Uniform-precision neural network quantization has gained popularity since it simplifies densely packed arithmetic unit for high computing capability. However, it ignores heterogeneous sensitivity to the impact of quantization errors across the layers, resulting in sub-optimal inference accuracy. This work proposes a novel neural architecture search called neural channel expansion that adjusts the network structure to alleviate accuracy degradation from ultra-low uniform-precision quantization. The proposed method selectively expands channels for the quantization sensitive layers while satisfying hardware constraints (e.g., FLOPs, PARAMs). Based on in-depth analysis and experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed method can adapt several popular networks channels to achieve superior 2-bit quantization accuracy on CIFAR10 and ImageNet. In particular, we achieve the best-to-date Top-1/Top-5 accuracy for 2-bit ResNet50 with smaller FLOPs and the parameter size.
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为了以计算有效的方式部署深层模型,经常使用模型量化方法。此外,由于新的硬件支持混合的位算术操作,最近对混合精度量化(MPQ)的研究开始通过搜索网络中不同层和模块的优化位低宽,从而完全利用表示的能力。但是,先前的研究主要是在使用强化学习,神经体系结构搜索等的昂贵方案中搜索MPQ策略,或者简单地利用部分先验知识来进行位于刻度分配,这可能是有偏见和优势的。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的随机量化量化(SDQ)方法,该方法可以在更灵活,更全球优化的空间中自动学习MPQ策略,并具有更平滑的梯度近似。特别是,可区分的位宽参数(DBP)被用作相邻位意选择之间随机量化的概率因素。在获取最佳MPQ策略之后,我们将进一步训练网络使用熵感知的bin正则化和知识蒸馏。我们广泛评估了不同硬件(GPU和FPGA)和数据集的多个网络的方法。 SDQ的表现优于所有最先进的混合或单个精度量化,甚至比较低的位置量化,甚至比各种重新网络和Mobilenet家族的全精度对应物更好,这表明了我们方法的有效性和优势。
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深神经网络(DNN)的庞大计算和记忆成本通常排除了它们在资源约束设备中的使用。将参数和操作量化为较低的位精确,为神经网络推断提供了可观的记忆和能量节省,从而促进了在边缘计算平台上使用DNN。量化DNN的最新努力采用了一系列技术,包括渐进式量化,步进尺寸的适应性和梯度缩放。本文提出了一种针对边缘计算的混合精度卷积神经网络(CNN)的新量化方法。我们的方法在模型准确性和内存足迹上建立了一个新的Pareto前沿,展示了一系列量化模型,可提供低于4.3 MB的权重(WGTS。)和激活(ACTS。)。我们的主要贡献是:(i)用张量学的学习精度,(ii)WGTS的靶向梯度修饰,(i)硬件感知的异质可区分量化。和行为。为了减轻量化错误,以及(iii)多相学习时间表,以解决从更新到学习的量化器和模型参数引起的学习不稳定性。我们证明了我们的技术在Imagenet数据集上的有效性,包括高效网络lite0(例如,WGTS。的4.14MB和ACTS。以67.66%的精度)和MobilenEtV2(例如3.51MB WGTS。 % 准确性)。
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While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into everyday's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We also briefly discuss different concepts of embedded hardware for DNNs and their compatibility with machine learning techniques as well as potential for energy and latency reduction. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark datasets using compression techniques (quantization, pruning) for a set of resource-constrained embedded systems, such as CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. The obtained results highlight the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource efficiency and predictive performance.
