单眼RGB，立体RGB，立体声视觉惯性（SVI）和RGB-D）的性能和玄武岩视觉惯性轴测计（VIO）系统，这些系统在模拟的大型大型序列上收集的各种序列 - 规模动态环境。关键字：基准，多模式，数据集，探针，校准，DVS，SLAM

Integration of multiple sensor modalities and deep learning into Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) systems are areas of significant interest in current research. Multi-modality is a stepping stone towards achieving robustness in challenging environments and interoperability of heterogeneous multi-robot systems with varying sensor setups. With maplab 2.0, we provide a versatile open-source platform that facilitates developing, testing, and integrating new modules and features into a fully-fledged SLAM system. Through extensive experiments, we show that maplab 2.0's accuracy is comparable to the state-of-the-art on the HILTI 2021 benchmark. Additionally, we showcase the flexibility of our system with three use cases: i) large-scale (approx. 10 km) multi-robot multi-session (23 missions) mapping, ii) integration of non-visual landmarks, and iii) incorporating a semantic object-based loop closure module into the mapping framework. The code is available open-source at https://github.com/ethz-asl/maplab.

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可用于快速准确的立体声视觉同时定位和映射（SLAM），独立于特征检测和匹配。通过优化3D点的规模，将单眼直接稀疏的内径术（DSO）扩展到立体声系统，以最小化立体声配置的光度误差，从而与传统立体声匹配相比产生计算有效和鲁棒的方法。我们进一步将其扩展到具有环路闭合的完整SLAM系统，以减少累积的错误。在假设前向相机运动中，我们使用从视觉径管中获得的3D点模拟LIDAR扫描，并适应LIDAR描述符以便放置识别以便于更有效地检测回路封闭件。之后，我们通过最小化潜在环封闭件的光度误差来估计使用直接对准的相对姿势。可选地，通过使用迭代最近的点（ICP）算法来实现通过直接对准的进一步改进。最后，我们优化一个姿势图，以提高全球的猛烈精度。通过避免在我们的SLAM系统中的特征检测或匹配，我们确保高计算效率和鲁棒性。与最先进的方法相比，公共数据集上的彻底实验验证展示了其有效性。

同时定位和映射（SLAM）对于自主机器人（例如自动驾驶汽车，自动无人机），3D映射系统和AR/VR应用至关重要。这项工作提出了一个新颖的LIDAR惯性 - 视觉融合框架，称为R $^3 $ LIVE ++，以实现强大而准确的状态估计，同时可以随时重建光线体图。 R $^3 $ LIVE ++由LIDAR惯性探针（LIO）和视觉惯性探测器（VIO）组成，均为实时运行。 LIO子系统利用从激光雷达的测量值重建几何结构（即3D点的位置），而VIO子系统同时从输入图像中同时恢复了几何结构的辐射信息。 r $^3 $ live ++是基于r $^3 $ live开发的，并通过考虑相机光度校准（例如，非线性响应功能和镜头渐滴）和相机的在线估计，进一步提高了本地化和映射的准确性和映射接触时间。我们对公共和私人数据集进行了更广泛的实验，以将我们提出的系统与其他最先进的SLAM系统进行比较。定量和定性结果表明，我们所提出的系统在准确性和鲁棒性方面对其他系统具有显着改善。此外，为了证明我们的工作的可扩展性，{我们基于重建的辐射图开发了多个应用程序，例如高动态范围（HDR）成像，虚拟环境探索和3D视频游戏。}最后，分享我们的发现和我们的发现和为社区做出贡献，我们在GitHub上公开提供代码，硬件设计和数据集：github.com/hku-mars/r3live

对于长期自治，大多数位置识别方法主要在简化的方案或模拟数据集上进行评估，该数据集无法提供可靠的证据来评估当前同时定位和映射的准备就绪（SLAM）。在本文中，我们提出了一个长期的位置识别数据集，用于在大规模动态环境下用于移动定位。该数据集包括一个校园规模的轨道和城市规模的轨道：1）校园轨道重点关注长期财产，我们在10个轨迹上记录Lidar设备和一个全向相机，并且每个轨迹在变体下重复记录8次照明条件。 2）城市轨道聚焦大型物业，我们将激光雷达设备安装在车辆上，并穿过120公里种类在城市环境中。每个轨迹都提供了两个轨道的地面真实位置，这是从全球位置系统中获得的，具有额外的基于ICP的点云的细化。为了简化评估程序，我们还为Python-API提供了一组地点识别指标，以快速加载我们的数据集并根据不同方法评估识别性能。该数据集的目标是寻找具有高位置识别精度和鲁棒性的方法，并提供长期自治的真正机器人系统。可以从https://github.com/metaslam/alita访问数据集和提供的工具。

通过移动激光扫描和图像构建有色点的云是测量和映射的基本工作。它也是为智能城市建造数字双胞胎的重要先决条件。但是，现有的公共数据集要么是相对较小的规模，要么缺乏准确的几何和彩色地面真理。本文记录了一个名为Polyu-BPComa的多功能数据集，该数据集可独特地定位于移动着色映射。该数据集在背包平台上包含3D激光雷达，球形成像，GNSS和IMU的资源。颜色检查器板在每个调查区域粘贴，因为目标和地面真相数据是由先进的陆地激光扫描仪（TLS）收集的。 3D几何信息和颜色信息可以分别在背包系统和TLS产生的有色点云中恢复。因此，我们提供了一个机会，可以同时为移动多感官系统对映射和着色精度进行基准测试。该数据集的尺寸约为800 GB，涵盖室内和室外环境。数据集和开发套件可在https://github.com/chenpengxin/polyu-bpcoma.git上找到。

在本文中，我们介绍了一个大型数据集，其中包含各种移动映射传感器，该传感器使用以典型的步行速度携带的手持设备收集了近2.2公里，该设备通过牛津大学的新学院近2.2公里。该数据集包括来自两个市售设备的数据 - 立体惯性摄像头和一个多光束3D激光雷达，该镜头还提供惯性测量。此外，我们使用了三脚架安装的调查级LIDAR扫描仪来捕获测试位置的详细毫米准确的3D地图（包含$ \ sim $ \ sim $ 2.9亿点）。使用地图，我们推断出每次雷达扫描的设备位置的6度自由度（DOF）地面真理，以更好地评估LIDAR和视觉定位，映射和重建系统。这个基础真理是该数据集的特殊新颖贡献，我们认为它将实现许多类似数据集缺乏的系统评估。数据集结合了建筑环境，开放空间和植被区域，以测试本地化和映射系统，例如基于视觉的导航，视觉和激光雷达大满贯，3D激光雷达重建以及基于外观的位置识别。该数据集可在以下网址获得：ori.ox.ac.uk/datasets/newer-college-dataset

同时本地化和映射（SLAM）正在现实世界应用中部署，但是在许多常见情况下，许多最先进的解决方案仍然在困难。进步的SLAM研究的关键是高质量数据集的可用性以及公平透明的基准测试。为此，我们创建了Hilti-Oxford数据集，以将最新的SLAM系统推向其极限。该数据集面临着各种挑战，从稀疏和常规的建筑工地到17世纪的新古典建筑，并具有细节和弯曲的表面。为了鼓励多模式的大满贯方法，我们设计了一个具有激光雷达，五个相机和IMU（惯性测量单元）的数据收集平台。为了对精度和鲁棒性至关重要的任务进行基准测试量算法，我们实施了一种新颖的地面真相收集方法，使我们的数据集能够以毫米精度准确地测量SLAM姿势错误。为了进一步确保准确性，我们平台的外部设备通过微米精确的扫描仪进行了验证，并使用硬件时间同步在线管理时间校准。我们数据集的多模式和多样性吸引了大量的学术和工业研究人员进入第二版《希尔蒂·斯拉姆挑战赛》，该挑战于2022年6月结束。挑战的结果表明，尽管前三名团队可以实现准确性在某些序列中的2厘米或更高的速度中，性能以更困难的序列下降。