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深度学习技术在各种任务中都表现出了出色的有效性,并且深度学习具有推进多种应用程序(包括在边缘计算中)的潜力,其中将深层模型部署在边缘设备上,以实现即时的数据处理和响应。一个关键的挑战是,虽然深层模型的应用通常会产生大量的内存和计算成本,但Edge设备通常只提供非常有限的存储和计算功能,这些功能可能会在各个设备之间差异很大。这些特征使得难以构建深度学习解决方案,以释放边缘设备的潜力,同时遵守其约束。应对这一挑战的一种有希望的方法是自动化有效的深度学习模型的设计,这些模型轻巧,仅需少量存储,并且仅产生低计算开销。该调查提供了针对边缘计算的深度学习模型设计自动化技术的全面覆盖。它提供了关键指标的概述和比较,这些指标通常用于量化模型在有效性,轻度和计算成本方面的水平。然后,该调查涵盖了深层设计自动化技术的三类最新技术:自动化神经体系结构搜索,自动化模型压缩以及联合自动化设计和压缩。最后,调查涵盖了未来研究的开放问题和方向。
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混合精确的深神经网络达到了硬件部署所需的能源效率和吞吐量,尤其是在资源有限的情况下,而无需牺牲准确性。但是,不容易找到保留精度的最佳每层钻头精度,尤其是在创建巨大搜索空间的大量模型,数据集和量化技术中。为了解决这一困难,最近出现了一系列文献,并且已经提出了一些实现有希望的准确性结果的框架。在本文中,我们首先总结了文献中通常使用的量化技术。然后,我们对混合精液框架进行了彻底的调查,该调查是根据其优化技术进行分类的,例如增强学习和量化技术,例如确定性舍入。此外,讨论了每个框架的优势和缺点,我们在其中呈现并列。我们最终为未来的混合精液框架提供了指南。
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We revisit the one-shot Neural Architecture Search (NAS) paradigm and analyze its advantages over existing NAS approaches. Existing one-shot method, however, is hard to train and not yet effective on large scale datasets like ImageNet. This work propose a Single Path One-Shot model to address the challenge in the training. Our central idea is to construct a simplified supernet, where all architectures are single paths so that weight co-adaption problem is alleviated. Training is performed by uniform path sampling. All architectures (and their weights) are trained fully and equally. Comprehensive experiments verify that our approach is flexible and effective. It is easy to train and fast to search. It effortlessly supports complex search spaces (e.g., building blocks, channel, mixed-precision quantization) and different search constraints (e.g., FLOPs, latency). It is thus convenient to use for various needs. It achieves start-of-the-art performance on the large dataset ImageNet.Equal contribution. This work is done when Haoyuan Mu and Zechun Liu are interns at MEGVII Technology.
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最近,低精确的深度学习加速器(DLA)由于其在芯片区域和能源消耗方面的优势而变得流行,但是这些DLA上的低精确量化模型导致严重的准确性降解。达到高精度和高效推断的一种方法是在低精度DLA上部署高精度神经网络,这很少被研究。在本文中,我们提出了平行的低精确量化(PALQUANT)方法,该方法通过从头开始学习并行低精度表示来近似高精度计算。此外,我们提出了一个新型的循环洗牌模块,以增强平行低精度组之间的跨组信息通信。广泛的实验表明,PALQUANT的精度和推理速度既优于最先进的量化方法,例如,对于RESNET-18网络量化,PALQUANT可以获得0.52 \%的准确性和1.78 $ \ times $ speedup同时获得在最先进的2位加速器上的4位反片机上。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/huqinghao/palquant}中获得。
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我们日常生活中的深度学习是普遍存在的,包括自驾车,虚拟助理,社交网络服务,医疗服务,面部识别等,但是深度神经网络在训练和推理期间需要大量计算资源。该机器学习界主要集中在模型级优化(如深度学习模型的架构压缩),而系统社区则专注于实施级别优化。在其间,在算术界中提出了各种算术级优化技术。本文在模型,算术和实施级技术方面提供了关于资源有效的深度学习技术的调查,并确定了三种不同级别技术的资源有效的深度学习技术的研究差距。我们的调查基于我们的资源效率度量定义,阐明了较低级别技术的影响,并探讨了资源有效的深度学习研究的未来趋势。
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不断需要在低容量设备上使用的图像超分辨率(SR)的高性能和计算有效的神经网络模型。获取此类模型的一种方法是压缩现有体系结构,例如量化。另一个选择是发现新的有效解决方案的神经体系结构搜索(NAS)。我们为专门设计的SR搜索空间提出了一种新颖的量化NAS程序。我们的方法执行NAS以找到量化友好的SR模型。搜索依赖于将量化噪声添加到参数和激活中,而不是直接量化参数。我们的Quontnas比固定体系结构的均匀或混合精度量化找到了具有更好的PSNR/BITOP权衡的体系结构。此外,我们对噪声过程的搜索比直接量化权重的速度快30%。
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量化广泛用于云和边缘系统,以减少深层神经网络的记忆占用,潜伏期和能耗。特别是,混合精液量化,即,在网络的不同部分中使用不同的位宽度,已被证明可以提供出色的效率提高,尤其是通过自动化神经体系结构确定的优化的位宽度分配,尤其是通过自动化的位宽度分配(NAS)工具。最先进的混合精液在层面上,即,它对每个网络层的权重和激活张量使用不同的位宽度。在这项工作中,我们扩大了搜索空间,提出了一种新颖的NA,该NAS独立选择每个重量张量通道的位宽度。这为工具提供了额外的灵活性,即仅针对与最有用的功能相关的权重分配更高的精度。在MLPERF微小的基准套件上进行测试,我们获得了精确度大小与精度与能量空间的帕累托最佳模型的丰富集合。当部署在MPIC RISC-V边缘处理器上时,我们的网络将记忆和能量分别减少了63%和27%,而与层的方法相比,以相同的精度为单位。
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模型量化已成为加速深度学习推理的不可或缺的技术。虽然研究人员继续推动量化算法的前沿,但是现有量化工作通常是不可否认的和不可推销的。这是因为研究人员不选择一致的训练管道并忽略硬件部署的要求。在这项工作中,我们提出了模型量化基准(MQBench),首次尝试评估,分析和基准模型量化算法的再现性和部署性。我们为实际部署选择多个不同的平台,包括CPU,GPU,ASIC,DSP,并在统一培训管道下评估广泛的最新量化算法。 MQBENCK就像一个连接算法和硬件的桥梁。我们进行全面的分析,并找到相当大的直观或反向直观的见解。通过对齐训练设置,我们发现现有的算法在传统的学术轨道上具有大致相同的性能。虽然用于硬件可部署量化,但有一个巨大的精度差距,仍然不稳定。令人惊讶的是,没有现有的算法在MQBench中赢得每一项挑战,我们希望这项工作能够激发未来的研究方向。
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Although considerable progress has been obtained in neural network quantization for efficient inference, existing methods are not scalable to heterogeneous devices as one dedicated model needs to be trained, transmitted, and stored for one specific hardware setting, incurring considerable costs in model training and maintenance. In this paper, we study a new vertical-layered representation of neural network weights for encapsulating all quantized models into a single one. With this representation, we can theoretically achieve any precision network for on-demand service while only needing to train and maintain one model. To this end, we propose a simple once quantization-aware training (QAT) scheme for obtaining high-performance vertical-layered models. Our design incorporates a cascade downsampling mechanism which allows us to obtain multiple quantized networks from one full precision source model by progressively mapping the higher precision weights to their adjacent lower precision counterparts. Then, with networks of different bit-widths from one source model, multi-objective optimization is employed to train the shared source model weights such that they can be updated simultaneously, considering the performance of all networks. By doing this, the shared weights will be optimized to balance the performance of different quantized models, thus making the weights transferable among different bit widths. Experiments show that the proposed vertical-layered representation and developed once QAT scheme are effective in embodying multiple quantized networks into a single one and allow one-time training, and it delivers comparable performance as that of quantized models tailored to any specific bit-width. Code will be available.
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Model quantization is a widely used technique to compress and accelerate deep neural network (DNN) inference. Emergent DNN hardware accelerators begin to support mixed precision (1-8 bits) to further improve the computation efficiency, which raises a great challenge to find the optimal bitwidth for each layer: it requires domain experts to explore the vast design space trading off among accuracy, latency, energy, and model size, which is both timeconsuming and sub-optimal. There are plenty of specialized hardware for neural networks, but little research has been done for specialized neural network optimization for a particular hardware architecture. Conventional quantization algorithm ignores the different hardware architectures and quantizes all the layers in a uniform way. In this paper, we introduce the Hardware-Aware Automated Quantization (HAQ) framework which leverages the reinforcement learning to automatically determine the quantization policy, and we take the hardware accelerator's feedback in the design loop. Rather than relying on proxy signals such as FLOPs and model size, we employ a hardware simulator to generate direct feedback signals (latency and energy) to the RL agent. Compared with conventional methods, our framework is fully automated and can specialize the quantization policy for different neural network architectures and hardware architectures. Our framework effectively reduced the latency by 1.4-1.95× and the energy consumption by 1.9× with negligible loss of accuracy compared with the fixed bitwidth (8 bits) quantization. Our framework reveals that the optimal policies on different hardware architectures (i.e., edge and cloud architectures) under different resource constraints (i.e., latency, energy and model size) are drastically different. We interpreted the implication of different quantization policies, which offer insights for both neural network architecture design and hardware architecture design. * indicates equal contributions. 68 69 70 71 72 73 25 44 63 82 101 120 MobileNets (fixed 8-bit quantization) MobileNets (our flexible-bit quantization) Latency (ms) Top-1 Accuracy (%) 1MB 2MB 3MB Model Size:Figure 1: We need mixed precision for different layers. We quantize MobileNets [12] to different number of bits (both weights and activations), and it lies on a better pareto curve (yellow) than fixed bit quantization (blue). The reason is that different layers have different redundancy and have different arithmetic intensity (OPs/byte) on the hardware, which advocates for using mixed precision for different layers.
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Multiplication is arguably the most cost-dominant operation in modern deep neural networks (DNNs), limiting their achievable efficiency and thus more extensive deployment in resource-constrained applications. To tackle this limitation, pioneering works have developed handcrafted multiplication-free DNNs, which require expert knowledge and time-consuming manual iteration, calling for fast development tools. To this end, we propose a Neural Architecture Search and Acceleration framework dubbed NASA, which enables automated multiplication-reduced DNN development and integrates a dedicated multiplication-reduced accelerator for boosting DNNs' achievable efficiency. Specifically, NASA adopts neural architecture search (NAS) spaces that augment the state-of-the-art one with hardware-inspired multiplication-free operators, such as shift and adder, armed with a novel progressive pretrain strategy (PGP) together with customized training recipes to automatically search for optimal multiplication-reduced DNNs; On top of that, NASA further develops a dedicated accelerator, which advocates a chunk-based template and auto-mapper dedicated for NASA-NAS resulting DNNs to better leverage their algorithmic properties for boosting hardware efficiency. Experimental results and ablation studies consistently validate the advantages of NASA's algorithm-hardware co-design framework in terms of achievable accuracy and efficiency tradeoffs. Codes are available at https://github.com/GATECH-EIC/NASA.
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由于神经网络变得更加强大,因此在现实世界中部署它们的愿望是一个上升的愿望;然而,神经网络的功率和准确性主要是由于它们的深度和复杂性,使得它们难以部署,尤其是在资源受限的设备中。最近出现了神经网络量化,以满足这种需求通过降低网络的精度来降低神经网络的大小和复杂性。具有较小和更简单的网络,可以在目标硬件的约束中运行神经网络。本文调查了在过去十年中开发的许多神经网络量化技术。基于该调查和神经网络量化技术的比较,我们提出了该地区的未来研究方向。
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量化和修剪是用于降低深神经网络的推理成本的核心技术。目前,最先进的量化技术适用于权重和激活;然而,大量修剪通常仅应用于网络的权重。在这项工作中,我们在训练期间共同应用了新颖的均匀量化和非结构化修剪方法,对深神经网络的重量和激活。使用我们的方法,我们凭经验评估当前接受的Prune-Deatizy范式在各种计算机视觉任务中,并在应用于深度神经网络的权重和激活时观察非换向性质。通过这些观察来了解,我们阐明了非换向假设:对于针对特定任务接受培训的给定深度神经网络,存在精确的培训计划,其中可以引入量化和修剪来优化网络性能。我们确定不仅存在的最佳排序,而且在识别和生成的任务中也有所不同。在我们的培训框架内使用最佳培训计划,我们通过现有解决方案展示了每个内存足迹的性能提高。
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深神经网络(DNNS)在各种机器学习(ML)应用程序中取得了巨大成功,在计算机视觉,自然语言处理和虚拟现实等中提供了高质量的推理解决方案。但是,基于DNN的ML应用程序也带来计算和存储要求的增加了很多,对于具有有限的计算/存储资源,紧张的功率预算和较小形式的嵌入式系统而言,这尤其具有挑战性。挑战还来自各种特定应用的要求,包括实时响应,高通量性能和可靠的推理准确性。为了应对这些挑战,我们介绍了一系列有效的设计方法,包括有效的ML模型设计,定制的硬件加速器设计以及硬件/软件共同设计策略,以启用嵌入式系统上有效的ML应用程序。
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深度神经网络(DNN)的记录断裂性能具有沉重的参数化,导致外部动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)进行存储。 DRAM访问的禁用能量使得在资源受限的设备上部署DNN是不普遍的,呼叫最小化重量和数据移动以提高能量效率。我们呈现SmartDeal(SD),算法框架,以进行更高成本的存储器存储/访问的较低成本计算,以便在推理和培训中积极提高存储和能量效率。 SD的核心是一种具有结构约束的新型重量分解,精心制作以释放硬件效率潜力。具体地,我们将每个重量张量分解为小基矩阵的乘积以及大的结构稀疏系数矩阵,其非零被量化为-2的功率。由此产生的稀疏和量化的DNN致力于为数据移动和重量存储而大大降低的能量,因为由于稀疏的比特 - 操作和成本良好的计算,恢复原始权重的最小开销。除了推理之外,我们采取了另一次飞跃来拥抱节能培训,引入创新技术,以解决培训时出现的独特障碍,同时保留SD结构。我们还设计专用硬件加速器,充分利用SD结构来提高实际能源效率和延迟。我们在不同的设置中对多个任务,模型和数据集进行实验。结果表明:1)应用于推理,SD可实现高达2.44倍的能效,通过实际硬件实现评估; 2)应用于培训,储存能量降低10.56倍,减少了10.56倍和4.48倍,与最先进的训练基线相比,可忽略的准确性损失。我们的源代码在线提供。
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有效的深层神经网络(DNN)模型配备了紧凑的操作员(例如,深度卷积)在降低DNN的理论复杂性(例如,权重/操作总数)的同时,在保持体面的模型准确性的同时,显示出很大的潜力。但是,由于其通常采用的紧凑型操作员的低硬件利用率,现有的有效DNN仍然受到履行其提高现实硬件效率的承诺的限制。在这项工作中,我们为开发真实硬件有效的DNN开辟了新的压缩范式,从而提高了硬件效率,同时保持模型的准确性。有趣的是,我们观察到,尽管某些DNN层的激活功能有助于DNNS的训练优化和可实现的准确性,但在训练后可以正确删除它们,而不会损害模型的准确性。受到这一观察的启发,我们提出了一个称为DepthShrinker的框架,该框架通过缩小现有有效DNN的基本构建块来开发硬件友好的紧凑型网络,这些构件具有不规则的计算模式,并具有大量改进的硬件利用率,从而将硬件的计算模式缩小到密集的情况下。令人兴奋的是,我们的DepthShrinker框架提供了硬件友好的紧凑网络,既优于最先进的有效DNN和压缩技术方法元元素。我们的代码可在以下网址找到:https://github.com/facebookresearch/depthshrinker。
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